A29 Multi Level Car Parking by Labview PDF

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MULTI LEVEL CAR PARKING BY
LABVIEW

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MULTI LEVEL CAR PARKING BY LABVIEW

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

In todays world the vehicle parking is becoming a big problem. As population is increasing,
number of vehicles is also increasing but the area to park vehicle is not increasing. And this create
big problem to vehicles like car and mini vans for parking. People end up parking cars on roads
which further leads to traffic jam.
Multi-storied car parking system will help in parking large number of cars in smaller parking
land. This Automatic Car Parking System enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor and thus
reducing the space used. Also automating this will help in less manual intervention and thus will
lead to fewer problems.
Such a system is proposed and designed in this project. Additions are made to the existing
systems to ensure maximum space utilization. To serve this purpose, parking slots are assigned
inside the multistoried structure depending on the size of the car. Implementation of design is carried
out mainly in LABVIEW with hardware being introduced at input and output stages only. Size of
vehicle is calculated and processed and a suitable slot on a suitable floor is allotted for parking.
Programming in LABVIEW is done in a way that ensures that the whole system is user friendly and
can be handled even by an inexperienced operator.



CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

The term multi-level car park is used in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and
many Commonwealth of Nations countries. In the western United States, the term parking
structure is used especially when it is necessary to distinguish such a structure from the garage in a
house. In some places in North America, parking garage refers only to an indoor, often
underground, structure outdoor multi-level parking facilities are referred to by a number of
regional terms:
Parking garage.- is used in the Western United States, Eastern Canada and by civil engineers;
Parking deck.- is used in the Southeast
Parking ramp.- is used in the upper Midwest, especially Minnesota and Wisconsin, and has been
observed as far east as Buffalo, New York
Parked.- is used in Canada and South Africa
Parking building.- is used in New Zealand.
Architects and civil engineers in the USA are likely to call it a parking structure, since their
work is all about structures, and that term is the vernacular in some of the western United States.
When attached to a high-rise of another use, it is sometimes called a parking podium. United
States building codes use the term open parking structure to refer to a structure designed for car
storage (not repair) that has enough openings in the walls that it does not need mechanical ventilation
or fire sprinklers, as opposed to a parking garage that requires mechanical ventilation or sprinklers
but does not require openings in the walls. The openings provide fresh air flow to disperse either car
exhaust or fumes from a fire should one break out within the structure
In todays time and age, vehicles are a predominant mode of transportation. With rising
number of vehicles and dwindling parking spaces, vehicles parked along the road and even on
sidewalks have become fairly common phenomena. With these parked vehicles encroaching on road
space and pedestrian space, traffic congestion and accidents are inevitable. A well organized parking
system which makes maximum use of available space offers a solution to this situation.
There are two types of parking systems:
Traditional parking systems
Multistoried parking systems.
In Traditional parking systems, vehicles are parked in perpendicular or parallel fashion. With
no safety against the theft or protection against atmospheric conditions, it is not a space efficient
system either.


Fig .2.1 -Traditional Parking System

Fig. 2.2- Multistoried Parking System
Multistoried parking systems are preferred since they multiply parking capacity of a given
area. Various floors are present for parking the vehicles with ramps and staircases provided for
moving between floors. These types of systems are expensive to build and require manpower for co-
ordination.
To make system automated and less expensive, stacking systems are used. In these systems,
lift is available for moving the vehicle from one floor to another. As shown in fig 1.2.2, the system
has three six floors divided into three columns with middle column kept free for maneuvering cars.
The actual parking of the car is controlled manually by operator. This type of manual intervention
may cause some faults.



CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig. 3.1 - Block Diagram

IR SENSOR
IR SENSOR
IR SENSOR

MICROCONT
ROLLER
RS232 PC WITH
LABVIEW
POWER SUPPLY


3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig .3.2- Circuit Diagram



3.3 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
3.3.1 MICROCONTROLLER P89V51

Fig. 3.3- Pin Diagram of Microcontroller



Accumulator:
ACC is the accumulator register. It is an 8 bit register. It is most versatile and holds
sources operand and receives the result of arithmetic operations including addition, subtraction,
integer multiplication, division and Boolean bit manipulations.
It is also used for data transfer between 8051 and any external memory. Several functions
like rotate, test etc. apply specifically on the accumulator.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):
The ALU can perform arithmetic and logic operations on eight bit data. It can perform
arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and logical operations
like AND, OR, EX OR, complement, rotate etc.
Program Status Word (PSW) and Flags:
Many instructions affect the status of flags. In order to address these flags conveniently
they are grouped to from the program status word. PSW contain Carry flag ( CY) , Auxiliary carry
flag ( AC ), User defined Flag 0 (F0 ) , register bank selections flag (RS0,RS1) Overflow flag(
OV ) Parity flag (p) .Flags are 1 bit registers provided to store the results of some instructions. A
Flag is a flip flop that indicates some condition produced by the execution of an instruction.
RST:
Reset input. A high on his pin two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the
device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit
in SFR AUXR (address 8 EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO,
the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.
Program Counter (PC):
It is a 16-bit register. It is used to hold the address of a byte in the memory. It keeps the
track of the execution of the program. The program instruction bytes are fetched from locations
in memory that are addressed by the Program counter.
The Stack and Stack Pointer:
The stack is a reserved area of the memory in RAM where temporary information may
be stored. An 8 bit stack pointer is used to hold the address of the most recent stack entry. This
location, which has the most recent entry, is called as the top of the stack.
Special Function Registers:
A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register (SFR) space.
Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be


implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and
write accesses will have an indeterminate effect. User software should not write 1s to these
unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that case,
the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0.
Timer 2 Registers: Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON and
T2MOD (shown in Table 10-2) for Timer 2. The register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) are the
Capture/Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode. Interrupt
Registers: The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priorities can be set for
each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register.
Input and output ports:
The I/O circuit of microcontroller is totally versatile. It connects the microcontroller to
external world. The microcontroller 89v51 has four i/o ports i.e. 24 lines out of 32 port lines are
for one of the two entirely different function so, although microcontroller is 40 pin chip, it appears
to have 64 pins.
As two functions are multiplexed, in order to decide which function is supported we
need to see how the circuit is connected and what software commands are used to program the
pin.
The microcontroller has four ports named as p0, p1, p2, p3. All these ports are bidirectional

P89V51RD2 FEATURES
compatible with mcs-51 products
4k bytes of in-system reprogrammable flash memory
fully static operation: 0 hz to 24 mhz
three-level program memory lock
128 x 8-bit internal ram
32 programmable i/o lines
two 16-bit timer/counters
six interrupt sources
programmable serial channel



PIN OUT :
Power Vcc , Vss
Reset RST
Crystal - XTAL[1,2]
External device interfacing- EA, ALE, PSEN, WR, RD
I/O Port -P0[7;0], P1[7:0], P2[7:0], P3
P3 is shared with control lines -Serial I/O RxD, TxD,
external interrupts INT0, INT1
Counter control T0, T1
P0 and P2 are multiplexed with Address and Data bus
The EA on pin 31 is tied high to make the 89C51 executes program from Internal

3.3.2 POWER SUPPLY
Power supply module was designed to provide 5V DC power supply necessary to drive
microcontroller and for its smooth operation. The capacitor connected between output terminal and
ground cancels out any inductive effect due to long distribution leads. Input capacitor is used to
improve transient response of the regulator IC which is described as the response of regulator to
sudden changes in load. It is also helpful in reducing the noise present in the output. Dropout voltage
(Vin-Vout) needs to be at least 2V under all operating conditions for proper operation of regulator.
Circuit diagram for the power supply is given below.

Fig .3.4- Circuit Diagram Power Supply


Types of Power Supply

There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC mains
electricity to a suitable DC voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices. A power supply
can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function.
A 5V regulated supply

Fig. 3.5- Block Diagram of a Regulated Power Supply System

Fig. 3.6- Power Supply
Each of the blocks is described in more detail below:
Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.
Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.
Smoothing - smooths the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.
Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.



