SWIDLAB Experiment Manual

Experiment No. 1: Digital Logic Signals

Page 1 oI 12
Experiment 1
DIGITAL LOGIC SIGNALS

Objectives:

1. To be able to validate the logic Iunction oI an inverter using a digital logic probe
2. To be able to use the TTL Data book to determine the expected characteristics oI an IC
3. To be able to determine actual input threshold voltages oI a TTL inverter
4. To be able to compare the input threshold voltages oI TTL and CMOS devices using a digital
logic probe

Introductory Information:

Digital circuits are Iabricated using bipolar junction transistors (BJT`s) or metal-oxide
semiconductor Iield eIIect transistors (MOSFET`s), depending on the technology applied. Logic
Iunctions have been implemented on silicon chips called integrated circuits (IC). Digital circuits
are much simpler to analyze and design as compared to analog circuits. Digital circuits operate
either in an ON or OFF state. In most cases, digital circuits are operated in either Iully saturated
(ON) or cutoII (OFF), except Ior a Iamily oI logic devices called Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL),
which operates in the active region. This can be seen as two possible states: a high voltage or a
low voltage; a binary 1 or a binary 0; an ON condition or an OFF condition. In this experiment,
Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) devices will be used.

Commercial TTL logic devices are designated with part numbers beginning with 74.
Within this series exist variations on the actual implementations producing various perIormance
characteristics: the standard 74 Iamily, the 74L low-power Iamily, the 74S Schottky Iamily, the
74LS low-power Schottky Iamily, the 74H high-speed Iamily, and recently, the 74F Iast low-
power Iamily. Because oI their widespread use and popularity, TTL logic devices have also
been implemented using Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology, as in
the 74C and the 74HC high-speed Iamily. The diIIerences between Iamilies lie mainly in their
switching speed, power consumption, drive capability and threshold levels.

TTL IC`s operate on a nominal supply oI 5 volts DC, with a 10 allowable tolerance,
and are susceptible to damage when improper voltages are applied. Due to this, and their
relatively high power consumption, it is recommended that power supply ratings be checked to
meet the speciIied voltage and power requirements.

Detailed descriptions oI logic devices, including internal implementations, external
connections and electrical characteristics, can be Iound in data books. The best way to acquire
experience with commercial IC`s is to study their description. Various manuIacturers, including
Signetics, National Semiconductor, Motorola and RCA, publish logic data books. Though TTL
chips may be Iunctionally equivalent, they may not be pin-Ior-pin compatible. It is wise to
check with a logic data book regarding pin designations.











































SWIDLAB Experiment Manual
Experiment No. 1: Digital Logic Signals
Page 2 oI 12
Most TTL gates are implemented with internal pull-up circuitry. This causes input
terminals not electrically connected to a known level to be set to logic high internally. To avoid
ambiguities, all inputs must be connected to their desired logic level. Outputs are implemented
using totem-pole outputs (a variation oI the push-pull ampliIier), or open-collector transistors.
As a general rule, never tie outputs together unless all are open-collector devices or the outputs
can be electronically disconnected (high-impedance state oI tri-state output devices).


Materials/Equipment:

1 74LS04 integrated circuit (hex inverter)
2 1 kOhm , 1/4-Watt resistors
1 10 kOhm, 5-Watt potentiometer
1 22 F, 25V electrolytic capacitor
1 Jumbo-sized LED
1 Breadboard including connecting wires
1 Regulated DC power supply
1 Dual-trace oscilloscope with probes
1 Logic probe
1 Signal generator with adjustable output
1 Voltemeter-Ohmmeter-Milliammeter (VOM)
Signetics Logic-TTL Data Manual


Procedure:

Truth Tables
1. Turn ON the power supply. Set the DC power supply to 5 volts and veriIy using a VOM.
Turn OFF the power supply.
2. Connect the 5 volts DC line to the upper distribution strip and the ground line to the lower
distribution strip.
3. Study the 74LS04 IC supplied. Determine the pin orientation using the pin assignment
diagram shown in Figure 1.











































SWIDLAB Experiment Manual
Experiment No. 1: Digital Logic Signals
Page 3 oI 12

Figure 1 - 74LS04 Hex Inverter

4. Wire the circuit shown in Figure 2 on the breadboard.


Figure 2 Using 74LS04 Hex Inverter

5. Set the logic probe to PULSE and TTL mode. Connect the red alligator clip oI the logic
probe to the 5 volt source, and the black alligator clip to ground.
6. Turn ON the power supply.
7. Connect the inverter input (pin 1) to ground.
8. Touch the inverter input pin with the logic probe tip. Take note oI the state corresponding to
the lit LED in the logic probe (low or high) and record in Table 1.
9. Touch the inverter output pin (pin 2) with the logic probe tip. Take note oI the state
corresponding to the lit LED in the logic probe (low or high).
10. Record your Iindings in Table 1.














































