168

1. TO BE
** Am, is, are +sim (isim fiil oluur)
** Was, were +Sfat (sfat fiil oluur)
** (Modal) be +Ving (continuous tenseler oluur)
** (Perfect) been +V3 (pasif yaplar oluur)
Bunlardan sonra sim, Sfat, Ving veya V3 gelir.
2. TENSES (ZAMANLAR)
Seenekleri fiillerden oluan bir soru Tense Bilgisi sorusudur. ncelikle aadaki uyumlar gz nnde bulundurmal-
yz.
** Past ile Past
** Present ile Present ve Future
** Future ile sadece Present tense uyumludur.
** Past perfect ile past perfect continuous ve future perfect ile future perfect continuous yaplarn birbirine eit kabul
edebiliriz. Ancak present perfect ile present perfect continuousun ayrmn say kriteriyle yapabiliriz.
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
SIMPLE Went Go(es) Will go
CONTINOUS Was/were going Am/is/are going Will be going
PERFECT Had gone Have/has gone Will have gone
PERFECT CONT. Had been going Have/has been going Will have been going
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
SIMPLE I drunk tea.
(ay itim.)
I drink tea.
(ay ierim.)
I will drink tea.
I am going to drink tea
(ay ieceim)
CONTINOUS I was drinking tea ()
( ay iiyordum)
I am drinking tea.
(ay iiyorum.)
I will be drinking tea.
(ay iiyor olacam.)
PERFECT I had drunk tea.
(ay imitim.)
I have drunk tea.
(Say varsa perfect tercih edi-
lir yoksa perfect continuous)
I will have drunk tea.
(ay imekte olacam.)
PERFECT
CONTINOUS I had been drinking
tea.
I have been drinking tea.
(Say yok.)
I will have been drinking
tea.
169
3. PASSIVE(EDLGEN)
** zne bilinmediinde ve yaplan iin yapandan daha nemli olduu durumlarda passive yap kullanlr.
** To be + V3 grdmzde passive yap aklmza gelmelidir.
TO BE + V3
** Am, is, are
** Was, were
** (Will, Modal) be V3
** (Perfect) been
** (Am, is, are, was, were) Being
** Past, present ve future perfect continuouslarn ve future continuousun passive halleri yoktur. Yani 12 zamann 8 ta-
nesinin passive hali vardr.
TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present Simple Ali cleans the class everday. The class is cleaned everday.
Present cont. Ali is cleaning the class now. The class is being cleaned now.
Present perfect Ali has cleaned the class. The class has been cleaned.
Past simple Ali cleaned the class. The class was cleaned.
Past cont. Ali was cleaning the class. The class was being cleaned.
Past perfect Ali had cleaned the class. The class had been cleaned.
Future smple Ali will clean the class. The class will be cleaned.
Future perfect Ali will have cleaned the class. The class will have been cleaned.
Modal Ali can/may/must clean the class The class can/may/must be cleaned.
170
4. CAUSATIVE (ETTRGEN)
kiye ayrlr:
a) ahssz olan causative:
(HAVE/GET) + SOMETHING + DONE
** She never has her hair done. She does it herself.
** Im afraid Im going to have a tooth pulled out.
b) ahsl olan causative: have ve get yaplarn burada ayran tek unsur, havede fiilin yaln hali kullanlrken,
getde to+fiilin yaln hali kullanlr. Ancak anlamca bir fark bulunmamaktadr.
HAVE:
HAVE + SOMEBODY + DO + SOMETHING
** I have Hayrullah cut my hair.
** Buradaki Have zamana gre ekimlenebilir.
** Youd better have the plumber repair the leak in the bathroom.
GET:
GET+SOMEBODY+TO+DO+SOMETHING
** I get Hayrullah to cut my hair
** How did you get your lawyer to take care of the problem so quickly
I
have-get my hair cut. (Sam kestiririm)
v3
I
I
had-got my hair cut. (sam kestirttim)
I
I
will have
will get
my hair cut. (sam kestirteceim)
I
must have
must get
my hair cut. (sam kestirtmeliyim)
I
have-get my hair cut. (Sam kestiririm)
v3
I
171
5. IF CLAUSE
TYPE O
If go(es) go(es)
Genel-geer Gerekler
(3G)
TYPE 1
If - go(es)
- be going
- have/has gone
- have/has been going
Will,can,must + go
Gerekleme htimali VAR-
SA.
(Pre-future)
TYPE 2
If -went
-were
Would
Could + go
Had to
Might
Gerekleme htimali YOK-
SA.
(Pre-future)
TYPE 3
If Had V3
Would have
Could have + V3
Had to have
Might have
SAYDI.
Gemii anlatr.
TYPE
3/2
If Had V3
Would
Could + go(now, today)
Had to
Might
zel Durumlarda kullanlr.
TYPE2/3
If -went
-were
Would have
Could have + V3
Had to have
Might have
zel Durumlarda kullanlr.
** Iften sonra modal kullanlmaz tek istisnas CAN veya COULD.
6. INVERSION (Ifin gzkmedii Ifli cmleler. Vurgulamak iin yaplr. Yaps soru eklindedir ancak soru deildir.)
** Ifin yerine kullanlan kelimeler:
** Unless = If not: olumsuzluk vardr.
If you dont study, you cant be successfull. (almazsan baarl olamazsn.)
Unless you study, you cant be successfull.(almazsan baarl olamazsn.)
** Propose, proposing, proposed, porpose that
** Suppose, supposing, supposed, suppose that = IF
** Provide, providing, provided, provide that
TYPE 1 If I go to Ankara, I will Should I go to Ankara, I will
TYPE 2 If I were you, I wouldnt Were I you, I wouldnt
TYPE 3 If I had seen him, I would have told. Had I seen him, I would have told.
172
7. WISH / IF ONLY
** Normalde kullanlmas gereken zamanlarn bir derece gemii kullanlr. Bunun sebebi de hayali belirtmek iin ngiliz-
cede gemi zamann tercih edilmesidir.
I wish that I could have gone with you last night
I wish that you hadnt had such a bad headache last night because Im sure you would have enjoyed the concert.
Bill refused your offer, but now he wishes that he had accepted it.
I wish you could go on holiday with us next summer. Well miss you a lot.
She wishes that we hadnt sent her the candy yesterday because shes on a diet
8. TAG QUESTIONS
Cmlenin yardmc fiili ya da be olumlu ise olumsuz olarak, olumsuz ise olumlu olarak cmlenin sonuna yazla-
rak yaplr.
** It is cold, isnt it?
** He wont come, will he?
** I am late, arent I/am I not?
** (Dont) Sit down, will you?
** Lets go, shall we?
** He never smokes, does he?
** You have been here for an hour, havent you?
** You have not been here for an hour, have you?
** Ali has gone to Ankara severel times, hasnt he?
** Ali has not gone to Ankara severel times, has he?
** Emir cmlerinin kuyruk sorular WILL ile yaplr.
** Lets li cmlelerde SHALL kullanlr.
** There used to be a market near here, didnt there?
** There isnt much traffic in Adana in these days, is there?
** You know you can improve your English, dont you?
I WISH
IF ONLY
I could/would go with you tomorrow. Future
I WISH
IF ONLY
I went with you now.
I could/would go with you now. (alternatif)
Present
I WISH
IF ONLY
I had gone with him yesterday.
I could/would have gone with him yesterday. (alternatif)
Past
173
9. MODALS (KPLER)
Auxiliary Kullanm Present / future Past
may
1. polite request May I borrow your pen?
2. formal permission You may leave the room.
3. Less than 50% certainty
--Wheres Jon?
He may be at the library
He may have been at the
library
might
1. less than 50% certainty(%50
den daha az kesinlikte)
--wheres John?
He might be at the library
He Might have been at the
library
2. polite request (rare) Might I borrow your pen?
should
1. advisability(tavsiye) I should study tonight
I should have studied last
night.
2. 90% certainty
She should do well on the test (future
only, not present)
She should have done well
on the test.
ought to
1. advisability(tavsiye) I ought to study tonight
I ought to have studied
last night
2. 90% certainty
She ought to do well on the test. (future
only, not present)
She ought to have studied
last night.
had better
1. advisability with threat of bad
result
You had better be on time, or we will
leave without you.
(past form uncomon)
be supposed to 1. expectation Class is supposed to begin at 10.
Class was supposed to
begin at 10.
be to 1. strong expectation You are to be here at 9:00. You were to be here at 9:00
must
1. strong necessity I must go to class today
I had to go to class
yesterday
2. prohibition (negative) You must not open that door.
3. 95% certainty
Mary isnt in class. She must be sick
(present only)
Mary must have been sick
yesterday.
have to
1. necessity I have to go to class today.
I had to go to class
yesterday
2. lack of necessity (negative) I dont have to go to class today.
I had to go to class
yesterday.
174
have got to 1. necessity I have got to go to class today. I had to go to class yesterday.
will
1. 100% certainty He will be here at 6:00 ((future only)
2. willingness
--the phones ringing.
Ill get it.
3. polite request Will you please pass the salt?
be going to
1. 100% certainty
He is going to be here at 6:00 (future
only)
2. definite plan
Im going to paint my bedroom. (future
only)
I was going to paint my room, but
I didnt have time.
can
1. ability / possibility
I can run fast.
I could run fast when I was a child
but now I cant.
2. informal permission You can use my car tomorrow.
3. informal polite request Can I borrow your pen?
4. impossibility (negative
only)
That cant be true! That cant have been true!
could
1. past ability
I could run fast when I was a
child.
2. polite request
Could I borrow your pen?
Could you help me/
3. suggestion
--I need help in math.
You could talk to your teacher.
You could have talked to your
teacher.
4. less than 50% certainty
--Wheres John?
He could be at home.
He could have been at home.
5. impossibility (negative
only).
That couldnt be true! That couldnt have been true!
be able to 1. ability
I am able to help you. I will be able to
help you.
I was able to help him.
would
1. polite request
Would you please ass salt? Would you
mind if I left early?
2. preference
I would rather go to the park than stay
home.
I would rather have gone to the
park.
3. repeated action in the
past
When I was a child, I would visit
my grandparents ever weekend
used to
1. repeated action in the
past
When I was a child, I would visit
my grandparents every weekend.
shall
1. polite question to make
a suggestions
Shall I open the window?
2. future with "I" or "we" as
subject
I shall arrive at nine. (will = more
common)
175
10. RELATIVE CLAUSE (SIFAT CMLECKLER)
** smin fiil ile tanmlanm ekline Relative Clause denir.
** Relative Clauseda ya ZNE ya da NESNE eksik olur. Bu ekilde cmlecik oluur.
** WH+ ZNE + FL + X
WH+ X FL + NESNE
Soru kelimeleri:
** Who THAT
** Which
** Where
** Whose
** When
** Why
** Whose car = Soru kelimesi
Relative Clauseun 3 farkl ekli vardr:
1. Orijinal hali: (Kat)
2. Alternatif hali: (Sv)
3. Ksaltlm hali: (Gaz)
1. Orijinal Hali:
WHO (Alternatifi THAT)
The man who (That) lives in this home is a doctor.
** Soru kelimesinden sonraki cmlede zne eksiktir. Who yerine alternatifi that de kullanlabilir.
The man who(That) I met yesterday is a doctor.
** Soru kelimesinden sonraki cmlede Nesne eksiktir. Who yerine alternatifi that de kullanlabilir.
WHICH (Alternatifi: THAT)
The book which I bought last week is very interesting.
The book which is in English is very interesting.
WHERE (Alternatifi: (IN)...WHICH=WHICH... (IN) IN yerine herhangi bir yer-yn preposition gelebilir.
Her yer ayn zamanda bir nesne olabileceinden dolay. Bir yer kelimesinden sonra where mi yoksa which mi ge-
leceini u ekilde ayrabiliriz;
Boluktan sonra zne varsa WHERE, boluktan sonra fiil varsa WHICH gelir.
The hotel where I stayed last year is expensive.(whereden sonraki zneye dikkat).
The hotel which is near the sea.
Alternatif 1:
176
The hotel in which I stayed last year.
Alternatif 2:
The hotel which I stayed in last year.
** Wherein alternatif halinde btn yer-yn belirten prepositionlar kullanlabilir.
WHOSE (Alternatifi: OF WHICH=OF WHOM) Whose yer isimden sonra gelebilir bu yzden jokeydir. Bu nedenle bir soru
kknda whose varsa nce whoseu denememiz lazm.
The man whose (my) car is red is my friend
The car of whom is red is my friend. (insana aitse of whom)
The swimming pool of which is deep is the near the sea. (insan d bir ey aitse of which)
** Boluktan sonraki cmleye my ekleriz eer anlamlysa cevap WHOSEdur. Yoksa dier klara baklr.
WHEN (Alternatifi: (IN)...WHICH=WHICH... (IN) IN yerine herhangi bir zaman prepositionu gelebilir.
1974 is the year when I was born.
1974 is the year in which I was born.
1974 is the year which I was born in.
** Whenin alternatif durumunda btn zaman bildiren prepositionlar kullanlabilir.(Yl=in which, Ay=on which,
Saat=at which)
WHY (Alternatifi: ForWhich=WhichFor)
Tek kelimeden sonra WHY kullanlr: REASON (CAUSE)
The reason why the man died is known.
The reason which the man died for is known.
DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE
Non-defining Relative Clause: Virglle kullanlr, virglle kullanlan cmle atldnda anlam deimez.
Tarkan, who is Turkeys popstar, lives in Newyork
(Virgll kullanm olduundan dolay Non-defining Relatve Clauseda THAT kullanlmaz)
** Defining Relative Clause: Cmledeki kii tannmadndan, tanmlanmaya ihtiyac vardr. Virgl gerekmez, That kul-
lanlabilir.
Abdulmuttalip who is Indians popstar lives in Newyork. (That kullanlabilir.)
** Tourists , who visited the museum , are tired. (Nondefining)
177
(Hepsi mzeyi gezdi ve hepsi yorgun)
** Tourists who visited the museum are tired.(defining)
(Turistlerin bir ksm mzeyi gezdi ve bir ksm yorgun)
RELATIVE CLAUSE KISALTMALARI
1. ZNE KISALTMASI
Soru kelimesinden sonra zne gelmise soru kelimesi atlarak ksaltma yaplr.
The man who I met yesterday is a doctor.
The man I met yesterday is a doctor.
2. AKTF KISALTMA (Ving)
Soru kelimesinden sonra aktif fiil gelmise soru kelimesi atlr, fiil ing alr.
The man who lives here is a doctor.(Aktif)
The man living here is a doctor.
3. PASF KISALTMA (V3)
Soru kelimesinden sonra pasif fiil gelmise soru kelimesi atlr, fiil V3 olur.
The man who was killed here is a doctor. (Pasif:was V3)
The man killed here is a doctor.
4. TO V1 & TO BE V3 LE YAPILAN KISALTMALAR
A) The first, the second, the last ve sperlativeden sonra R.C gelirse,
Neziha is the first student who came to the class.
Neziha is the first student to come the class.(Aktif: to V1)
B) Some body
Any thing den sonra R.C gelirse
No where
C) Relative clause ierisinde modal varsa;
There is nothng that can be done.
There is nothing, to be done.
5. SIFAT KISALTMASI
178
Relative clause da Sfat varsa sadece Sfat yazlr.
The girl who is happy is laughing.
The girl happy is laughing.
6. YER-YN PREPOSITION KISALTMASI
Relative Clause da, Yer-yn prepositionu varsa sadece preposition kalr.
The book which is on table is in English.
The book on table is in English.
7. R.T.E KISALTMASI
R.T.E, who is Turkeys Prime Minister, is not old.
R.T.E, Turkeys Prime Minister, is not old.
NOT: Eer relative clause tm cmleyi tanmlyorsa (WHICH) gelir. I visited Marry, which made her happy.
Relative Clause pfs
THAT virgl ile kullanlmaz.
Preposition That ile kullanlmaz.
Stage, Condition, Situtiation, state, occasion gibi kelimelerden sonra Where de gelebilir which de gelebilir.
Where ve Which ayrm yaplrken, Where den sonra zne, Whichten sonra Fiil gelmesi gerektii unutulmamaldr.
rnek:
Africa Report is a weekly TV programme ----. (2007 MAYIS KPDS)
A) unless it showcases the very best in Africa
B) that focuses on business and investment in Africa
C) though it covers everything from economic reform to rewarding investment opportunities
D) so it has 250 million viewers in Africa alone
E) as it is brought to you by the worlds leading business channel
rnek:
Meteorites are extraterrestial complex rocks with roughly equal amounts of metal and silicates ----.(2007 KASIM
KPDS)
A) because the moon has been studied extensively by spacecraft and has been sampled directly at a few locations
B) which have major implications for the collisional history of planetary bodies
C) whereby the various planetary and asteroidal bodies in the solar system contain a specific isotopic label
D) so that each meteorite is a small sample of a much larger parent body, probably an unidentified asteroid
E) while measurement of the oxygen isotopic composition of the Sun is the
** Cmle tamamlama sorularnda verilen TANIM cmlelerine dikkat etmek gerekir. Eer cmle tanm cmlesi ise
arkasndan devam eden yapda bu cmlenin tanmlanmasn gerektirir ki burada RELATVE CLAUSE aranr.
rnek:
179
It removes us from the anxieties of daily life, placing us in the curious world of self-expression, ---- the linear
passage of time seems to vanish. (2007 MAYIS KPDS-CLOSE TEST)
A) wherever B) which C) where D) how E) whom
** Baz sorularda noktalama iaretleri dorudan cevaba gtrr yukardaki rnekte de grld gibi virglden
sonra kullanlabilecek tek yap (, which) Sfat cmlecii(Relative Clause)dir.
rnek:
The United Nations officially recognized the greenhouse effect in 1995, ----.
A) when its International Panel on Climate noted that human activity had a discernible influence on global temperatures
B) as the economies of developing nations will grow over the next few decades
(Asden nce virgl kullanlmaz.)
C) if developing nations were exempted from the Kyoto Agreement
(fden nce virgl kullanlmaz.)
D) since the US government announced that it would not participate in Kyoto Agreement
(Sinceden nce virgl kullanlmaz.)
E) that the participating nations must make large and costly changes in their energy systems
(Thatten nce virgl kullanlmaz.)
180
11. PARTICIPLE
AKTF PASF
E zamanl Drinking Drunk
E zamanl deil Having Drunk Having Been Drunk
Kullanm Amalar:
Sfat gibi kullanlrlar.
Crying baby (A) Aktiflik ya da pasiflik durumlarna gre ek alrlar.
Broken window (P)
** Relative Clause Ksaltmasnda kullanlrlar.
The man who lives here is a doctor.
The man living here is a doctor. (Aktif ksaltma-Ving)
The book which was torn is very old.
The book torn is very old. (Pasif ksaltma-V3)
** ki cmleyi balamak iin kullanlr. (zne ortak olmaldr.)
Ali opened the door. Ali entered the class. (E zamanl-Aktif ksaltmas)
Opening the door, Ali entered the class.
The thief was arrested by the police. The thief was put in to prison. (E zamanl-Pasif)
Arrested by the police. The thief was put in to prison. (E zamanl-Pasif ksaltmas)
Ali failed the exam last year. Ali will enter again next year. (E zamanl olmayan)
Having failed the exam, Ali will enter again next year. (E zamanl olmayan aktif ksaltmas)
The postman was bitten by the dog. The postman will not deliver letters again. (E zamanl olmayan)
Having been bitten by the dog, the postman will not deliver letters again. (E zamanl olmayan pasif ksaltmas)
181
12. NOUN CLAUSE (THAT CLAUSE)
Relative clause zneden ya da nesneden sonra gelebilirken Noun clause Fiilden nce veya fiilden sonra gelir.
zne + Fiil + N.C (nesne pozisyonunda)
N.C (zne pozisyonunda) + Fiil + Nesne
gruba ayrlr:
1. Soru kelimesiyle balar.
2. If/whether.(or not) ile balar.
3. The fact (that) ile balar.
1. Soru kelimesiyle balar: Btn soru kelimeleriyle balayabilir.
Nesnenin yerine;
I dont know when Alper met Zeynep at the airport
zne Fiil Nesne
znenin yerine;
How the thief entered the house is unknown.
zne Fiil Nesne
Where Osman lives is a secret.
Relative Clause ile Noun Clauseun ayrm:
** Relative clause isimden sonra Noun clause ise Fiilden nce veya sonra gelir.
2. If / Whether (or not) ile balar.
I dont know If (whether) Ali will come to the party (or not).
(Alinin partiye gelip gelmeyeceini bilmiyorum.)
If (whether) Ali will come to the party is not clear.
(N.C da Cmle banda If kullanlmaz.)
3. (THE FACT) THAT ile balar.
(The fact) That Ali past exam made us happy.
(Alinin snav gemesi (gerei) bizi mutlu etti.)
182
Noun clause ksaltmas:
Noun clause iinde MODAL var ise;
Cmle aktif ise: to V1
Cmle pasif ise: to be V3
I dont know what can be done in this situation. (Pasif: to be V3)
I dont know what to be done in this situation.
I dont know what I can do. (Aktif: to V1)
I dont know what to do.
Noun clause Pfs:
If cmle banda ve ksaltmalarda kullanlmaz, yerine Whether kullanlr.
That ve What szckleri arasnda kalndnda Noun Clause ierisi tam ise THAT, zne veya nesne eksik ise WHAT
kullanlr.
Ana fiil past ise Noun Clause ieriside Past olmak zorundadr.(Zaman uyumu)
Sfat varsa how+sfat eklinde kullanlr. Ancak how mutlaka sfat ile kullanlacak diye bir kaide de yoktur.
Whatever ve Whicheverdan sonra bir nesne gelir.
What you have done up to now is not a success but a failure.
What you do is what you get.
We are interested in what you are doing.
The trouble in their marriage is that they have different points of view to life.
I was asked whether I wanted to stay at a hotel or at his home.
He wondered where all these strangers could have come from.
rnek:
---- that the reasons for introducing the new-design dollar bills were the persistent reports of high quality
counterfeits circulating in the Middle East. (2007 KPDS MAYIS)
A) Following a US Secret Service probe, the US Federal Reserve has wondered
B) Enormous quantities of dollar bills are held in reserve in the US and overseas
C) All of them are old allegations made by the US Federal Reserve
D) The US governments currency policy has been sharply criticised
E) It has been claimed, but never confirmed by the US Federal Reserve,
rnek:
---- that engineers do not restrict themselves to technical matters.
A) The engineering curriculum has long required.(2006-KPDS MAYIS)
B) Many potential leaders were of the opinion
C) The courses involved substantial reading and writing assignments
D) The aim was to attract a wider audience
E) He acquired a sophisticated knowledge of scientific and technical matters
183
13. GERUND AND INFINITIVE
ki fiil yan yana geldiinde ikinci fiil isimlemek zorundadr. Bu isimleme srasnda ikinci fiil ya Ving(Gerund) ya da to
V1(infinitive) alr.
Gerund-Infinitive sorular zlrken izlenmesi gereken yollar:
1. Gerund mu yoksa Infinitive mi gelecek belirlenir.
2. Aktif hali mi yoksa pasif hali mi gelecek o belirlenir.(Nesne yoksa ve preposition varsa pasiftir.)
3. E zamanl m yoksa E zamanl deil mi belirlenir. kinci fiil ilk fiilden daha nceki bir zaman diliminde gereklemise
o zaman e zamanl olmayan bir yap gerekir.(have V3)
NOT:
** Sfatlardan sonra mutlaka -to gelir.(infinitive)
** Pasif bir fiilden sonra to gelir. (infinitive)
GERUND AKTF PASF
E zamanl Drinking Being Drunk
E zamanl deil Having Drunk Having Been Drunk
E