TRANSFORMER

Fig .3.7- Transformer Circuit Symbol
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC.
Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies
use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage (230V in UK) to a safer
low voltage.
The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no
electrical connection between the two coils, instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field
created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol
represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the
power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns
on each coil, called the turns ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages.
turns ratio =
Vp
=
Np
and
power out = power in
Vs Ns Vs Is = Vp Ip
Vp = primary (input) voltage
Np = number of turns on primary coil
Ip = primary (input) current

Vs = secondary (output) voltage
Ns = number of turns on secondary coil
Is = secondary (output) current
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available in special
packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave rectifier because it uses all the
AC wave (both positive and negative sections). 1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier because each
diode uses 0.7V when conducting and there are always two diodes conducting.


Fig.3.8- Bridge Rectifier
Root Mean Square (RMS) Values
The value of an AC voltage is continually changing from zero up to the positive peak, through zero
to the negative peak and back to zero again. Clearly for most of the time it is less than the peak
voltage, so this is not a good measure of its real effect.

Fig. 3.9- Graph Shown V vs T

Instead we use the root mean square voltage (V
RMS
) which is 0.7 of the peak voltage (V
peak
): V
RMS
=
0.7 V
peak
and V
peak
= 1.4 V
RMS
These equations also apply to current.
They are only true for sine waves (the most common type of AC) because the 0.7 and 1.4 are
different values for other shapes.



SMOOTHING
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC
supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the
rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and the smoothed
DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges
as it supplies current to the output.

Fig .3.10- Smoothing
Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the peak value (1.4
RMS value). Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little as it discharges,
giving a small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple which is 10% of the supply voltage is
satisfactory and the equation below gives the required value for the smoothing capacitor. A larger
capacitor will give less ripple. The capacitor value must be doubled when smoothing half-wave DC.

C =smoothing capacitance in farads (F)
Io = output current from the supply in amps (A)
Vs = supply voltage in volts (V), this is the peak value of the unsmoothed DC
f = frequency of the AC supply in hertz (Hz), 50Hz in the UK

Smoothing capacitor for 10% ripple, C =
5 Io
Vs f


VOLTAGE REGULATOR
Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output
voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass. Negative voltage regulators are
available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from
excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection').
Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the
7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary.

Fig. 3.11- Regulator

ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS

:

Fig .3.12- Capacitor and Circuit Symbol


Electrolytic capacitors are polarized and they must be connected the correct way round, at
least one of their leads will be marked + or -. They are not damaged by heat when soldering.
There are two designs of electrolytic capacitors; axial where the leads are attached to each end
(220F in picture) and radial where both leads are at the same end (10F in picture). Radial
capacitors tend to be a little smaller and they stand upright on the circuit board.
It is easy to find the value of electrolytic capacitors because they are clearly printed with their
capacitance and voltage rating. The voltage rating can be quite low (6V for example) and it should
always be checked when selecting an electrolytic capacitor. If the project parts list does not specify a
voltage, choose a capacitor with a rating which is greater than the project's power supply voltage.
25V is a sensible minimum for most battery circuits.
3.3.3 RS232
IBM introduced the DB-9 RS-232 version of serial I/O standard, which is most widely used in
PCs and several devices. In RS232, high and low bits are represented by flowing voltage ranges:
Bit Voltage Range (in
V)
0 +3 +25
1 -25 -3

Table No. 3.1- Voltage Range
The range -3V to +3V is undefined. The TTL standards came a long time after the RS232 standard
was set. Due to this reason RS232 voltage levels are not compatible with TTL logic. Therefore,
while connecting an RS232 to microcontroller system, a voltage converter is required. This converter
converts the microcontroller output level to the RS232 voltage levels, and vice versa. IC MAX232,
also known as line driver, is very commonly used for this purpose.
The simplest connection between a PC and microcontroller requires a minimum of three pins, RxD
(receiver, pin2), TxD (transmitter, pin3) and ground (pin5) of the serial port of computer.