SWIDLAB Experiment Manual
Experiment No. 1: Digital Logic Signals
Page 4 oI 12
Inverter input connected to Input State (pin 1) Output State (pin 2)
Ground
5 volts

Table 1

11. Connect the inverter input (pin 1) to 5 volts.
12. Touch the inverter input (pin1) with the logic probe tip. Take note oI the state corresponding
to the lit LED in the logic probe (low or high) and record in Table 1.
13. Touch the inverter output (pin 2) with the logic probe tip. Take note oI the state
corresponding to the lit LED in the logic probe (low or high).
14. Record your Iindings in Table 1. Turn OFF the power supply.
What is the logic Iunction oI an inverter?
15. Wire the circuit shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Using 74LS04 Hex Inverter

16. Set the logic probe to PULSE and TTL mode. Connect the red alligator clip oI the logic
probe to the 5 volt source, and the black alligator clip to ground.
17. Turn ON the power supply.
18. Connect the inverter input (pin1) oI the hex inverter to ground.
19. Determine the logic states oI the input (pin 2) and output (pin 4). Take note oI the state
corresponding to the lit LED in the logic probe (low or high) and record in Table 2.
20. Also take note oI the condition oI the LED (lit or unlit) and record in Table 2.






Inverter input Input State State oI pin 2 LED status Output State











































SWIDLAB Experiment Manual
Experiment No. 1: Digital Logic Signals
Page 5 oI 12
connected to (pin 1) (pin 4)
Ground
5 volts

Table 2

21. Connect the inverter input (pin 1) oI the hex inverter to 5 volts.
22. Determine the logic states oI the input (pin 2) and output (pin 4). Take note oI the state
corresponding to the lit LED in the logic probe (low or high) and record in Table 2.
23. Also take note oI the condition oI the LED and record in Table 2.
24. Turn OFF the power supply. What is the relationship between the LED status and the logic
state oI pin 2?
25. The leItmost and the rightmost columns represent the truth table oI a buIIer. What is the
logic Iunction oI a buIIer?

Input Threshold
26. Set channel 1 oI the scope to DC, 1 volt/division, and channel 2 to 1 volts/division.
27. Set the signal generator to sine wave, 1kHz, minimum output amplitude (Iine Iully counter-
clockwise) with the output switch set to HIGH.
28. Wire the circuit shown in Figure 4 on the breadboard.

Figure 4 Using 74LS04 Hex Inverter

29. Connect channel 1 oI the scope to the inverter input (pin 1) and channel 2 to the inverter
output (pin 2).
30. Turn ON the power supply and signal generator, in that order.
31. Adjust the potentiometer Ior a wiper voltage V oI 2.5 volts.
32. Slowly increase the output oI the signal generator until a sine wave varying Irom 0 to 5 volts
peak-to-peak are obtained on channel 1 oI the scope. The voltage applied to the input oI the
inverter must never go below 0 volt, nor should it exceed 5 volts. You may have to adjust
the potentiometer and the signal generator alternately here.











































SWIDLAB Experiment Manual
Experiment No. 1: Digital Logic Signals
Page 6 oI 12
33. Plot the output traces in graph 1 displayed.

Channel 1 (nput):
V pk to pk: ______
Channel 2 (Output):
V pk to pk: ______


Graph 1

34. Take note oI the voltages at which the output changes state Irom a logic 0 (LOW voltage) to
a logic 1 (HIGH voltage), and vice-versa. Record the input voltages in Table 3.

Input voltage Input transition Output transition
V
il
V HIGH to LOW LOW to HIGH
V
ih
V LOW to HIGH HIGH to LOW

Table 3

35. Decrease the sine output oI the signal generator to minimum, and switch the signal generator
to a square-wave output.
36. Adjust the potentiometer Ior a wiper voltage V oI 2.5 volts.
37. Slowly increase the output oI the signal generator until a square-wave varying Irom 0 to 5
volts peak-to-peak are obtained on channel 1 oI the scope. The voltage applied to the input
oI the inverter must never go below 0 volt, nor should it exceed 5 volts. You may have to
adjust the potentiometer and the signal generator alternately here.
38. Plot the output traces in Graph 2 displayed.











































SWIDLAB Experiment Manual
Experiment No. 1: Digital Logic Signals
Page 7 oI 12

Channel 1 (nput):
V pk to pk: ______
Channel 2 (Output):
V pk to pk: ______


Graph 2

39. Turn OFF the signal generator and the power supply, in that order.
40. What are the signiIicant diIIerences between the inverter outputs Irom step 33 and that oI
step 38?

41. Determine the input voltage and input current levels Ior the 74LS04 as speciIied by a TTL IC
manuIacturer in the data book and record them in Table 4.