z
a
m
a
n
l

Aktif I like inviting people the my house.

Pasif I like being invited by my friend.
E

z
a
m
a
n
l

o
l
m
a
y
a
n
Aktif I remember having warned you before.
Pasif I remember having warned by the man.
INFINITIVE AKTF PASF
E zamanl To drink To Be Drunk
E zamanl deil To Have Drunk To Have Been Drunk
E

z
a
m
a
n
l

Aktif I hope to invite my friend.

Pasif I hope to be invited.
E

z
a
m
a
n
l

o
l
m
a
y
a
n
Aktif Ali is said to have stolen.
Pasif Ali is said to have been killed.
184
** Gerund ve Infinitivelerde Pasiflerde be V3, E zamanl olmayanlarda da Have V3 kullanld unutulmamaldr.
** Kendilerinden sonra hem gerund hem infinitive alan hem de anlamlar deien fiiller:
** Remember:
Remember posting the letter. (Mektubu postaladn hatrla)
Remember to post the letter.(Mektubu postalamay unutma.)
** Try:
I tried speaking to the teacher.(retmenle konumay denedim.)
Ahmet tried to open the door. (Ahmet kapy amaya abalad.)
** Regret:
Zeynep regrets telling her a lie.(Zeynep yalan sylediine piman.)
I regret to tell that you failed.(Senin baarsz olduunu sylemekten znt duyuyorum.)
** Stop:
I stopped smoking.(Sigara imeyi braktm.)
I stoped to smoke.(Sigara imek iin durdum.)
** Need:
My hair needs washing.(Samn ykanmas gerek.-pasif)
I need to wash my hair.(Sam ykamam gerekiyor.)
14. SUBJUNCTIVE
Gereklilik, nem, aciliyet ve zorunluluk bildiren fiiller, isimler ve sfatlardan sonra THAT gelirse bu yap subjunctivedir
cmle aktifse V1, cmle pasifse be V3 olur.
** It is important that Ali go with us tomorrow.
** It is essential that she consult a doctor.
Adjectives Advisable Important Recommendable Vital Essential crucial
Adjectives Mandatory Significant Necessary Obligatory Urgent mperative
Verbs Advise Insist Requre Suggest Ask Order
Verbs Recommend Urge Demand Prefer Reguest Rule
Nouns Advice Insistence Proposal Suggestion Demand order
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15. INVERSION
Soru grnmndedirler ancak soru deillerdir. Vurgu iin yaplr. Aadaki durumlarda inversion yaplr:
1. Never, Seldom, Rarely, Hardly ever
I have never seen him.
Never, have I seen him.
2. No ve Not ile balayan yaplar
I wll help you on no account.
On no account, will I help you.
3. Only ile balayan yaplar
You can be succesfull only though hardwork.
Only though hardwork, can you be succesfull.
4. Yer- Yn prepositionlu yaplar
There is a man on the bridge.
On the bridge, is there a man.
5. IFlerin Inverson hali
Type 1: If I go to Ankara Should I go to Ankara.
Type 2: If I were you Were I you.
Type 3: If had seen him Had I been seen him.
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16. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
** COMPARATIVE:
Sfatn harf says 6 dan fazlaysa More ..Than
Sfatn harf says 6 dan az ise .er than kullanlr.
** Ali is taller than Mehmet.
** Ali is more intelligent than Mehmet.
** Children are the more vulnerable to abuse than adults.
** A nurse should be more patient than a doctor.
** I write English better than he does.
** The majority of the students responded to the Deans call for greater participation in cultural activities more
enthusiastically than expected. (Fiili nitelediinden Zarf olur).
** Helen types more accurately than all the other secretaries in our office. (Fiili nitelediinden Zarf olur).
** SUPERLATIVE:
Sfatn harf says 6 dan fazlaysa The most
Sfatn harf says 6 dan az ise The.est kullanlr.
** Of all the amplifiers , this product with its wide range provides the greatest stability within the audible spectrum.
** Istanbul is the biggest city in Turkey.
** Helen is the most intelligent student in her class.
** John is one of the most successful students in our school.
** Switzerland is one of the most affluent countries in the world.
COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
GOOD Better (Daha iyi) Best (En iyi)
BAD Worse (Daha kt) Worst (En kt)
FAR Further/Farther (Daha uzak) Furthest/Farthest (En uzak)
LITTLE Less (Daha az) Least (En az)
MANY More (Daha ok) Most (En ok)
MUCH More (Daha ok) Most (En ok)
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ZEL YAPILAR
1. SO... THAT:
It is so hot that we can go swimming.
** Sodan sonra Sfat,
Thatden sonra cmle gelmelidir.
2. SUCH THAT:
It is such a hot day that we can go swimming.
** Suchdan sonra sim,
Thatden sonra Cmle gelmelidir.
3. Eitheror: (YaYa da)
I drink either tea or coffee for breakfast.
4. Neither Nor: (Ne Ne de)
I drink neither tea nor coffee.
5. BothAnd: (Hem Hem de)
I drink both tea and coffee.
6. Not onlyBut also: (Sadecedeil, ayn zamanda da)
I drink not only tea but also coffee.
7. Too+ SIFAT+ to (Kural : TSE-Too-Sfat-Enough)
This problem too difficult to solve.
8. ... Enough to (Kural : TSE-Too-Sfat-Enough)
She isnt tall enough to play basketball. (Enoughtan nce SIFAT gelir.)
She hasnt got enough money to buy the car. (Enoughtan nce sfat yoksa arkasndan isim ister.)
188
9. DIFFERENT FROM (....... den farkl)
Jacks computer is different from mine. (Jackin bilgisayar benimkinden farkldr.)
My personality is different from yours. (Benim kiiliim seninkinden farkl.)
Turkeys climate is different from Englands. (Trkiyenin iklimi ngiltereninkinden farkl.)
10. The more (er)The more(er) (Ne kadar ekmek o kadar kfte.)
The harder you study, the more succesfull you are.
Ne kadar sk alrsan, o kadar baarl olursun.
11. AS ........... AS (kadar): olumlu cmlede kullanlr.
** You are as beautiful as roses . Gller kadar gzelsin.
** She is as stubborn as a goat. O kei kadar inat.
** Il is as hardworking as bees. Il arlar kadar alkandr.
** You are as fat as me. Benim kadar imansn.
12. SO ........... AS (kadar): olumsuz cmlede kullanlr.
** Ali isnt so tall as Mehmet.
13. So as to/In order to/to + fiil gelmelidir.
** I will g oto an English course in order to/so as to/to learn English.
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BALALAR
** Noktalama iaretleri ile kullanma gre eleme: Baz sorularda noktalama iaretleri bizi dorudan cevaba gtrr ya
da seenekleri elememize yardmc olur.
** Anlam bakmndan eleme: Baz balalar kullanrken cmlenin bir taraf olumlu olurken dier taraf olumsuz olur ve-
ya her iki tarafta olumlu olabilir.
1. Ama bildiren balalar:
In order to
So as to + V1
To
** In order to learn English, you have to study hard.
2. Ztlk bildiren balalar:
Although
Though
Even though
Notwithstanding
In spite of the fact that
Despite the fact that
Much though cmle + cmle (e ramen)
Much as
Sfat/zarf+as
Sfat/zarf+though
Zarf+ as
** In spite of + Ving (ramen, e ramen)
Despite + Noun
Notwithstanding
In spite of his age, he refused to retire.
Even though he has restored all the money he took, his refuses to forgive him.
(Ald tm paray yerine koymasna ramen, annesi onu balamay reddediyor. )
Although (John runs the company), he has several silent partners.
irketi John idare etmesine ramen, bir ka sessiz orta var.
Notwithstanding they hadnt been doing anything illegal, many demonstrators were arrested.
(Herhangi bir kanun d ey yapmamalarna ramen, pek ok gsterici tutukland.)
Notwithstanding the fire, we are carrying on our business as usual.
(Yangna ramen, iimizi her zamanki gibi devam ettiriyoruz.
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3. Ztlk bildiren balalar
However
But
Yet + Cmle (Ama yinede, bununla birlikte)
Stil
Nevertheless
Nonetheless
Whereas Oysa
Or (else) + Cmle
Otherwise Yoksa
On the contrary
In contrast aksi takdirde, kart olarak
Contrarily + Cmle
On the other hand dier bir yandan, te yandan
On the other side
** In contrast to + noun/V1
4. Destekleyici balalar:
Moreover
Further
Further more
Whats more + Cmle (Dahas, Buna ek olarak, ilaveten)
Along with
In addition that
Also
Besides
** n addition to + Noun (Btn prepositionlardan sonra Ving gelir.)
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5. Sonu Bildiren Balalar:
So
Therefore
Thereby + Cmle
Thus ( Bunun sonucu bundan dolay)
Hence
Accordingly
As result
To sum up
Consequently + Cmle
In consequence (Sonu olarak, Sonuta)
As a consequence
Eventually
To conclude
6. Sebep bildiren balalar:
Cmle ile kullanlanlar:
Because
Since
Owing to the fact that +Cmle
Due to the fact that (nk)
On account of the fact that
For
I couldnt study my lesson on account of the fact that it went off.
(Ders alamadm nk elektirikler kesildi.)
We stopping playing tenis, Because it started raining.
(Tenis oynamay braktk nk yamur balad)
Because of the fact that it has positive influence, Sesame Street has become most highly regarded educator of youth
people in the world.
The Prime Minister returned home on account of the fact that there was a growing unrest in the country.
We will be staying for an extra week for due to the fact that we haven not yet finished.
Owing to the fact that the harvest was plentiful, the farmers amassed huge amounts of grain.
Ving veya Noun ile kullanlanlar:
Due to
Owing to
Because of + Ving / Noun
Thanks to (den yznden, den dolay, sayesinde)
On account of
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** Btn bu ifadeler kendilerinden sonra isim veya Ving alrlar ve ana cmlede ifade edilen durum ya da olayn
sebebini ifade ederler.
On account of you, I am very succesfull. (senden dolay (sayende) ok baarlym.)
Because of the rain, we stopped playing tenis.
Owing to the bad weather, todays match was postponed.
Kt havadan dolay, bugnk ma ertelendi.
Because of [owing to, due to] his sprained ankle, he walked with a cane
Burkulan ayak bileinden dolay, koltuk denei ile yryordu.
7. rneklendirme balalar
For instance
For example rnein
To illustrate
Take for instance
He tried many extreme sports. For example, he did bungee jumping
8. Haricinde, Dnda balalar:
Except
Except for
With the excepton of nn dnda, hari
Apart from
Other than
I like all the sports except for boxing. (Boks dnda btn sporlar severim.)
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BALALAR ZEL
On the other hand ve otherwise yaplarnn kullanlabilmesi iin kendilerinden nce nokta veya noktal virgl ve kendi-
lerinden sonra virgl gelmesi gerekmektedir.
Whereas
While Virglle kullanlan balalar
But
Although
Even though
Since
Whether
In case
In that
If Virglle kullanlmayan balalar
Just as
Unless
Before
Because
That is
Despite
** ki cmle arasna gelen balalar:
** AND: Birden fazla szc veya iki cmleyi balar. ki cmleyi baladnda genellikle araya virgl gelir.
Ahmet and Osman are in the dining room.
It was snowing heavily, and there was a storm
** BUT (Fakat-Ama): ki anlam birbirine balar. Herzaman zt anlam beklemek gerekir. ki cmle aras virgl kullanlr.
This car is beautiful but expensive.
This car is beautiful, but t is expensive.
** OR (Ya da, yoksa): ki cmle arasnda virglle kullanlr.
I must hurry, or I will be late.
** SO (Bundan dolay): ki cmle arasnda virglle kullanlr. SO bir sonucu gsterdii iin asla cmleye SO ile ba-
lanmaz. Bundan dolay cmle tamamlama da boluk cmle banda ise SO seenei elenir.
Aye was tired, so he went to bed early.
194
** FOR (nk): ki cmle arasna gelerek Because gibi kullanlr. Bu anlamda FOR dan nce virgl kullanmak art-
tr.(FOR+Cmle)
I dont want to leave Kayseri, for I love to live here.
** FOR+ sim: eklinde kullanlrsa virgl kullanlmaz.
I went to the market for some bread.
** YET( Fakat-Ama)=BUT: ki cmle arasnda virglle But gibi kullanlr.
She did not study hard, yet she passed all her exams.
** Cmle sonunda ve present perfect tense ile HENZ anlamnda da kullanlr.
I have not finished my work yet.
BALALAR RNEK IKMI SORULAR
1. little respect the British people may feel for the monarchy, they are still not likely to change to a republic. (KPDS-
MAYIS-2006)
A) As far as B) Whatever C) Such a D) However E) Just as
2. ---- they are accessible by boat only, these islands are still largely undeveloped. (2004-MAYIS-KPDS)
A) Even B) As if C) Although D) Conseguently E) Since
3. The term "radical", in politics, refers to anyone with opinions extreme the main current of a countrys major
political party or parties. (KPDS-MAYIS-2005)
A) so / as B) more / than C) only / that
D) not only / but also E) either / or
4. The United States spends ---- on armed forces ---- do all other countries combined. (KPDS-KASIM-2005)
A) so much / that B) both / and C) not only / but also
D) neither / nor E) more / than
195
5. Because of the wide variety of ethnicity in the United States, people speak English as ----- their native ---their
adopted tongue. ( KPDS-KASIM-2007)
A) rather/than B) either/or C) more/than
D) so much/as E) well/as
6. The Danish poet and novelist Jeppe Aakjr grew up in the Jutland farming area and ---- was well aware of the
harsh conditions endured by farm labourers in his country. ( KPDS-KASIM-2008)
A) on the contrary B) even so C) so
D) stil E) nevertheless
7. ---- the US and Brazil both occupy the American continent, the northern location of the former and the southern
location of the latter plainly mark a real distinction and bring important policy consequences. (KPDS-KASIM-2008)
A) As long as B) Now that C) Only if
D) After E) Although
8. ---- not all negative thoughts and feelings are bad for health, specific emotional states, especially stress and
depression, have now been linked to heart trouble of all kinds. (KPDS-KASIM-2008)
A) When B) Suppose that C) As if
D) Whenever E) Though
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CMLE TAMAMLAMA PFS
Cmle tamamlama sorularnda cmlenin ya ba ksm ya da son ksm eksiktir ve bizden ksmlarn tamamlanmas isteni-