Fig. 3.13- RS232
TxD pin of serial port connects to RxD pin of controller via MAX232. And similarly, RxD
pin of serial port connects to the TxD pin of controller through MAX232.
MAX232 has two sets of line drivers for transferring and receiving data. The line drivers
used for transmission are called T1 and T2, where as the line drivers for receiver are designated as
R1 and R2. The connection of MAX232 with computer and the controller is shown in the circuit
diagram.
The MAX232 IC is used to convert the TTL/CMOS logic levels to RS232 logic levels during
serial communication of microcontrollers with PC. The controller operates at TTL logic level (0-5V)
whereas the serial communication in PC works on RS232 standards (-25 V to + 25V). This makes it
difficult to establish a direct link between them to communicate with each other.
The intermediate link is provided through MAX232. It is a dual driver/receiver that includes
a capacitive voltage generator to supply RS232 voltage levels from a single 5V supply. Each receiver
converts RS232 inputs to 5V TTL/CMOS levels.
These receivers (R
1
& R
2
) can accept 30V inputs. The drivers (T
1
& T
2
), also called transmitters,
convert the TTL/CMOS input level into RS232 level.

The transmitters take input from controllers serial transmission pin and send the output to
RS232s receiver. The receivers, on the other hand, take input from transmission pin of RS232 serial
port and give serial output to microcontrollers receiver pin. MAX232 needs four external capacitors
whose value ranges from 1F to 22F.

Microcontroller MAX232 RS232
Tx T
1/2
In T
1/2
Out Rx
Rx R
1/2
Out R
1/2
In Tx

TableNo.3.2- Values Tx


PIN DIAGRAM

Fig. 3.14 -Pin Diagram of MAX232



DESCRIPTION
Following table gives description of pin diagram of MAX232

Table No.3.3- Description of Pin Diagram of MAX232

Pin No Function Name
1
Capacitor connection pins
Capacitor 1 +
2 Capacitor 3 +
3 Capacitor 1 -
4 Capacitor 2 +
5 Capacitor 2 -
6 Capacitor 4 -
7 Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at RS232 logic level;
connected to receiver pin of PC serial port
T
2
Out
8 Input pin; receives serially transmitted data at RS 232 logic level;
connected to transmitter pin of PC serial port
R
2
In
9 Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at TTL logic level;
connected to receiver pin of controller.
R
2
Out
10 Input pins; receive the serial data at TTL logic level; connected to
serial transmitter pin of controller.
T
2
In
11 T
1
In
12 Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at TTL logic level;
connected to receiver pin of controller.
R
1
Out
13 Input pin; receives serially transmitted data at RS 232 logic level;
connected to transmitter pin of PC serial port
R
1
In
14 Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at RS232 logic level;
connected to receiver pin of PC serial port
T
1
Out
15 Ground (0V) Ground
16 Supply voltage; 5V (4.5V 5.5V) Vcc


Fig. 3.15- Connection between RS232 & Microcontroller
An important parameter considered while interfacing serial port is the Baud rate which is the speed at
which data is transmitted serially. It is defined as number of bits transmitted or received per second.
It is generally expressed in bps (bits per second). AT89C51 microcontroller can be set to transfer and
receive serial data at different baud rates using software instructions. Timer1 is used to set the baud
rate of serial communication for the microcontroller. For this purpose, Timer1 is used in mode2
which is an 8-bit auto reload mode.
(Refer Timer programming with 8051) To get baud rates compatible with the PC, TH1 should be
loaded with the values as shown:
Baud Rate (bps) TH1 (Hex value)
9600 FD
4800 FA
2400 F4
1200 E8
Table No. 3.4 - TH1 Values



In this project baud rate 9600bps is used.
For serial communication AT89C51 has registers SBUF and SCON (Serial control register). SBUF
is an 8-bit register. For transmitting a data byte serially, it needs to be placed in the SBUF register.
Similarly whenever a data byte is received serially, it comes in the SBUF register, i.e., SBUF register
should be read to receive the serial byte.
SCON register is used to set the mode of serial communication. The project uses Mode1, in which
the data length is of 8 bits and there is a start and a stop bit. The SCON register is bit addressable
register. The following table shows the configuration of each bit
SCON (Serial Control) Register
SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8 TI RI
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Table No.3.5-SCON Register Values
SM0 SM1
0 0 Serial mode 0
0 1 Serial mode 1, 8-bit data, 1 start bit, 1 stop bit
1 0 Serial mode 2
1 1 Serial mode 3
Table No.3.6- Serial Mode

TI (transmit interrupt) is an important flag bit in the SCON register. The controller raises the TI flag
when the 8-bit character is transferred. This indicates that the next byte can be transferred now. The
TI bit is raised at the beginning of the stop bit.
RI (receive interrupt) is also a flag bit of the SCON register. On receiving the serial data, the
microcontroller skips the start and stop bits, and puts the byte is SBUF register. The RI flag bit is
then raised to indicate that the byte has been received and should be picked up.