Input LOW voltage (V
il
) V
Input HIGH voltage (V
ih
) V
Input LOW current (I
il
) mA
Input HIGH current (I
ih
) mA

Table 4

Logic Probe
42. Wire the circuit shown in Figure 5.
43. Set the logic probe to PULSE and TTL mode. Connect the red alligator clip oI the logic
probe to the 5 volt source, and the black alligator clip to ground. Turn ON the power
supply.












































SWIDLAB Experiment Manual
Experiment No. 1: Digital Logic Signals
Page 8 oI 12

Figure 5

44. Turn the potentiometer Iully in one direction such that only the LOW LED oI the logic probe
glows.
45. Slowly adjust the potentiometer until there is no LED that glows in the logic probe. Record
the voltage at this position in Table 5.

TTL CMOS
0 V 0 V
No lit V V
HIGH LED lit V V
5 V 5 V

Table 5

46. Adjust the potentiometer until the HIGH LED in the logic probe glows. Record the voltage
at this position in Table 5.
47. Switch the logic probe to CMOS instead oI TTL.
48. Turn the potentiometer Iully in one direction such that only the LOW LED oI the logic probe
glows.
49. Slowly adjust the potentiometer until there is no LED that glows in the logic probe. Record
the voltage at this position in Table 5.
50. Adjust the potentiometer until the HIGH LED in the logic probe glows. Record the voltage
at this position in Table 5.
51. Turn OFF the power supply.















































SWIDLAB Experiment Manual
Experiment No. 1: Digital Logic Signals
Page 9 oI 12
Output Characteristics
52. Set the signal generator to square-wave, 1kHz, output amplitude oI 5V peak-to-peak, with
the output switch set to HIGH.
53. Wire the circuit shown in Figure 6 with the potentiometer set Ior maximum resistance.

Figure 6 Using 74LS04 Hex Inverter

54. Connect channel 1 oI the scope to the inverter input and channel 2 across the 1 kOhm
resistor.
55. Set channels 1 and 2 oI the oscilloscope to DC, 1 volts/division.
56. Turn ON the power supply and signal generator, in that order.
57. Plot the input and output waveIorms in Graph 3 and take note oI the peak output voltage.

Channel 1 (nput):
V pk to pk: ______
Channel 2 (Output):
V pk to pk: ______


Graph 3

58. Slowly decrease the potentiometer resistance to minimum, while noting any changes in the
output waveIorm.











































SWIDLAB Experiment Manual
Experiment No. 1: Digital Logic Signals
Page 10 oI 12
59. Draw the resulting waveIorm in Graph 4 and take note oI the peak output voltage.

Channel 1 (nput):
V pk to pk: ______
Channel 2 (Output):
V pk to pk: ______


Graph 4

60. Turn OFF the signal generator and the power supply, in that order.
61. TransIer the load resistance (10 kOhm potentiometer and 1 kOhm resistor) between the
output and ground so that it is applied between the output and the 5 volts line as seen in
Figure 7.

Figure 7 Using 74LS04 Hex Inverter

62. Connect channel 1 oI the scope to the inverter input and channel 2 across the 1 kOhm
resistor.
63. Set channels 1 and 2 oI the oscilloscope to DC, 1 volts/division.
64. Turn ON the power supply and signal generator, in that order.
65. Plot the input and output waveIorms in Graph 5 and take note oI the peak output voltage.












































SWIDLAB Experiment Manual
Experiment No. 1: Digital Logic Signals
Page 11 oI 12
Channel 1 (nput):
V pk to pk: ______
Channel 2 (Output):
V pk to pk: ______


Graph 5

66. Slowly decrease the potentiometer resistance to minimum, while noting any changes in the
output waveIorm.
67. Draw the resulting waveIorm in Graph 6 and take note oI the peak output voltage.

Channel 1 (nput):
V pk to pk: ______
Channel 2 (Output):
V pk to pk: ______


Graph 6

68. Turn OFF the signal generator and the power supply, in that order.


Guide Questions:

1. What is the purpose oI a buIIer in digital circuits?
2. What is the signiIicance oI the voltage range between V
ih
and V
il
? Between V
oh
and V
ol
?
3. What is the signiIicance oI the voltage range between V
oh
and V
ih
? Between V
ol
and V
il
?











































SWIDLAB Experiment Manual
Experiment No. 1: Digital Logic Signals
Page 12 oI 12
4. What is Ian-out? Explain the signiIicance oI the current ratings you obtained Irom the data
book.
5. Obtain the circuit oI a typical TTL totem-pole output and analyze its operation. What is its
advantage over a simple transistor and collector-resistor combination output?
6. Summarize the major diIIerences between TTL and CMOS devices. Cite the advantages oI
each Iamily over the other.
7. Since CMOS circuits have a wide supply operating range, determine the threshold voltages
as a Iunction oI the supply voltages Irom a data book or a textbook.



References:

Mano, Morris, Digital Design. Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1984

Taub, Herbert and Schilling, Donald. Digital Integrated Electronics. Mc Graw-Hill Book
Company. 1977

Signetics Logic-11L, Data Manual. Signetics Corporation. 1978