lir. Bu sorular zlrken anlamdan ziyade sorunun tehisi daha nemlidir. Cmle tamamlama sorular aslnda aada
belirtilen blmlerden olumaktadr.
1. Relative Clause
Cmle bir isimle bitmise veya isimden sonra virgl gelmise byk ihtimalle Relative Clause yapsdr.
zlenmesi gereken yollar:
** Uzun hali ise: Who + zne + Fiil + X
Who + X + Fiil + Nesne
** Ksa hali ise ksaltma kurallar uygulanr.
zne (Soru kelimesi atlr.)
Ving (soru kelimesinden sonra fiil varsa soru kelimesi atlr. Fiilin Ving hali yazlr.(A))
V3 (soru kelimesinden sonra fiil varsa soru kelimesi atlr. Fiilin V3 hali yazlr. (P))
To (somebody, anything, anyone the first, the last, Modallar ve sperlative varsa aktifse To V1, pasifse To be
V3 ksaltmas yazlr.)
2. Noun Clause
Boluk fiilden nce ya da fiilden sonra gelmise muhtemelen N.C yapsdr.
zlenmesi gereken yollar:
** Seeneklerde soru kelimesi aranr
** If/whether veya That aranr.
** erisinin zaman uyumuna baklr ve tam olmasna dikkat edilir.
** Son olarakta anlama girilir.
3. If Clause
Seeneklerde Ifli bir yap varsa (Noun clause dnda) veya Would kelimesi varsa byk bir ihtimalle If clause yaps-
dr ve typea baklr.
TYPE O If go(es) go(es)
Genel-geer Ger-
ekler (3G)
TYPE 1
If - go(es)
- be going
- have/has gone
- have/has been going
Will,modal + go
Gerekleme htima-
li VARSA.
(Pre-future)
TYPE 2 If -went
-were
Would
Could + go
Had to
Might
Gerekleme htima-
li YOKSA.
(Pre-future)
TYPE 3 If Had V3
Would have
Could have + V3
Had to have
Might have
SAYDI.
Gemii anlatr.
TYPE 3/2 If Had V3
Would
Could + go(now, today)
Had to
Might
zel Durumlarda
kullanlr.
TYPE2/3 If -went
-were
Would have
Could have + V3
Had to have
Might have
zel Durumlarda
kullanlr.
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4. Participle
Participle verilmise (,) den sonra zne aranr. Cmle verilmi dier taraf isteniyorsa participle aranr.
AKTF PASF
E zamanl Drinking Drunk
E zamanl deil Having Drunk Having Been Drunk
5. Bala
Zaman uyumuna baklr ve ancak anlamla zlebilir.
6. zel yaplar
Cmle ierisindeki zel yaplar bulunur ve onlarn kurallarna gre zlr.
DYALOG TAMAMLAMA SORULARI
** Verilen boluun bir soru cmlesi mi yoksa normal cmle mi olduuna baklmal.
** Doru seenek olduunu dndnz cmlenin paragrafn ierdii zaman ile uyumuna bakn.
** Ayn anlama gelen kelime gruplarna dikkat edilmelidir.
** Uygun olduunu dndnz cmlede reference belirten szck bulunmakta ise, bu szcn paragraf iinde
hangi szck ya da szckleri karladn inceleyin.
** Verilen boluktaki cmle nceden sorulmu bir soruya yant nitelii tayacaksa, bu soru ile uyumunu inceleyin.
** Yardmc fiillerle sorulan sorulara onay ya da ret gerekir.
Do you learn new words everyday?
Yes. / No. / Yes, I do. / No, I dont. /Absolutely. / Sure. / Thats what I normaly do. / Of course. / True. / Undoubtedly. /
Thats right. / Absolutely not. / Are you kidding? Of course not.
** Soru kelimeleriyle sorulan sorulara yes, no ve benzeri cevaplar veremeyiz .
What do you think about the article on space travels?
Oh, it is interesting. / The article? I havent read it yet. / That is inadequate. / It includes many unusual information
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RNEK SORULAR:
1. James: - Lets eat out tonight. Where would you like to go?
Helen: - .....
James: - Good idea. Which one?
Helen: - Japanese one.
A) You choose. You eat out more than I do.
B) Anywhere, so long as the food is good.
C) Will there be time for a quick snack before the film starts?
D) Well, certainly not that place you took me to last week.
E) Shall we try one of those new foreign restaurants Giles was recommending?
2. Clive: - Can you recommend a good restaurant? My usual place is fully booked.
Graham: - .....
Clive: - Thats not too important. Its a business lunch. I want somewhere we can talk.
A) What sort of price range do you have in mind?
B) Whats the occasion? A family get-together?
C) Is that where we ate together the other evening?
D) Have you tried the new fish restaurant on Exeter Road?
E) Im afraid I cant help. I so rarely dine out.
3. Alison: - Whats the matter? Youre looking annoyed.
Mavis: - Im feeling annoyed.
Alison: - .....
Mavis: - Well, who do you think? Theres only one person who can get me this angry!
A) Theres no point in telling me! Just forget it!
B) You get annoyed too easily these days. Try to keep calm.
C) Whats happened now? But perhaps youd better forget it.
D) Well, tell me about it. Who has been annoying you?
E) Well, who doesnt find something to get annoyed about these days?
4. Secretary: - Oh! Im so sorry! I didnt realize there was a meeting going on here.
Mr Howard: - Well, actually, its more or less over. What did you want?
Secretary: - .....
Mr Howard: - Thats alright; you can do it right away.
A) I was looking for Mr Stevens. I dont suppose youve seen him, have you?
B) I was just going to check something in one of the files, but Ill come back later.
C) Nothing really! I just felt like a break.
D) I was wondering if you needed something to drink.
E) Someone said the telephone is out of order. Is that so?
199
5. Alan: - Wheres your computer? You do have one, dont you?
Mark: - .....
Alan: - Will that take long?
Mark: - I dont think so; theyll give me a ring when its ready.
A) Yes over there. I was told to take it out of the sun.
B) No; Ive given it to my brother.
C) Well, I used it so rarely I decided to get rid of it.
D) Not any longer. I didnt seem able to learn how to use it.
E) Yes, but at present its being repaired.
6. James: - Ill see you at Murrays lecture.
Nigel: - Im not sure that Im going.
James: - .....
Nigel: - Then in that case I will.
A) He knows a lot but cant make anything interesting.
B) Whats the lecture on anyway?
C) I wouldnt if I didnt feel I had to.
D) You must. I saw him yesterday and hes expecting us both.
E) Neither am I. Well decide tomorrow.
7. Mrs. Martin: - Ive just been reading an article on cosmetic surgery.
Mr. Martin: - I dont want to hear about it. Its just a waste of money.
Mrs. Martin: - .....
Mr. Martin: - Perhaps not. But that doesnt affect my opinion.
A) Ten years from now you may be more interested.
B) A lot of people regard it as money well spent.
C) Not everyone agree with you there.
D) Mrs. Sutton certainly looks years younger.
E) Ill leave it here and you can read it.
8. Richard: - Are the police still detaining him?
Malcolm: Yes Im afraid they are. But I just cant believe hed do a thing like that.
Richard: - .....
Malcolm: -So do I.
A) Of course he wouldnt. I just wish we could find a way of helping him.
B) Im not so sure. I dont really like him.
C) Why do you say that?
D) Do you expect therell be a trial?
E) As far as I know theres not much evidence against him.
200
9. Mrs Frazer: - I was sorry to hear your mother had been taken ill. How is she doing now?
Mrs Seymour: - Shes much better, thank you. She leaves hospital tomorrow.
Mrs Frazer: - .....
Mrs Seymour: -Yes do. Im sure shell be very pleased to see you.
A) What has actually been the matter with her?
B) What a relief that must be to you!
C) Does she really? Wonderful. Then Ill go and visit her next day.
D) Is there anything I can do to help you? You will let me know if I can, wont you?
E) I suppose everyone is telling her to rest and take life easy.
10. Paul: - I see youre reading Trevors latest novel. What is it like?
Matthew: -Its not one of his best.
Paul: - .....
Matthew: - And deservedly so.
A) That seems to be the general opinion.
B) I disagree. This is the only one Ive really found stimulating.
C) His characters are all types from the underworld.
D) He seems to draw much on Agatha Christie.
E) Usually his characterization is good but the background is poor.
11. Telephone Receptionist: - Bengo Kitchen Equipment. Can I help you?
Customer: - Yes. Theres something wrong with the fridge I bought from you last year.
Telephone Receptionist: - .....
Customer: - Thank you very much.
A) How long is it since you had it serviced?
B) Have you kept the guarantee?
C) Please explain carefully exactly what the problem is.
D) Then Ill put you through to the Servicing Department.
E) Thats strange; theres never been a complaint about them before.
12. Mr. Wentworth: - I hope youve kept the afternoon free of appointments?
Secretary: - .....
Mr. Wentworth: - But that cuts right into the afternoon and you know I have next months schedule to plan out.
Secretary: - I had no choice. Its the manager who wants to see you.
A) Well, you did tell Mr. Bainbridge he could leave early.
B) No, of course I didnt forget.
C) I thought I had to keep tomorrow free.
D) Not quite, youll be busy between three thirty and four oclock.
E) All callers have been told you are out of town.
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ANLAM BTNLN BOZAN CMLE
** Connector olarak adlandrlan (in other words, that is, however gibi) yaplarn kullanmna dikkat edilmelidir. Bu yap-
lar paragraf iinde cmlelerin birbiri ile yapsal balantsn salad iin paragrafn btnn anlamanza yardmc
olurlar.
** Sonu bildiren kelimeler cmle ortasnda veya banda yer almaz, bunlar cmle sonundan kullanlr.
(Consequently,Fnally, at the end)
** Kendisinden nceki cmleyi amaya yarayan kelimelerle cmle balamaz bu tarz kelimelere dikkat edilmelidir.
(Actually, Obviously)
** Deinme (reference) belirten szcklere dikkat edilmelidir. Baka szck ya da ifadeler yerine kullanlan it, he, she,
they, their, one, that, the former, the latter gibi deinme szcklerinin bir nceki cmle ve daha nceki cmlelerle
ilikisini saptanmaldr. Herhangi bir iliki yoksa szcn getii cmle anlam btnln bozan cmle olabilir.
** Cmle ok genel bir ifadeyle ya da ok zel bir ifade ile balayabilir bu tr cmlelere dikkat edilmelidir.
SORULAR
1. (I) By about 3500 B.C., there had developed in Egypt and Mesopotamia a highly advanced social and economic life. (II)
Copper and bronze were being used, although on a limited scale, and trading contracts with other countries had been
established. (III) It is the opinion of most archaeologists that civilization first developed in the Middle East. (IV)
Many of the contracts were with Syria, which, lying between Egypt and Mesopotamia, had participated at an early date in
the general advance of material and cultural development. (V) Moreover, Syria was endowed with a number of resources
that were lacking in Egypt and
** Mesopotamia. nc tmce tm paragrafn anlattklar iin ok genel. Ayrca, tmcelerin tm gemiten
sz ederken nc tmce bugn anlatmakta.
2. (I) Throughout the Middle Ages Christian Europe launched many allied expeditions against the Muslim rule in
Spain to bring it to an end. (II) Historically, the ancient palace of the Muslim rulers at Granada is called "Alhambra". (III)
Originally, it was designed, built, and developed into an architectural masterpiece in the thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries. (IV) Unfortunately, the stylistic uniformity of the palace was spoiled when in the sixteenth century turned part of
it into a modern residence. (V) However, the most beautiful parts of the interior, including the Court of Alberca and the
Court of Lions, have survived and preserve their original charm.
** Birinci tmce tm paragrafn anlattklar iin ok genel. Paragrafn btn saray anlatmakta.
3. (I) It was Engels in 1844 who first referred to the Industrial Revolution in Britain. (II) For him, the transformation of Britain
from a merely agricultural country into a predominantly industrial one was of a revolutionary nature. (III) In the nineteenth
century Britain colonized most of Africa and South East Asia. (IV) Actually, the Industrial Revolution had begun in the
late eighteenth century with the mechanization of the textile industry. (V) This was soon followed by major technological
and other industrial developments which made Britain the most prosperous country in the world.
** kinci ve drdnc tmceler koloni durumundan endstrileme srecini geii anlattklar iin birbiri ile ba-
lantl. nc tmce bu balanty ok genel bir ifade ile bozuyor.
202
4. (I) While most early European immigrants to America were farmers, many city dwellers came to the new land as well. (II)
These new comers were attracted to the bustling urban centres. (III) As a result, American cities expanded enormously.
(IV) The history of the United States is filled with accounts of people who came from all over the world to settle
here. (V) New York, for example, which had a population of only six thousand in 1800, grew to a city of more than one
million in 1860.
** Drdnc tmce tm paragrafn anlattklar iin ok genel.
5. (I) As we live and grow we learn the culture of the society in which we live. (II) Sociologists tell us that the most significant
elements of culture that we must learn are values, norms and roles. (III) While values are rather general, norms are quite
specific. (IV) A collection of the norms connected with a particular situation or activity is a society is called a role. (V)
History shows us that disagreements over vital political issues always create violent conflicts within a society.
** Metnin btnnde values ve norms ele alnmakta. Beinci tmce ise bambaka eylerden sz ediyor.
6. (I) In 1965 when Mrs Indira Gandhi became the prime minister of India, she faced serious political problems in the country.
(II) For instance, she followed a pro-Soviet foreign policy and, hence, did not react against the Soviet invasion of
Afghanistan. (III) In the first place, she had to consolidate her authority in the Congress Party against the opposition from