Hyper Terminal
Hyper Terminal, a Windows XP application, can be used to receive or transmit serial data
through RS232. To open Hyper Terminal, go to Start Menu, select all programs, go to Accessories,
click on Communications and select Hyper Terminal.
To start a new connection, go to File menu and click on new connection. The connection window
opens up. Give a name to your connection and select 1
st
icon and click on OK. Connection property
window opens here. Select Bit rate as 9600bps, Data bits 8, Parity as none, Stop bit 1, Flow control
none and click OK. Now the serial data can be read on hyper terminal.

In program, Timer1 is used with auto reload setting. The baud rate is fixed to 9600bps by loading
TH1 to 0xFD. The value 0x50 is loaded in the SCON register. This will initialize the serial port in
Mode1. The program continuously receives a character (say a) from the serial port of the computer
and transmits it back.

3.3.4 INFRA RED (IR) SENSORS:
Infra red sensors are a type of light sensors they function in the infra red part of the frequency
spectrum. IR sensors are active sensors they consist of:
1. An emitter
2. A receiver.
IR sensors are used in the same ways as the visible light sensors are as break-beams
The emitter and the detector face each other; objects are detected if they interrupt the beam of light
between the emitter and the detector
Stepwise Operation process
1. Light-emitting component aimed at a light-detecting component
2. When opaque object comes between emitter and detector, the beam of light is occluded, and the
output of the detector break-beam operation



Fig. 3.16 -IR SENSOR
Types of IR SENSOR
Active Infrared Sensor
Passive Infrared Sensor
ACTIVE INFRARED SENSORS
Active infrared sensors employ both infrared source and infrared detectors. They operate by
transmitting energy from either a light emitting diode (LED) or a laser diode. A LED is used for a
non-imaging active IR detector, and a laser diode is used for an imaging active IR detector.
In this types of IR sensors, the LED or laser diode illuminates the target, and the reflected energy is
focused onto a detector. Photoelectric cells, Photodiode or phototransistors are generally used as
detectors. The measured data is then processed using various signal-processing algorithms to extract
the desired information.

Active IR detectors provide count, presence, speed, and occupancy data in both night and day
operation. The laser diode type can also be used for target classification because it provides target
profile and shape data.

These sensors are used as reflective opto-sensors. Reflective opto-sensors are either intensity based
or use modulated IR. Intensity based sensors are affected by ambient light. Modulated Infrared
sensors wherein emitter is turned ON and OFF rapidly, are less susceptible to ambient light.
Reflective opto-sensors are used in two configurations.



Break Beam Sensors
This type of sensors consists of a pair of light emitting and light detecting elements. Infrared source
transmits a beam of light towards a remote IR receiver creating an electronic fence. Once a beam is
broken /interrupted due to some opaque object, output of detector changes and associated electronic
circuitry takes appropriate actions.
Typical applications of such sensors are intrusion detection, shaft encoder (for measurement of
rotation angle/rate of rotation)

Fig . 3.17- Break-Beam Sensor
Reflectance Sensors
This type of sensors house both an IR source and an IR detector in a single housing in such a way
that light from emitter LED bounces off an external object and is reflected into a detector. Amount of
light reflected into the detector depends upon the reflectivity of the surface.

This principle is used in intrusion detection, object detection (measure the presence of an object in
the sensors FOV), barcode decoding, and surface feature detection (detecting features painted,
taped, or otherwise marked onto the floor), wall tracking (detecting distance from the wall), etc.

Fig. 3.18- Reflectance Sensor
It can also be used to scan a defined area; the transmitter emits a beam of light into the scan zone, the
reflected light is used to detect a change in the reflected light thereby scanning the desired zone.

PASSIVE INFRARED SENSORS
These are basically IR detectors; they dont use any IR source. These form the major class of IR
sensors/detectors.

