1.

0 Stone according to age of layer form: Sandstone < Shale < Siltstone
Sandstone

Sandstone in this case is fine particles, well rounded spherical, same size and
compose of one type of mineral clearly visible with the white colour. We can say that
it is physically and chemically matured.
Shale

Shale is characterized by breaks along thin laminae or parallel layering or bedding
less than one centimeter in thickness, called fissility.
Siltstone

Siltstone is a sedimentary rock which has a grain size in the silt range, finer than
sandstone and coarser than claystones. Siltstones differ significantly from
sandstones due to their smaller pores and higher propensity for containing a
significant clay fraction. Although often mistaken as a shale, siltstone lacks the
fissility and laminations which are typical of shale.


















2.0 Stucture of the case study
As seen from the figure below, refered to as front view, we can conclude that this is
a sedimentary rock due to the layer by layer that form from different type of rocks
available. The sediments consists either of fragments of solid material derived from
pre-existing rock, the remains of organisms, or the direct precipitation of dissolved
minerals from solution in water. The rocks were exposed to the elements of wind,
rain, heat and cold eventually give way to wear and tear and were eroded.
Sedimentation process starts as the rocks are simply broken up into small pieces by
running water and frost while others are dissolved slowly as weak acids in ground
water react with the minerals contained within the rocks. The debris or sediment, is
gradually carried
downhill by the
forces of gravity
and running water.
As the sediment is
washed further
and further
"downstream", it is
broken into smaller
and smaller pieces.
Eventually, these
rock fragments are
deposited in
sediment traps. As
sediment is
continuously dumped into the ocean, it gradually sinks to the bottom and starts to
form layers. This is what happen to the rock that are currently being studied.
The sedimentary rock are lithified by means of compaction and/or cementation.
Compaction occurs when the weight of overlying materials compresses the deeper
sediment. As seen, the siltstone is compacted by shale and shale is compacted by
younger layer above which is the sandstone. As for cementation, the most
important process by which sediments are converted to sedimentary rock, occurs
when soluble cementing materials, such as calcite, silica, and iron oxide, are
precipitated onto sediment grains, fill open spaces, and join the particles.
The strata that is separated from each other is called the bedding plane. Changes in
the grain size as well as in the composition of the sediment has created the bedding
plane structure in this case studies.

As seen from the picture taken at the side view above, the thickness of beds ranges
from microscopically thin to tens of meters thick. From the observation and just by
rubbing the different stones on the hand, it is found that the lower layer, siltstone is
coarse while the sandstone above it is more finer. Therefore, we can classified them
as graded bedding. This is due to the rapid deposition from water containing
sediment of varying sizes. The deposition of graded bed is most often associated
with a turbidity current, a mass of sediment-choke water that is denser than clear
water and that moves downslope.
The layered structure results from the deposition of sediments in sheets or beds
which have large areal extent compared to their thickness. More beds of sediment
are laid down on top the structures comes to resemble a sandwich or a pile of pages
in a book.
In some areas the sediments exposed on the surface as seen at the side view figure
earlier, left part of the bedding, show clearly their modified sedimentary structure;
that is, the bedding is almost vertical. It can be seen that the structure of the
layering is dominated by the buckling of the strata into corrugations or folds so that
the slope of the bedding varies from place to place as seen from the figure below.

The structure consisting of planar beds with a uniform slope brought about by the
tilting of originally horizontal sedimentary rocks. In another word, it is also called
dipping.
The dip is the slope of a geological surface. There are two aspects to the dip of a
plane:
(a) The direction of dip, which is the compass direction towards which the plane
slopes;
(b) The angle of dip, which is the angle that the plane makes with a horizontal plane.
In this case, the direction of the tilting or dipping is to the east as the slope of the
cross section indicated. As for the dip angle is almost 90 toward southwest.

Folds, which are these crumples of the crusts layering, together with faults where
the beds are broken and shifted, are examples of geological structures to be dealt
with in this case study as seen in the picture on the below.


As seen from the picture, there are holes between the plane, where we can see thin
section of shale in the hole. This is the case of erosion above ground level.






Possibilities of becoming petroleum system?
We know that the interdependent element and processes of a petroleum system
include the following:
The source
Seal
Reservoir and overburden rock
Trap formation
Timing of petroleum migration

Basically, it is discussed earlier that the case study is graded bedding where water
with sediments deposited rapidly. Possibility of organic matter tend to occur in
sediments that accumulate in areas of high organic matter productivity and
stagnant water. In this case, it fits the element as a possible source rock.

The second element which is seal. Seal tend
to be fine grained or crystalline, low
permeability rocks. Examples such as
mudstone or shale. In this case, we already
observe the hole that present is actually
erosion of shale stone which could possibly
suitable to be the seal. Seal to fluid flow can
also develop along fault planes, faulted
zones and fractures. Observation on the
figure shows some fractures and formation
of fault in the side view. The presence of a
seal or seals is critical for the development
of accumulations of petroleum in the
subsurface.

The presence of some fault and the shale can be an indicator of possible trap
formation which fits the petroleum system. However, extensive research still need to
be done to prove that the case study could be source of petroleum once or long time
ago since there is no indication of oil existence. Probability of tilting can be the cause
of migration of petroleum to somewhere else.

However, from the geologic time scale, the formation of these rocks is during the
age of quartenary which form 50-60 million years ago which are favorable timing for
formation of stratigraphic structure.