the Partys old guard. (IV) Also she had to deal with the terrorist activities in various parts of the country. (V) However, she
took courageous steps in her rule and won a landslide election victory in 1971.
** Metnin btn political problems ile ilgili. kinci tmcede ise bu ilenmemekte.
7. (I) Getting through a day without being exposed to the media would be unthinkable. (II) Both directly and indirectly the
media have a profound effect on our daily lives. (III) What we eat, what we buy, what we do, even what we think is
influenced by the media. (IV) Yet, the question is whether what the media provides us with, can always be good and
revealing. (V) According to one study, 64% of the American public turns on television for most of its news.
** Tm metin media ve onun etkileri ile ilgili. Beinci tmcede ise metnin tmnde ele alnmayan ve balants
olmayan ayrntlar var.
8. (I) Writing in the 1930s, J. M. Keynes was mainly concerned with unemployment. (II) For him, the question was why it
persisted. (III) Since 1945 the twin objectives of economic growth and full employment have been the primary
concern of developed countries throughout world. (IV) His own answer to this was that unemployment was
determined by the level of output, and this was determined by demand. (V) Therefore, the level of unemployment could be
regulated by managing the level of demand.
** Hereyden nce, tm paragrafta gemi zaman kullanlrken nc tmcede present perfect kullanlmakta.
Ayrca ikinci tmcenin Keynes ve onun dnceleriyle bir ilikisi yok.
203
9. (I) To understand the British system of government it is essential to appreciate the importance of the party system. (II)
Naturally, parties exist to form governments, and in Britain the path to this goal lies in the House of Commons, for the
party which obtains a majority of seats has the right to form the government. (III) Since the seventeenth century, two
parties have usually been predominant in Britain policies. (IV) Until 1920s the Tories (the Conservatives) and the Whigs
(the Liberals), and since the 1930s the Conservatives and the Labour. (V) So far many reforms have been introduced
to improve the local election system.
** Metinde local election system ile dorudan ilikili hibirey yok. Ayrca, tm paragraf party system ve bunun
nitelikleri ile ilgili.
10. (I) In October 1973 the Arab oil-producing states took the decision to restrict oil supplies to the West and raise oil prices.
(II) The restriction of supplies was initiated as a short-run weapon in the Arab-Israel conflict. (III) In fact, it revealed a
potential for obtaining higher prices, which had not previously exploited by the oil countries. (IV) Most economists argue
that the exploitation of North Sea oil has been a mixed blessing for Britain. (V) Being aware of this potential, the
international oil cartel OPEC raised the price for a barrel of crude oil from 1.75 US dollars in September 1973 to 7.00 US
dollars in January 1974.
** Tm paragrafta 1973 ylnda olan eyler anlatlmakta. Drdnc tmce ise ok genel ve gnmze ait bilgi
iermekte.
11. (I) In general the term "abstract art" is used to describe new movements and techniques in plastic arts in the twentieth
century. (II) The underlying principle of this art is that it is not the subject at all but form and colour which really possess
aesthetic value. (III) Obviously, we cannot disregard the fact that the vitality of art throughout history is closely
bound up with some form of religion. (IV) Most art historians suggest that the Impressionists, especially Cezanne, can
be considered to be the pioneers of this art. (V) Also, there are some who strongly argue that the origins of abstract art are
to be sought in the designs of primitive people as well as folk art.
** Birinci tmcede abstract art, ikinci tmcede this art (=abstract art), drdnc tmcede this art (=abstract art)
ve beinci tmcede abstract art.
12. (I) From the fourteenth century onwards, especially in Italy, scholars, poets, and artists began to take a new interest in
learning. (II) In nearly all the city-states of Northern Italy the power had been seized by certain families. (III) Instead
of studying chiefly theology and the writings of the medieval philosophers, they now turned to the philosophers and poets
of classical antiquity and began to study them intensively. (IV) The minds of men were now set free and they began to
think as they pleased. (V) This new learning soon spread to the rest of Europe and the "Renaissance" was well under
way.
** kinci tmce dnda tm paragraf learning ile ilgili.
204
YAKIN ANLAMLI CMLE (ngilizceden ngilizceye eviri)(KPDS)
** Seenekler ile soru cmlesi arasndaki zaman uyumunu incelenmelidir.
** Soru cmlesinde yer, zaman ve durum belirten yaplara dikkat edilmeli. Seenekler iinde, bu yaplar tam olarak (ek-
sik ya da fazlalk olmadan) karlayanlar bulunmaldr.
** Soru tmcesindeki clause markerlar (when, because, though, as long as, vs.) saptanmal. Seenekler iinde, bu ya-
py tam olarak karlayanlar incelenmelidir.
** Kimi zaman seenekler iinde, soru cmlesindeki bir yklem, ad, sfatn farkl bir ekilde anlatm bulunabilir.
** zne ve fiil yaplar, karlatrma yaplar, modal yaplar, bala yaplar, miktar yaplar varsa bunlar klardaki ile
elemelidir.
** Gerek yakn anlaml cmlede gerekse eviri sorularnda bireylerin en iyi bildii yoldan gitmeleri tavsiye edilir. Baz bi-
reyler yap ynnden incelerken bazlar da en iyi bildikleri kelimeden, balatan veya zel yaplardan sonuca daha
abuk ulaabilmektedir.
1. We got caught in a traffic jam, so were among the last to arrive.
A) The late arrivers all put the blame on the heavy traffic.
B) The traffic was so heavy that nearly everyone arrived late.
C) Most people got there before us as we were held up by the traffic.
D) The roads were so congested that its a wonder anyone got there on time.
E) There was such a congestion on the roads that I thought we never would get there.
2. Its not for me to say whether or not the lecture was a good one as it was way outside my field and I hardly
understood any of it.
A) I cant understand whey he felt the need to limit the scope of his lecture in such a way.
B) I might have followed the lecture better if I had been familiar with the subject.
C) The subject of his lecture promised to be interesting, but his treatment of it seemed to me to lack something.
D) I dont feel qualified to comment on his treatment of the subject as his approach is so different from mine.
E) Since I couldnt follow the lecture as I knew nothing about the subject matter, I really cant give an opinion of it.
3. If Id known what he wanted to discuss with me I would never have given him an appointment.
A) I never did understand why he wanted us to meet and discuss the matter.
B) He talked about us meeting but never explained why.
C) Had I realized what he wanted to talk to me about I would not have agreed to a meeting.
D) I agreed to meet in order to discuss the matter thoroughly.
E) I realized there was something to discussed but didnt know exactly what.
205
4. If it hadnt been for the wind the fire would never have spread so fast.
A) Unless the wind develops the fire is hardly likely to spread.
B) Even without the wind, the fire would have spread just as fast.
C) It was the wind that caused the fire to spread at such a speed.
D) Had there been a wind the fire would have spread even faster.
E) The force of the wind affected the way the fire spread.
5. We will never be able to get all these exhibits dated and labelled for the opening of the museum unless we get a
lot of assistance.
A) It would help us to finish the dating and labelling of the exhibits if the museum is not opened for a while.
B) With just a little extra assistance, we shall be able to get all these exhibits dated and labelled before the museum is
opened.
C) The opening of the museum does not depend on whether or not we can get all these exhibits dated and labelled.
D) Were going to need an awful lot of help if were to date and label these exhibits in time for the opening of the
museum.
E) Once the museum is open we can easily get plenty of help in the dating and labelling of the exhibits.
6. Though he knows Im determined to make Marsden the new manager, hes constantly seeking to bring him down on
my estimation.
A) Since Im fully determined to make Marsden manager, I absolutely refuse to listen to all this criticism of him.
B) Even if Marsden werent likely to prove a good manager, that man has no right to criticize him tome in such a manner.
C) Though hes fully aware of the fact that Im set on making Marsden the new manager, he still persists in trying to
influence me against him.
D) Once Marsden takes on the job of manager all this unfair criticism of him is sure to stop.
E) His opinion of Marsden will surely change once he sees what a capable manager he really is.
7. They found only two survivors, but it was a week before they gave up their search for the others.
A) At the end of the week the two survivors joined them in the search for the others.
B) They were only able to save two people though rescue work continued for a full week.
C) By the end of the first week there was little hope of finding the missing two.
D) Once those two were rescued at the end of the week, they abandoned the search for the others.
E) Rescue-workers found two more victims after the search for them had lasted a week.
206
8. My father has agreed to pay this months instalment but warned me that he wouldnt make a practice ofdoing so.
A) This month the instalment will be met by my father, but he more or less said he wouldnt do it again.
B) If my father doesnt pay the instalment this month, I dont know what Im going to do.
C) My father has agreed to pay the instalment this month, but I wont ask him to do so again.
D) So long as my father pays this months instalment I shall have no problem paying the others.
E) Its only with this months instalment that I need help from my father; I wont need it again.
9. He really doesnt mind who he works for, but the pay has to be good.
A) Its the money that interests him, not the type of work or his employer.
B) With him, its the money that matters, not the type of work.
C) To his way of thinking, the job should be better paid.
D) Hes the sort who will do anything for money.
E) Hell work for just about anyone so long as they pay him well.
10. Its not fair to put all the blame on him; hes not the only one at fault.
A) It wouldnt be right to punish those who, like him, werent involved.
B) He deserves to be punished, but the others dont.
C) Only the ones who were involved should be punished.
D) The fault is his only, so let him take the blame.
E) He doesnt deserve to be blamed for everything; there were others involved.
11. Stopping the international obesity epidemic is as tough a problem as any now facing public-health officials.
(KPDS KASIM 2007)
A) Public-health officials are trying hard, as they do with any other problem, to prevent the spread of obesity throughout
the world.
B) Public-health officials are finding it very hard to prevent obesity throughout the world, which is very serious like any
other problem that concerns them.
C) Obesity is so common throughout the world that its prevention is a very difficult problem for health-officials, who are
already dealing with other problems.
D) For public-health officials, the prevention of obesity, which is widespread throughout the world, is an extremely
difficult problem like any other they are currently concerned with.
E) It is not so challenging a task for publichealth officials, who are already dealing with many serious problems, to
prevent obesity in the world.
207
EVR SORULARI
Gerek ngilizceden Trkeye gerekse Trkeden ngilizceye eviri sorularnda bireylerin en iyi bildii yoldan gitmeleri tav-
siye edilir. Baz bireyler yap ynnden incelerken bazlar da en iyi bildikleri kelimeden, balatan veya zel yaplardan
sonuca daha abuk ulaabilmektedir.
Bu tip sorularda bireyler ayn zamanda zne ve zaman uyumuna dikkat etmelidir.
PARAGRAF TAMAMLAMA
** lk cmle paragraf kapsayacak nitelikte olmaldr. Yani paragrafn konusunu iermelidir.
** Son cmle ise paragraf zetleyecek ve sonuca balayacak nitelikte olmaldr.
** Gereksiz zaman deiiklilerine dikkat edilmeli, zaman geileride gzden kamamaldr.
** zne kullanmlarna (tekil-oul), tarih kullanmlarna dikkat edilmelidie. Aadaki rnekleri inceleyiniz.
There are many reasons_____ . One of them is
There were various _____ . The most important one is
Many cases _____ / such cases
First _____ . Second _____ . / Third _____.
1990 ____ . 1995 _____ . 2000 _____.
19th century _____ . 20th century _____ . 21st century _____ .
There are many people _____ . Most of them are.... / Some of them are
Two types of _____ . Both were _____ .
These are cats and dogs _____ . The former ____. The latter ____.
Einstein was ____ . He ____ ./ His _____ . _____ him
Many obstacles _____ . These include
The computer is _____. It _____. Many types of it _____.
A scientist _____ . The scientist _____ . This expert is _____ . He / She is _____ .
Ankara was _____ . This town was _____ . /
One was _____ . The other was _____.
One was _____ . Another was _____. / Another was ____. / The other _____ .
On one hand _____ . On the other hand _____ .
Scientists _____ . They _____ .
common_____ . rare _____.