A passive infrared system detects energy emitted by objects in the field of view and may use signal-
processing algorithms to extract the desired information. It does not emit any energy of its own for
the purposes of detection. Passive infrared systems can detect presence, occupancy, and count.


Passive Infrared Sensors are of two types:

Thermal
Quantum.
Thermal type sensors have no wavelength dependence. They use the infrared energy as heat and their
photosensitivity is independent of wavelength. Thermal detectors dont require cooling but have
disadvantages that response time is slow & detection time is low.

Elements of Infrared Detection System
A typical system for detecting infrared radiation is given in the following block diagram :

Fig.3.19 -Infrared Detection System
Infrared Source
All objects above 0 K radiate infrared energy and hence are infrared sources. Infrared sources also
include blackbody radiators, tungsten lamps, silicon carbide, and various others. For active IR
sensors, infrared Lasers and LEDs of specific IR wavelengths are used as IR sources.

Transmission Medium
Three main types of transmission medium used for Infrared transmission are vacuum, the
atmosphere, and optical fibers.
The transmission of IR radiation is affected by presence of CO2, water vapour and other elements
in the atmosphere. Due to absorption by molecules of water carbon dioxide, ozone, etc. the
atmosphere highly attenuates most IR wavelengths leaving some important IR windows in the
electromagnetic spectrum; these are primarily utilized by thermal imaging/ remote sensing
applications.

Medium wave IR (MWIR:3-5 m)
Long wave IR (LWIR:8-14 m)
Choice of IR band or a specific wavelength is dictated by the technical requirements of a specific
application.

Optical Components.
Often optical components are required to converge or focus infrared radiations, to limit spectral
response, etc. To converge/focus radiations, optical lenses made of quartz, CaF2, Ge and Si,


polyethylene Fresnel lenses, and mirrors made of Al, Au or a similar material are used. For limiting
spectral responses, bandpass filters are used. Choppers are used to pass/ interrupt the IR beams.

Infrared detectors.
Various types of detectors are used in IR sensors. Important specifications of detectors are

Photosensitivity or Responsivity
Responsivity is the Output Voltage/Current per watt of incident energy. Higher the better.

Noise Equivalent Power (NEP)
NEP represents detection ability of a detector and is the amount of incident light equal to intrinsic
noise level of a detector.

Detectivity(D*: D-star)
D* is the photosensitivity per unit area of a detector. It is a measure of S/N ratio of a detector. D* is
inversely proportional to NEP. Larger D* indicates better sensing element.

In addition, wavelength region or temperature to be measured, response time, cooling mechanism,
active area, no of elements, package, linearity, stability, temperature characteristics, etc. are
important parameters which need attention while selecting IR detectors.

Signal Processing
Since detector outputs are typically very small, preamplifiers with associated circuitry are used to
further process the received signals



3.4 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
The programming environment chosen for implementation design is LABVIEW. Having a
graphical programming environment, programming in LABVIEW involves drag-and-drop, graphical
function blocks instead of lines of text. The dataflow representation is easy to develop and uses
intuitive graphical icons and wires that resemble a flowchart. LABVIEW has provisions for
interacting with measurements and performing inline analysis in real time on acquired signals
Key Features of LABVIEW include:
Faster Programming
Data Display and User Interfaces
Hardware Integration
Data Storage and Reporting
Multiple Programming Approaches
LABVIEW programs are called virtual instruments (or VIs) because their appearance and operation
imitate physical instruments. Data display and user interfaces are designed to ensure free interaction
with data using hundreds of drag-and-drop controls, graphs, and 3D visualization tools. Custom
Controls allow the user to customize the position, size, and color of built-in controls or create new
controls in seconds. The LABVIEW platform has now become an industry leader since it provides a
lot of tools for graphical representation and also for acquiring, analyzing, displaying, and storing
data, as well as tools to troubleshoot the code.
3.5 PCB LAYOUT

Fig.3.20- Power Supply



Fig.3.21- Microcontroller



FLOWCHART

Fig.3.22- Flow Chart

START
VEHICLE ENTERED
IR SENSORS INTERUPTED

IS TWO IR
ON?

SEND CHAR S VIA SERIAL
CAMMUNICATION TO PC
STOP
IS THREE IR
ON?

DISPLAY THE CAR SLOT ON GUI
BY TURNING ON THE LED

SEND CHAR L VIA SERIAL
CAMMUNICATION TO PC



CHAPTER 4
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

This project will be divided in three main components, vehicle size calculation module,
parking automation and control module and indicator module. Vehicle size calculation module will
calculate size of vehicle using certain sensors and other calculation mechanism. This module will
further give input to LABVIEW base parking automation and control module. This module will find
the parking slot according to size of vehicle and will keep the track of parking in simple database,
also this will generate ticket automatically depending upon the size. There will be a section of
emergency parking which will be available to user if one wants to park urgently. Indicator module
will collect output from LABVIEW application and will display it using either LEDs or other display
unit
The proposed system having three floors-one each for large vehicles and emergency vehicles,
has two floors dedicated to parking of small cars. This is mainly because in urban cities of our
country, higher density of small sized vehicles is observed. However being only a prototype, changes
can be easily made to adapt the system to a particular region. Each floor being divided into twelve
slots, there are a total of 48 parking slots distributed as follows-
o 12 slots for large vehicles
o 24 slots for small vehicles
o 12 slots for emergency vehicles



Fig.4.1- Display
The front end of the Display as seen above consists of:
1 input text box to enter vehicle category (size of vehicle)
1 output text box to display slot number assigned
4 large LEDs to denote each floor of the (Ground+1) structure
48 small LEDs to denote each slot on each floor
1 FULL indicator to indicate when all slots of a particular vehicle category are full
When vehicle size is entered into the vehicle category text box, the module will
process it and assign a slot number displayed in slot assigned text box. Simultaneously, the LED
corresponding to that particular slot and LED for that particular floor will glow. The full indicator
glows when no slot is available for the given category of vehicle
Since the system is a combination of both hardware and software, along with the
implementing the value processing module in software, work has also commenced on the hardware
sections interfaced at input and output of the system.
At the input side, sensors are required to detect size of the vehicle. A total of four sensors are
needed to set the boundaries for defining small and large sized vehicles. The sensor output needs
conditioning before being passed to the microcontroller and hence there is a need of signal


conditioning circuit to be designed for each sensor. Four sensor circuits (with signal conditioning)
are designed on paper using which a SENSOR PCB is made.
The output from the sensor PCB is given to microcontroller. The microcontroller will require
a 5 V DC supply for operation and designing the same is the next step. The 5 V supply circuit on
paper is translated into a layout and POWER SUPPLY PCB is made. The microcontroller will have
its own PCB with connectors attached to its ports and provisions made for serial communication.



CHAPTER 5
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

The main advantage of the proposed system is optimum utilization of space. In a day and age
where land is becoming a scarcity and the world all over is experiencing a space crunch, the system
offers a solution not only for clearing up the sidewalks for safety of pedestrians but also doubles up
as a cost effective solution involving minimum manual intervention that provides higher level of
organization and efficiency
ADVANTAGES
Effective Space Utilization
Reduced Building and Construction Material
Minimum manual intervention
It seems highly likely that automated & semi- automated car parking system &
Parking garages will become an integral part of many existing & future business & residential
building
DISADVANTAGES
If the lift not work properly then the whole system collapse for some time



CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

The proposed system is divided into three blocks out of which work has commenced on
two blocks. Within the parking automation and control block, the value processing module has been
implemented successfully for simple allocation of parking slot for a user defined vehicle size. The
value processing module is based entirely in LABVIEW and accounts for software implementation
of system to date. Considering temporary string input instead of actual size output from sensor, slot
number is generated. Along with slot number, virtual display of floor is also provided.
In the hardware section, the sensor PCB and the power supply PCB have been designed
and implemented. Both come under hardware at input of the system. Size is calculated from sensor
output and power supply of 5V is required for microcontroller operation. Remainder of hardware
consists of microcontroller section and indicator section of final display of floor and slot. Indicator
section will contain two type of displays-LEDs and 7-segment display for slot and floor indications
respectively.
FUTURE SCOPE
Online booking of parking slot in advance
Credit card payment options can be added for easy and fast payment
RF Tags can also be mode of payment

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