achievement _____ . acomplisment _____ . success_____.
whales _____ . Mammals _____ .
young girls _____ . Young girls _____.
Major _____ . Minor _____ .
208
VERLEN DURUMA UYGUN DEN FADE (KPDS)
** Soru cmlesi genelde istenilen durumu anlatan bir yklem, ad sfat ya da belirte tamaktadr.
** Seenekleri incelemeden nce, sizden ne istendiini iyice belirleyin. Yani zr dileme, teklif etme, reddetme, kabul
etme gibi durumlardan hangisine gre bir cmle retmek gerekiyor; retilecek cmle normal cmle mi, emir cmlesi
mi yoksa soru cmlesi mi olabilir.
** retilecek cmlede hangi belirgin yaplar/yklemler/sfatlar kullanlabilir? rnein, zr dileme ise sorry, neri ise
Shall we/Lets/Why dont we gibi.
** Seenekleri inceleyin. stenilen duruma uygun birden fazla cmle varsa, sorulan duruma en uygun olan belirleyin.
Bunu yaparken de konumann resmi bir nitelik mi tadna, yoksa bir arkada vs. ile yaplan sradan bir konuma m
olacana dikkat edin.
VERLEN DURUMA UYGUN DEN FADE RNEK SORULAR
1. A friends child has knocked over a vase and broken it. They are both very sorry, and you want to comfort them
and stop them feeling bad about it. You say:
A) That was one of the more expensive items in the collection.
B) What a naughty child you have! I think you are to blame for the damage he has done.
C) Well, actually, I am sorry because it was given to my grandmother.
D) Theres no harm done. Actually, thats a vase that Ive never cared for.
E) I should have kept such a valuable vase in a safe place.
2. When a friend phones you and asks "Where were you last night?" you suddenly realize youd promised to go
round and see her, but hadnt done so. Shes a close friend and you are always open and honest with each other.
You say:
A) I worked late at the office. Why?
B) Oh dear! I simply forgot. Im so sorry.
C) I was just about to phone you about it
D) I thought you were coming round here.
E) Thats very kind of you. I should have let you know earlier.
3. On the news you learn that there has been a substantial drop in the price of a number of shares including some
you have. You feel alarmed and need reliable advice immediately. You call a close friend who is an expert in
these matters. As hes not available you leave a message with his secretary for him:
A) Theres something I would like to discuss with you. Call me when its convenient.
B) Its extremely urgent. Please call me as soon as possible. I desperately need your advice about some shares.
C) Youve always given me reliable advice. I need some more today. Ill call later again.
D) I hear share prices are falling. When youre free tell me what to do with mine.
E) Ive called to get your advice about whether or not it could be profitable to buy more shares now.
209
4. You have accepted an invitation to give a lecture to a group of geologists. You have been looking forward to this
but, on the morning of the day your talk has been scheduled for, your wife is suddenly taken seriously so you
cannot leave her. You call the organizers immediately to cancel your lecture and express your apologies. You
say:
A) Unfortunately my wife has been ill for a long time, and I feel I cannot commit myself to give a talk.
B) Unfortunately my wife has not recovered as far as I expected, so I have to cancel my talk today.
C) Since my wife is suffering from a serious illness I suggest you postpone todays talk.
D) Im sorry to have to let you know that I cannot possibly give my talk today owing to my wifesunexpected
illness this morning.
E) Due to my wifes ill health, I am reluctantly giving up all my lecture engagements.
5. The position of Undersecretary in the Ministry has fallen vacant. From various quarters, both inside and outside
the Ministry, you had been given the impression that you were likely to be appointed to the position. However,
this did not happen, and someone else was appointed. Naturally you feel disappointed and admit this to a close
friend, saying:
A) Believe me I couldnt care less about whats happened.
B) It was unfair of them to encourage me and then appoint someone else; its very dishonest of them.
C) Its quite a relief to know that a really qualified person has been appointed to this position at such a critical time.
D) Well, I have to admit that I might have found the additional responsibility rather trying.
E) I really had every reason to believe the position was mine; so now I know it isnt I do feel rather upset.
6. You are leading a delegation for your country authorized to negotiate for the settlement of a border dispute with a
neighbouring country. So far the negotiations with the opposite delegation have gone well, and an agreement has
almost been reached. However, you need a final consultation with your authorities and therefore suggest a short
break in the negotiations. So you say to the other delegation:
A) I suggest we suspend the negotiations now and meet again some other time.
B) I propose we adjourn for a short while, say for two hours, since I need to review the situation with my
government.
C) We consider the terms you have put forward reasonably acceptable, and will sign the document after the break.
D) This border dispute has gone on far too long; its time we settled it for good.
E) The agreement we have already reached must first be approved by our governments.
7. Theres a problem with the car, and you want the mechanic at the repair place you always use to startwork on it
immediately though there are other jobs that hes working on. Hes reluctant. You really do all you can to make
him agree. You say:
A) My neighbour sent me here, and hes a very good customer of yours.
B) I know this is the first time Ive come to you but Ill come regularly if you help me now.
C) Come on! Im a good customer and dont ask many favours. It really is of vital importance that you fix it for
me immediately.
D) As long as you can do it tomorrow therell be no problem.
E) You did a bad job of fixing it last time I brought it in. Thats why theres a problem now.
210
8. Someone asks you where a certain school building is. You only know vaguely where it is and, wanting to be as
helpful as possible, say:
A) Its very near here. Do you see the Post Office there? Its just next to the Post Office.
B) Im afraid I cant help you. Ive never heard of the place.
C) I dont think its anywhere near here. In fact it could be at the other side of the town.
D) Go along this road as far as the traffic lights, Then turn left and its the second building on your left.
E) Its down this hill and to the right somewhere. Theyll be able to help you better at the Tourist office down there.
9. A friend has had a bad cough for several months. You think its high time she consulted a doctor about it, and
you decide to impress on her the need to take the matter seriously. You say:
A) Do please go to a chemists and get a bottle of cough mixture.
B) You know as well as I do that a cough can be a sign of something more serious. Go and get it checked.
C) Do what I do. Drink a glass of fresh grapefruit juice every morning. Im sure it will do you good.
D) The weather is getting warmer now so perhaps your cough will go away.
E) I think you are coughing a bit less these days, but I still think you should smoke less.
10. There have been last minute changes in flights arrangements so you phone your son at his office to let him of
these and save him a fruitless drive to the airport. You speak to his secretary who informs you that your son is at
a meeting but that she can get a message through to him. You say:
A) Please make sure that he is there at the airport to meet me as arranged.
B) I think he should know that, unfortunately, the holiday has had to be cancelled.
C) Please explain that the London-Amsterdam flights are fully booked for the next six weeks.
D) I just want to remind him that he promised to meet me at the airport this evening.
E) Just tell him theres been a change in the programme, and I shall not be arriving this evening.
11. A colleague at work feels he has been unfairly treated by his manager and his first reaction is to hand in his
resignation. You think he is over-reacting and that he would soon regret such a step. Accordingly, you say:
A) Give yourself time to think this over. Tomorrows another day. You may feel differently then.
B) That man must be made to realize that he cant treat people in this way.
C) By all means, hand in your resignation; with your qualifications you can soon get a better job.
D) If I were in your position I would most certainly hand in my resignation.
E) You are not behaving unreasonably. In fact, youre taking the only right course.
12. Someone who is known to be rather unreliable in money matters comes to you asking for a loan. You refuse to
give him a loan but want to do this in a kindly manner, making use of your family commitments. You say:
A) I do wish I could have helped out but I have to pay the childrens school fees this month andtherell be
nothing left over after that.
B) Yes of course Ill help you out; but you will have to pay me back at he beginning of next month.
C) I thought Id told you that I would never again lend you any money.
D) My father would be very angry if he knew what I was doing.
E) Why dont you ask your family to help you out? Surely they will.
211
ZAMAN BALALARI VE ZAMAN UYUM TABLOSU
BALA YAN CMLE TEMEL CMLE RNEK
WHILE Past
progressive
Simple Past While Anna was sleeping, a plane flew over her house.
Past progressive While George was frying fish, Rita was peeling
potatoes.
Present
progressive
Future progresive While Anna is working tomorrow, her sister will be
painting the living room.
BEFORE
Simple
present
Simple future Before Karen leaves for work, she will roller-skate
around her house three times.
Simple past Simple past
past perfect
Before Karen left for work, she (had) rollerskated
around her house three times.
AFTER
Simple
present
Simple future After Karen takes her motorcycle to the mechanic, he
will take a look at it.
Simple past
past perfect
Simple past After Karen took [had taken] her motorcycle to the
mechanic, she drove to work in a rented car.
WHEN
Simple
present
Simple future When John finishes this semester, he will take a trip to
France.
Simple past
Simple past When the sun rose, John got up.
Past continuous When the pizza arrived, John was checking his
e-mail.
Past perfect When Johns friend came to pick him up, he had
already checked his answering machine for messages.
Past perfect
Progressive
When John got home, his brother had been surfing the
web for five hours.
UNTIL
Simple
present
Simple future Until Mary finishes her scuba-diving course, she wont
take the advanced diving class.
Simple past Past perfect Until Mary lost $50,000 in Las Vegas, she hadnt
realized that she had a gambling problem.
BY THE TIME
Simple past Past perfect By the time we arrived home, we had already got wet.
Simple
present
Future Perfect By the time we arrive home, we will have got wet.
AS SOON AS
THE MOMENT
ONCE
Simple
Present
Simple future As soon as I get home, I will take a nap.
Simple past Simple past As soon as I got home, I took a nap.
WHENEVER
Simple
present
Simple present Whenever Sam goes to Canada, he always visits
Niagara Falls.
Simple past Simple past Whenever he came, he brought us candies.
THE FIRST
TIME
Simple past Simple past The first time that Ingrid visited New York, she went to
the Empire State Building.
THE LAST
TIME
Simple past Simple past The last time that Nancy played hockey, she scored
three goals.
THE NEXT
TIME
Simple
present
Smple future The next time I buy new sneakers, I will walk around in
them first.
212
BALALAR
Cmle. __________,Cmle
Z ITLIK (CONTRAST)
However
On the other hand
Conversely
In contrast
Nonetheles
Nevetheless
Even so
Inspite of this
On the contrary
Even so
I worked hard. However, I could not pass
SONU (BUNDAN DO-
LAYI)
Therefore
As a consequence,
As a result,
Consequently,
For this reason,
Thus,
Hence,
Accordingly
That is why
I did not study hard. Therefore, I failed
LAVE FKR (DAHASI)
Also,
In addition,
Further,
Furthermore,
Moreover,
More and more,
Besides
Fatma is a lawyer. Besides, she is a mother to two children
SIRALAMA
First, second, third...
Firstly, secondly, thirdly...
ZAMANA GRE SIRA-
LAMA
At first,
Afterwards,
Later,
Then,
In the meantime,
Meanwhile
I had breakfast this morning. Afterwards, I left for work
213
RNEKLENDRME
For example,
For instance,
To illustrate
There are huge cities in Turkey. For example, stanbul is pne pf the biggest cities in
the world.
FOR EXAMPLE + CMLE GELR**
SUCH AS + SM
( .......... such as stanbul, Ankara and zmir)
BENZERLK
Similarly,
Correspondingly,
In the same way
Long vehicles drive slow down in the city centre. Simirlarly, other vehicles must also
keep slow.
VURGU (Bir nceki anlam glendirmek)
In fact
Indeed,
As a matter fact,
Actually
stanbul is one of the biggest cities in Turkey. In fact it is the biggest city in Turkey.
AIKLAMA, YENDEN ANLATMAK
In other words
Put it in a different way ,
That is
She is a vegeterian. That is, she does not eat meat
DZELTME (Aslna bakarsanz-Aslnda)
Rather He was elected to be the president. Rather, it was by chance
YOKSA
Or else,
Or
Otherwise
We must hurry. Otherwise, we will be late
SONU
In conclusion,
Briefly,
In shortly,
To sum up
Finally
To conclude
214
DS-KPDS N NEML ZARFLAR
1 Accordingly
So
Bu dorultuda, buna gre, dolaysla
2 Increasingly

Artarak, artan bir ekilde

3 ndeed
Actually
In fact

Gerekten
4 Usually
Generally
Commonly

Genellikle, ounlukla
5 Recently
Currently
Lately

Son zamanlarda
6 Certainly
Absolutely
Definitely
Of course
Elbette, kesinlikle
7 Largely
Mostly
Greatly
Extensively

Byk lde
8 Finally
As a result of
Eventually
In the end
Consequently
Subsequently
Ultimately
Sonu olarak,
Sonunda, son olarak
9 Rapidly
Promptly
Quickly
Swiftly
Easily
Readily
Abruptly
Hastily
nstantly
Urgently
Suddenly
mmediately
Hzlca, abucak, kolayca,
Annda, hazr
215
10 Fully
Wholly
Completely
Thoroughly
Absolutely
Totally
Entirely
Tamamen, Tmyle, Btnyle
11 Unusually
Uncommonly
Abnormally
Sra d, allmadk ekilde
Anormal ekilde
12 Mostly
Commonly
Usually
ounlukla, yaygn bir biimde
13 Particularly
Especially
Significantly
Specially
zellikle,
14 Virtually
Almost
Aproximately
Nearly
About
Roughly
Yaklak olarak, hemen hemen
15 Formerly
nitially
Previously
nceki, nceden olan, ilk olarak, eskiden olan
16 Vividly
Brightly
Clearly
Ak, canl, parlak
17 Perhaps
Possibly
Probably
May be
Likely
Muhtemelen, belki
18 Barely
Scarcely
Hardly
Hemen hemen hi, neredeyse hi
Nadiren
19 Randomly
Irregularly
nformally
Casually
Dzensiz olarak, Rastgele
20 Extremely
Exceedingly
Maximally
Ar derecede, olduka
21 Necessarily
Unquestionably
Undoubtedly
lla ki, muhakkak ki
22 Adversely
Negatively
Olumsuz ekilde
216
23 Widely Genie, byk lde
24 Considerably
Significantly
Remarkably
Substantially
nemli derecede
25 Partly
Partially
Ksmen
26 Enough
Adequately
Sufficiently
Yeterince, yeterli
28 Frequently
Often
Sk sk
29 Greatly
Seriously
Desperately
Ciddi bir biimde, byk oranda
30 Simply
Merely
Only
Solely
Sadece, tek
31 Temporarily Geici oalrak
32 Permanently Kalc olarak
33 Prevalently Yaygn ekilde
34 Properly
Appropriately
Suitably
Uygun bir ekilde
Doru drst
35 Similarly Benzer ekilde
36 Boundless
Infinite
Unlimited
Snrsz, sonsuz, tkenmez
37 Constantly
Continually
Devaml, srekli biimde
38 Originally Aslnda, asl, balangta, orijinal olarak
39 Fairly Olduka
40 mpressively Etkileyici bir biimde
41 Apparently
Seemingly
Grnte
42 Obviously
Clearly
Aka
43 Densely Youn bir biimde
44 Closely Yakndan
45 Remotely Uzaktan
46 Basically Temelde
47 Respectively Srasyla
217
48 Conversely
Contrarily
Tersine aksine
49 Deliberately
ntentionally
Kasten bile bile, bilerek
50 Sharply
Harshly
Severely
Sternly

iddetli biimde, serte, Keskince

51 Softly Yumuak biimde
52 Dramatically
Sensationally
arpc biimde, nemli lde
53 Drastically Radikal ekilde, sert ekilde
54 Profoundly Derinden
55 Naturally Doal olarak
56 Artificially Yapay olarak
57 Vaguely
Unclearly
Hayal meyal, belli belirsiz
58 Regularly
Steadily
Dzenli bir biimde, deimez ekilde
59 Mainly
Chiefly
Primarily
Principally
Essentially
Balca esasen
Temelde
60 Exclusively
Particular
Particularly
In particular
Specifically
Especially
zellikle, zel olarak
61 Gradually
Step by step
Adm adm
Aama aama
62 Fortunately
Luckily
ans eseri, iyi ki
63 Unfortunately
Unluckily
Maalesef, ne yazk ki
64 Typically
Charasteristically
Tipik olarak, genellikle
65 Exactly
Precisely
Tam olarak
Kesin olarak
66 Exceptionally Olaanst
67 Additionally laveten
68 Unexpectedly Beklenmedik biimde
69 Lastly
Finally
Son olarak
218
70 Mistakenly Yanllkla
71 Offically Resmen
72 Vehemently iddetle, nefretle
73 Admittedly Gerekte, kukusuz, genel kabule gre
74 Bitterly
Relentless
Acmasz bir ekilde, sert bir biimde
75 Ceaselessly Durmakszn
76 Shortly
Briefly
Ksaca, ksa zaman sonra
77 Vainly Bouna, kibirle
78 Sparsely

Seyrek biimde
79 Vigorously

Kuvvetlice, enerjik olarak

80 Reluctantly
Involuntarily
Unwillingly

Gnlszce
steksiz olarak
81 Eagerly
Keenly
Willingly
Voluntarily
stekli hevesli gnll
82 Abundantly
Plentifully
Bolca
83 Repeatedly Art arda tekrarlayan
84 Accurately
Exactly
Precisely
Doru biimde
85 Namely
That is
Yani, yle ki
86 Tightly
Firmly
Securely
Skca, gvenli bir ekilde
87 Loosely Geveke
88 Effortlessly Zahmetsizce
89 Heavily

Ar biimde, youn biimde,

90 Wastefully Savurganca
91 Considerately
Thoughtfully
Dnceli bir biimde
92 nconsiderately
Toughtlessly
Dncesizce
93 Selectively
Discriminatingly
Distinctly
Seerek, ayrt ederek
Ayrt ederek; belirgin biimde
94 Confidentially Gizlice, sr olarak
219
95 Preferably Tercihen
96 Faultlessly Kusursuzca
97 Extraordinary Olaanst
98 Plainly
Clearly
Obviously
Aka
99 Genuinely
Sincerely
Really
Gerekten
tenlikle
100 ntensely
Passionately
Densely
Youn biimde
101 Alarmingly
Disturbingly
Shockingly
rktc bir biimde
Korkutucu biide
Endie verecek ekilde
102 Credibility Gvenirlilik
103 Creatvty Yaratclk
104 Respectability Saygnlk
105 Sullenly Ktmserlik
106 ngeniously Hnerli, marifetli
107 Pretentiously Gsterili
108 Rigorous -Dikkatli, titiz
- Sert, iddetli, kesin (severe, exact)
109 Orginally Aslnda, balangta
110 Invariable Deimez, kesin
111 Recklessly
Carelessly
Dikkatsizce
112 Bilaterally ki taraftan, iki yandan
220
NEML KELMELER
1
Account for
Responsible for
1- Aklamak, izah etmek (clarify, explain)
2- Sorumlu olmak
2
Make up
Comprise of
Consist of
Made up for
Oluturmak
3
Back up (with)
Support (with)
Desteklemek (promote)
4
Bring about
Lead to
Give rise to
Sebep olmak, neden olmak, Bir eye yol amak
(Cause)
5
Bring up
Refer to
Gndeme getirmek, deinmek, sz etmek(Cite)
Yetitirmek (ocuk)

6
Grow up Bymek

7 mpetuous Aceleci
8
Carry out
Do
Perform
Fullfil
Implement
Yapmak, uygulamak, gerekletirmek
9
Keep up with
Catch up with
Keep pace with
Keep abreast with
Yetimek, Ayn dzeye gelmek
10
Count on
Rely on
Depend on
Bank on
Base on
Rest on
Look to

e bal olmak
e dayanmak
e gvenmek
11
Cut back on
Cut down on
Azaltmak
Ksnt yapmak
12
Die out
Fade away
Perish
Dismay
Soyu tkenmek
Yok olmak
13 Draw up Yapmak, hazrlamak, dzenlemek
14
Embark on/upon
Engage in
Begin
Start
Set out
Set off

Girimek,
Balamak, Yola kmak
221
15
Make out
Figure out
Find out (that)
Anlamak, ortaya karmak, bulmak, zmek
16
Work out

Planlamak, zmek, ortaya karmak

17
Focus on

Odaklanmak
18
Make up for
Compensate for
Telafi etmek, karlamak
19
Deal with
Cope with
Sort out
Tackle
Handle
Solve
Resolve
Baa kmak, stesinden gelmek
Ele almak, zmek
20
Try out Denemek (Birisini yada bir eyi denemek)
21
Come up with
Think of
Suggest
(plan veya fikir) leri srmek, ortaya atmak, bulmak
22 Come up Ortaya kmak, meydana gelmek
23 Comment on Yorum yapmak, Fikrini sylemek
24 Point out Bir eye dikkat ekmek, belirtmek, aklamak
25
Put forward
Bring forward
nermek, ileri srmek
26 Concept Konu, kavram
27
Take place
Come about
Occur
Happen
Olmak, meydana gelmek
28
Come across
Encounter
Rastlamak, tesadf etmek
29 Fight off Mcadele etmek, savamak
30 Ward off Engellemek, kar gelmek
31
Stand for Temsil etmek, simgelemek
Anlamna gelmek, yerine gemek
32
Turn down
Refuse
Reject
Refute
Reddetmek, geri evirmek
33 Break up Datmak, paralamak
34 Break down Paralara ayrmak, analiz etmek
35 Break into Zorla girmek
36
Break out
Out break
Patlak vermek ortaya kmak
Salgn
37 Go through Geirmek, atlatmak(hastalk, zorluk vb.)
38
Settle on
Decide on
Karar vermek, karara varmak, mutabk kalmak
222
39
Recover from
Get over
Overcome
(hastalk, zorluk vb.) atlatmak, iyilemek,
stesinden gelmek
40
Give off
Emit
Dar vermek, salmak
41 Look through Gzden geirmek, incelemek
42 Look into Aratrmak, incelemek, soruturmak
43
Discharge from Tahliye etmek
Taburcu etmek, salvermek
44
Come forth
Arise from
Emerge
Appear
Bir eyden meydana gelmek, Ortaya kmak, grnmek
45 Endeavour abalamak, gayret etmek
46
End up with Sonunda elde bir ey kalmas, bir ey elde etmek(olumsuz), son-
lanmak
47 Familiar with Bir eye alkn olmak, aina, tandk
48
Provision of
Serve up
Provide with
Supply with
Salamak, temin etmek
49
Pull through
Bring through Bir bela veya hastalktan kurtulmak, kurtarmak, paay kurtar-
mak
50 Calm down Sakinletirmek, sakinlemek
51 Within reach Ulalabilir, eriilebilir
53 Well-nourished yi beslenmi
54 Well-preserved yi korunmu
55 Well-developed yi gelimi
56
Watch out for
Look out for
Bir tehlikeye kar uyank olmak, dikkat etmek
57
Susceptible to,
Exposed to,
Vulnerable to
(bir eye) kar savunmasz, kolaylkla yaralanabilir, saldrya /
eletiriye / riske ak / maruz kalmak
58
Lie in
Available
Mevcut olmak(Available)
59 Lie under (deri veya neden) altnda bulunmak/yatmak
60
Breakdown
Nervous
Failure
Sinir bozukluu, ruhen kme
61
In favour of Lehinde
62
Date from
Date back to
Tarihinden kalmak, tarihinden balamak
63
Fall in with
Agree with
le ayn fikirde olmak
64
Fall through
Fail
Yarda kalmak, baarsz olmak
65
Fill in
Fill out
Doldurmak
223
Fill up
66
In accordance with
In compliance with
Bir eye uygun olarak, uyarnca
67
Impose on/upon Zorla kabul ettirmek, dayatmak
68
Impress on/upon Aklna sokmak
69
nterfere in

Karmak, burnunu sokmak, mdahale etmek

70
nterfere with

le atmak, engellemek
71
Keep off
Stay away from
Uzak durmak
72
Make do with
Get by
Subsist
Bir ey ile yetinmek, idare etmek
73
Provide for Geimini salamak, imkn hazrlamak
74
Provided that artyla, kouluyla
75
Spring up Tremek, birdenbire meydana gelmek
76
Spring from Bir eyden kaynaklanmak
77
Under
Below
Beneath
Underneath
Altnda
78
Want
Demand
Wish
Will
Ask for
Desire
stemek, talep etmek
79
Require
Need
Gerektirmek
80
Skill
Ability
Talent
Yetenek, hner, beceri
Yapabilmek
81
Asist
Aid
Help
Support
Yardm etmek, Desteklemek
82
Establish
Set up
Form
Insttute
Found
Build up
Kurmak, oluturmak
83
Essential
Pivotal
Vital
Crucial
nemli, hayati
224
Necessary
ndispensable
mportant
84
Cure
Treat
Heal
Remedy
Relieve
Relief
Alleviate
Mitigate
Mediate
Tedavi, iyiletirme
Rahatlama, yattrma
85
Malady
Ailment
Disorder
Disease
Illness
Hastalk, kusur, bozukluk
86
Pursue
Follow
Chase

Takip etmek
Kovalamak
Peine dmek
87
Get
Obtain
Gain
Acquire
Receive
Collect
Land

Almak, edinmek
Kazanmak
88
Species
Kind
Sort
Type
Variety
Tr, eit
89
A great deal of
In numerable
A number of
Numerous
Abundant
Plently of
Countless
Saysz, bol, birok
90
Show
Demonstrate
Exhibit
ndicate
Display
Illustrate

Gstermek
Sergilemek
aret etmek
225
91
Spoil
Rot
Deteriorate
Impair

Bozmak, Bozulmak
rmek
92
Deplete
Depleton
Exhaust
Use up
Run out of
Run through
Kullanmak, kullanp bitirmek
Bitirmek
Tketmek
93
Rise
Increase
Ascend
Enhance
Raise
Boost
Ykselmek, ykseltmek
Artmak, oalmak,
kmak
94
Reduce
Diminish
Decrease
Descend
Dwindle
Decline
Lessen
Lower
Drop
Fall
Azalmak
Dmek
nmek
95
Seek
Look for
Survey
Investgate
Inspect
Search
Research
Arama, aratrmak
ncelemek
96
Injurous
Wound
Laceration
Fault
Zararl, hatal, kusurlu
97
Destroy
Eradicate
Eliminate
Wipe out
Demolish
Exterminate
Yok, etmek, ortadan kaldrmak
Kkn kurutmak,
98
Pop in (into) Uramak
226
99
Rub Ovmak
100
Concern with
nterested in
lgilenmek, ilgili olmak
101
Concern about
Worry about
Endielenmek
Kayglanmak
102
Intricate
Complex
Complicate
Karmak, kark
103
Bear
Tolerate
Endure
Endurance
Put up with
Dayanmak, katlanmak
104
Overcome
Get over
Recover from
Defeat
Bir hastal savmak, yenmek,
Amak, stesinden gelmek
yilemek, ba etmek
105
Underlyng Altnda yatan
Temelinde yatan
106
Matter
Issue
Point
Topic
Question
Konu,
Mesele, sorun
Madde
107
Regard as
Known as
Thought as
Bilinir, dnlr
108
Trivial
Unimportant
Insignificant
Negligible
nemsiz,
Sradan, baya
Kk, ihmal edilebilir
109
Unque
Unmatched
Unparalleled
Esiz, yegne, tek
Benzersiz
110
Simultaneously
Concurrently
Synchronically
Ayn anda olan
E zamanl
111
Persuasive nandrc, ikna edici
112
Leave
Abandon
Desert
Quit
Ayrlmak, terk etmek
113
Clarity Aklk, netlik
114
Task
Duty
Job
Work
, grev
dev
115
Aggravate Ktletirmek, arlatrmak
227
Deteriorate
Worsen
Bozulmak
116
Outperform Daha iyi performans gstermek
117
Outpatient Ayakta tedavi
118
Outstanding
Leading
nde gelen, balca
119
Narrow
Restricton
Contract
Daraltmak
Snrlandrmak
Kstlamak
120
Broaden
Expansive

Geniletmek
121
Narrow
Partial
Kstl, dar
122
Advance
Progress
Develop
lerleme(k)
Gelime(k)
123
Emergence
Appearance
Meydana, ortaya kma
124
Emergency
Urgency
Acil durum
125
Determine Belirlemek saptamak
*Karar vermek
126
Gender
Sex
Cinsiyet
127
Practcable
Feasible

Uygulanabilir, pratik elverili

128
Inherent
Intrinsic
Innate
Doutan gelen, genetik
Var olan
129
Convenience
Comfort
Suitability
Facility
Uygunluk, elverililik
Kolaylk
130
In accordance with
In complance with
In accord with

Bireye uygun olarak

Uyarnca
131
Assume
Suppose
Sanmak, farzetmek
132
Danger
Dangerous
Hazard
Hazardous
Jeopardious
Perillous
Endanger
Tehlike, tehlikeli
Emniyetsiz
133
Reoccurence Tekrar ortaya kma, yineleme
228
Resurgence

134
Scheme
Schedule
Plan
Program
135
Supply
Provision for
Salamak
136
Fertility
Productivity
Verimli, retken
137
Surrounding

evrelemek, kuatmak
138
Urban

Kentsel
139
Rural
Rustic
Krsal
140
Invigorating
Strenghten
Fortify
Reinforce
Glendirmek, salamlatrmak
Canladrmak
141
Bother
Trouble
Nuisance
Sknt
142
Exposed to
Subjected to
Maruz kalmak
143
Precipitate Hzlandrmak
Ykseltmek
Tetiklemek
144
Afford la vermek, serum vermek
145
Strain
Tension
Stres
Pressure
Gerilim, gerginlik
Basn
Zorlama
146
Coherent
Consistent
Tutarl, uygun
147
Incdence
Occurrence
Happening
Tekrar olan
Olu skl
nsidans
148
Collapse
Breakdown
Bozulma, kme
149
Conceive
Consider
Devise
Understand
Think
Dnmek
Anlamak
Kavramak
Alglamak
150
Spot
Position
Place
Blge, yer
151
Neglect
Overlook
nemsememek, grmezden gelmek
hmal etmek
229
Ignore
Disregard
152
Fluctuate
Shift
Dalgalanmak, deimek
153
Find out Bulmak, kefetmek,
Ortaya karmak
154
Acknowledge
Recognise
Realise
Be aware of
Farkna varmak
Tanmak
155
Homebound Eve bal (hastalk vb. nedenle)
156
Disuse Kullanmay brakmak/kesmek
157
Preoccupation with (Zihni bir ey) ile megul olma
158
Tangible Elle tutulur, somut
159
Collectvely
Jointly
Ortaklaa
Toplu olarak
160
Encircle evrelemek
161
Characterize
Define
Describe
Tanmlamak
Tasvir etmek
162
Endless Bitmez, Tkenmez
163
Robust
Strong
Salam
Gl
164
Coincide with (bir ey) ile rastlamak, (ayn zamana) denk gelmek,
165
Evoke
Stimulate
Bir duygu uyandrmak
arm yapmak, aklna getirmek
166
Branch off Kollara / dallara ayrlmak
167
Break away Krlp / kopup ayrlmak
168
Capitalize on
Benefit from
Yararlanmak, faydalanmak
169 Captivating Dikkat ekici
170
Care about Sevmek holanmak
lgi duymak ilgilenmek
171
Change
Modify
Alter
Convert into
Shift
Deitirmek, dntrmek,
Deiim
172
Take precaution
Take measure
Take action
nlem almak
Tedbir almak
173
Cultivate
Develop
Enrich
Gelitirmek, zenginletirmek, yetirtirmek
174
Mound
Pile
Yn, kme
230
175
Wet
Moisture
Moist
Dam
Nemli slak
176
Let off
Forgive
Safe
Excuse
Balamak, affetmek
177 Angry with Bir eyden dolay birine kzmak
178 Angry about Bir eye kzgn olmak
179
Decisive
Definite
Kesin, belirleyici, kararl
180
Respite
Defer
Put off
Postpone
Ertelemek
181
Embrace Kapsamak (include, contain)
Kabullenmek (accept)
182
Incessantly
Constantly
Srekli olarak
183
Miss zlemek
Karmak
Kaybetmek
184
Short of
Lack of
Shortage
Defect

Yok, ktlk
Bir eyin olmamas, eksiklii
185
Pose

Sorun yaratmak
186
Situation
Condition
Circumstance

Durum, hal, koul

187
Recruit e alma
Askere arma
188
Expect
Hope
Wait
Beklemek, ummak
189 Pick out Semek, ayrt etmek
190
Plausible
Reasonable
Logical
Akla yatkn, makul
191 Play down Hafife almak, nemsememek
192
Compel
Impel
Oblige
Force
Zorlamak, mecbur etmek
231
193
Reiterate
Repeat
Tekrarlamak
194
Nearby
Close

Yakn, yaknda
195
Mankind
Humanity
Man
nsanlk
196
Plague Ac, sknt vermek
Veba, salgn
197 Reckless Dikkatsiz
198 Notorious Ad km, dile dm, nlenmi
199 Persistent Israrl, srekli, Kalc
200 Withdraw ekilmek
201 Withstand Dayanmak
202
Compatible with
Suitable
Uyumlu
203 Progressive lerleyen
204
Result in
End in
le sonulanmak
205 Result from - de kaynaklanmak
206 Inconclusive Kesin olmayan
207 Function lev
208 Layer Tabaka
209 Recycle Dntrmek
210 Intelligence Zeka
211 Secrete Salglamak
212 Mood Ruhsal durum, miza
213 Slow down Yavalatmak
214 Fatigue Yorgunluk, bitmilik
215 Clotting Phtlama
216 Replicate Yenilemek, tekrarlamak
217 Cite Bahsetmek
218
Contribute to
Contrbutory
Add
Katk yapmak, katk yapan
Katk salayan
219
Endorse
Accept
Kabul etmek
Onaylamak
220 Corpulance imanlk
221 Note Belirtmek
222
Decay
Cavity
rmek (Di rmesi)
223
That is to say
Namely
Yani
224
Contagious
Infectious
Bulac
225
Unintentional
Accidental
Kastl olmayan, kazara
232
226
Affect
Influence
Etkilemek
227
Impact
Effect
Influence
Etki, tesir
228
Put out
Extinguish
Sndrmek,
Yok etmek
229 Resistance to e dayankl
230
Minute
Tiny
Very small
ok kk, kck
231
Refer to (Bireye) Gnderme yapmak
Atfta bulunmak
232
Derive from
Obtain from
Originate from
Bireyden tremek,
Bir eyden elde etmek, karmak
233
Translate into
Covert into
Bir eye evirmek
234 Rebuild Onarmak
235
Respect
Obey
Kurala uymak
236 Respectvely Srasyla
237 Grant Vermek
238 Clung Bireye baml olmak, Bal olmak,
239 Counter Kar koyma
240
Respectability Saygnlk
241
Redundant
Excessive
Ar miktarda
242
Expand
Extend
Broaden
Uzatmak, Genilemek
Bytmek
243
Evolve
Progress
Develop
Gelitirmek, evrim geirmek
244
Evacuate
Vacate
Boaltmak, tahliye etmek
245
Evaluate
Assess
Assessment
Deerlendirme
233
PHRASAL VERBS
1
Account for Aklamak, izah etmek
Sorumlu olmak(Responsible for)
2 Ask after Sormak(salk durumunu)
3 Break down Bozulmak
4 Break out Patlak vermek ortaya kmak
5 Bring up Yetitirmek, eitmek
6 Call off ptal etmek(Cancel)
7
Care for Bakmak, zen gstermek
Holanmak
8
Carry on
Go on
Keep on
Devam etmek, srdrmek
9
Carry out
Put through
Uygulamak, yapmak, yrtmek(implement, do fulfil, perform)
10 Come across Karlamak, rastlamak
11
Cope with
Deal with
stesinden gelmek, yenmek
lgilenmek, uramak
12 Cut off Kesmek, ayrmak, mahrum etmek
13 Feel like Can istemek
14 Find out Bulmak, kefetmek, renmek
15 Get away Ayrlmak (leave)
16 Get off nmek
17 Get on Binmek
18
Get on well with
Get along with
yi geinmek
19
Get over
Recover from
Overcome
yilemek, Yenmek
20 Give in to Teslim olmak, teslim etmek, birisine yenilmek
21 Give up Brakmak, vazgemek, terk etmek
22
Go over Yeniden gzden geirme, inceleme
(examine review)
23
Hold on Dayanmak brakmamak, tutmak,
Beklemek
24
Keep away
Keep off
Bir eyden uzak durmak

25 Knock down Yere drmek

26 Let down Hayal krklna uratmak
27 Look after Bakmn yapmak(hasta veya ocuk vb.)
28
Look into
Check out
ncelemek aratrmak(nspect)
29
Look up (Kitap veya szlkte) aramak (search)
yilemek, dzelmek(improve)
30
Make out Anlamak, anlam karmak, kestirmek(understand, perceive)
234
31
Put on the effect
Put into practise
Put into force

Uygulamaya koymak, yrrle koymak

32
Put off
Postpone
Ertelemek (retard, defer)
33 Put up Kurmak, ina etmek
34 Put up with Katlanmak, tahamml etmek(tolerate)
35
Put forward
Bring forward
nermek, ileri srmek, fikir ortaya atmak
36 Run into Rastlamak, arpmak
37
Run out of
Run through
Use up
Tketmek, kullanmak, bitirmek(Exthaust, deplete)
38 Set in Balamak, yerlemek
39 Settle down Sakinlemek, Yerlemek,
40
Show up Gzkmek, ortaya kmak(appear)
Bir toplantya gelmek veya katlmak
41 Show off Gsteri yapmak
42 Stand by Yanda durmak, hazrda beklemek
43
Stem from
Originate from
Derive from
-den kaynaklanmak,-den ileri gelmek
44 Switch on Amak
45 Switch off Kapatmak
46 Take after Benzemek, andrmak(resemble)
47 Take into account Gz nne almak
48
Take off karmak(elbise)
Havalanmak (uak)
49 Take over Sorumluluk stlenmek, Ynetimi devralmak
50
Try out
Try on
Denemek, test etmek
51 Turn down Reddetmek, geri evirmek, ksmak (radyo) (reject, refuse, refute)
52
Turn up Sesini amak(radyo vb.)
Gelmek, ortaya kmak
53
Watch out for
Look out for
Dikkat etmek, uyank olmak
54 Work out Dikkatlice zmek
55 Put over Baarl bir ekilde anlatmak
56 Put out Sndrmek (extinguish)
57
Fill in
Fill out
Doldurmak (form vb.)(complete)
58
Bring through
Pull through
Bir hastal atmak, hastalktan kurtulmak, iyilemek(Recover,
get over,heal)
59 Bring off Baarmak (Accomplish)
60 Bring out Gelitirmek, ortaya karmak, neden olmak(cause, develop)
61 Slow down Geciktirmek, ertelemek, azaltmak
62
Pull up to/with le ayn dzeye gelmek, yakalamak.

235
63
Catch up to/with
Keep up with
Keep abreast with
Keep peace with
Hzna yetimek, seviyesine ulamak, geri kalmamak
64
Keep down Dk dzeyde tutmak, snrlamak(restrain, restrict)
65
Keep up

Devam etmek, srdrmek(sustain)

66
Set out
Embark on

Balamak, yola koyulmak(start, begin)

67
Make up for
Compensate for
Telafi etmek, karlamak
68 Compete with/against Rekabet etmek, yarmak
69
Follow up (hastay) takip etmek
(neri veya talimat) yerine getirmek
70
Wipe out
Cancel out
Silip sprmek, ortadan kaldrmak(destroy, demolish,
exterminate, eliminate, eradicate)
71
Sort out Dzenlemek, snflandrmak
zmek yoluna koymak
72
Move in
Tanmak
eri girmek
73
Move about Dolamak, dolanmak
74
Move out Tanarak biryerden ayrlmak
75
Make for Bir yere doru ynelmek
Yapmak ortaya karmak
76
Make off Aceleyle gitmek, ayrlmak
77
Take along Beraberinde, yannda gtrmek
78
End up Sonunda biryere varmak, sonlandrmak, sonulandrmak
79
Keep off
Stay away from
Uzak durmak
80
Come up with Fikir ortaya atmak, ileri srmek
81
Come up Ortaya kmak, meydana gelmek
82
Cut down on
Cut back on
Azaltmak, ksmak
83
Do away with Ortadan kaldrmak(eliminate), ihtiya duymamak
84
Back up Desteklemek, arka kmak
85
Back up with
Support with
Reinforce with
Bir ey ile desteklemek, arka kmak
86
Compose of
Consist of
Made up for
Bir eyden olumak, meydana gelmek (comprise)
236
87
Concern about
Worry about
Kayglanmak, endielenmek
88
Concern with
nterested in
lgili olmak, ilgi duymak
89
nteract with Birbirini etkilemek, etkileimde olmak
90
Keep within Belli snrlar iinde kalmasn salamak
91
Keep out of Bir eyin darda kalmasn salamak, darda brakmak
92
Leave out Hesaba katmamak darda brakmak
93
Lead into Bir eye ynlendirmek
94
Lie under Altnda bulunmak, altnda yatmak
95
Turn over Devirmek, evirmek
96
Turn into
Convert into/to
Translate into
Bir eye dntrmek
97
Get through Balant kurmak, ulamak(reach)
Bitirmek atlatmak
98
Think over zerinde dnmek
99
Take down Skmek paralara ayrmak
Gururunu krmak
100
Take effect Yrrle girmek, geerli olmak
101
Take effort aba gerektirmek
102
Turn on
Switch on
Amak ykseltmek (elektrik, dme vb.)
103
Turn off
Switch off
Kapatmak (elektrik, dme vb.)
104
Open up to Birine almak
105
Back out of
Pull out of
-den ekilmek
106
Come up against Yz yze gelmek
107
Go down with
Come down with
Hastalanmak, yataklara dmek
108
Refrain from
Abstain from
Saknmak, ekinmek (Avoid)
109
Turn over Devretmek(Ynetimi vb.)
110
Take over Devralmak(Ynetimi vb.)
111
Bring on Sebep olmak, gelitirmek
237
PREPOSITIONS
A
adjust to
admit to
agree with + sb on sth
agree to + a request, a proposal
agree about + sth
apologize to + sb for sth
appeal to + sb for sth
appeal to (=attract)
apply for + sth
apply to + sb for sth
approve of
argue with sb about sth
arrive in / at
ask about sb
ask for sth
attach to
attend to
attribute X to Y
absent from
accompanied by
accustomed to
adjacent to
afraid of
angry with sb for sth
angry at (action); with sb
anxious about
anxious for (news)
applicable to
appropriate to / for
ashamed of
associated with
astonished at
available for
aware of
access to
approval of
ahead of
according to
apart from
B
Base on
Bad at
believe in
belong to
benefit from
blame sb for sth
blame sth on sb
beneficial to
bored with
busy with
C
care for / about
coincide with
collaborate with sb
combine with
comment on
commit sth & sb to
communicate with / to
compare with / to
compensate for
compete with / against sb
compete for (a prize)
complain about (thing)
comply with
concentrate on
cope with
capable of
certain of / about
committed to
compatible with
composed of
concerned about sb/sth
concerned with sth
conscious of
consistent with
content with
convenient for / to
convinced of
cruel to
curious about
cause of
complaint about
concern about
confidence in
confusion about
D
deal with
dedicate to
deduce from
depend on
deprive X of Y
derive from
deter sb from
devote to
differ in
differentiate between X and Y
differentiate X from Y
dispose of sth
distinguish between X and Y
distinguish X from Y
devide into
dedicated to
deficient in
dependent on
deprived of
detrimental to
devoted to
different from
disappointed in / with (sb/sth)
disgusted at / with
distinct from
doubtful about
devotion to
difficulty in / with
disadvantage of
distinction between
E
embark on sth
emerge from
eager for
eligible for
equal to
essential for sb/sth
exclude from
excuse sb for sth
excuse sb from doing sth
experience in
238
F
familiar with sth
familiar to sb
famous for
fatal to
fond of
full of
failure in
fear of
fondness for
J
Jealous of
G
gaze at
glance at
good at sth
guilty of
H
Happy about
Hard of
Hidden from
Hopeful of/about
Honest with
Hostile to
I
identify X with Y
implicate sb in sth
impose sth on sb
indulge in sth
infect with
inquire about sb / sth
insert in
insist on
interact with
interfere in / with
introduce to
invest in
involve sb in
identical with / to
ignorant of
immune to
inconsistent with
included in
independent of
indifferent to
indispensible for / to
inferior to
interested in
involve in
increase in
influence on
interference in
intervention in
L-O
liable to / for
limited in / to
lack of
object to
offer to
occupied in
opposed to
M
Made up
Made up of/with
P
participate in
pay for
peer at
persist in
prepare for
prevent sb/sth from
profit from
prohibit from
protect from / against
Protest to
provide sb with sth
provide sth for sb
peculiar to
pertinent to
polite to
popular with
prior to
prone to
proud of
permission for
Q-R
quarrel about / over sth
quarrel with sb
qualified for
react to / against
reason with sb
reckon on / in
recover from
reduce sb/sth to
reduce sth by
refer to
refrain from
remind sb of
reply to
report on sth to sb
report to
request from
rescue from
reserve for
rely on
respond to
result in (=lead to)
reward for sth
rob sb of
ready for
relative to
relevant to
responsible for sth to sb
restricted to
rich in
reason for
reduction in
reference to
reliance on
remedy for
respect for
rise in
239
S
sacrifice for / to
save from
search for
send for
separate from
smile at
sorry about (event)
sorry for (person, action)
startled at
subject to
subsequent to
successful in / at
suitable for
susceptible to
suspicious of
satisfaction in
search for
shortage of
success in
spend on
stare at
starve to death
struggle with / against sb/sth
struggle for sth
submit to
subscribe to
substitute A for B
succeed in
suffer from (a disease)
suspect sb of
satisfied with
scared of
sensitive to
short of
T
trouble with / about
talk about / with / to
tell sb about sth
terrible at
typical of
think about
think of
threaten with
tire of
treat for (illness) / with
turn into / to
tired of
tolerant of
U-V-W
unaware of
upset about/with
used to
use of
vote for
wait for
watch for
worried about
worthy of
wrong with/about