Philippine Normal University

College of Teacher Development

Faculty of Teacher Sciences
Taft Avenue, Manila


Psychoanalytic Theory


A Written Report
Presented to
Dr. Camila C. Gonzales


In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Course Requirements
In Professional Education 3
(Theories of Learning)


Presented by:
Altoveros, Czarmiah E.
II BLIS


Semester II, 2013-2014/ March 14, 2014













Czarmiah E. Altoveros
Semester II, 2013-2014 II - BLIS

Psychoanalytic Theory

I. Definition:
Personality organization and the dynamics of personality development
that underlie and guide the psychoanalytic and psychodynamic
psychotherapy, called psychoanalysis, a clinical method for
treating psychopathology.
Psychoanalytic theory is a major influence in Continental
philosophy and in aesthetics in particular.
Psychoanalytic theory is a method of investigating and treating
personality disorders and is used in psychotherapy. Included in this
theory is the idea that things that happen to people during childhood
can contribute to the way they later function as adults.
Freuds psychoanalytic theory of personality implicated the structure of
the mind, namely the id, ego, and superego, and how conflicts among
these constituent parts are resolved in shaping human personality.
Psychoanalysis is considered to be ...the most comprehensive theory
yet constructed on the development and structure of our personalities.
Psychoanalysis is based on the theory that there are no accidental
behaviors, but that all of them are based on past experiences.
Freuds psychoanalytical theory is based on normal and abnormal
behaviors and how to treat them. When determining what shapes a
persons personality, Freud believed that there were three major
factors ...instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards.
The theory of personality developed by Freud that focuses on
repression and unconscious forces and includes the concepts of
infantile sexuality, resistance, transference, and division of the psyche
into the id, ego, and superego.
Psychoanalysis is a method of analyzing psychic phenomena and
treating mental and emotional disorders that is based on the concepts
and theories of Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes the importance of
free association and dream analysis, and that involves treatment
sessions during which the patient is encouraged to talk freely about
personal experiences and especially about early childhood and
dreams.









Czarmiah E. Altoveros
Semester II, 2013-2014 II - BLIS

II. Perceptions About the Learner in Psychoanalytic Theory


Psychoanalytic theory came to full prominence in the last third of the twentieth century
as part of the flow of critical discourse regarding psychological treatments after the
1960s, long after Freud's death in 1939, and its validity is now widely disputed or
rejected. Freud had ceased his analysis of the brain and his physiological studies and
shifted his focus to the study of the mind and the related psychological attributes making
up the mind, and on treatment using free association and the phenomena of
transference. His study emphasized the recognition of childhood events that could
potentially influence the mental functioning of adults.

Psychoanalytic theory refers to the definition of personality organization and the
dynamics of personality development that underlie and guide the psychoanalytic and
psychodynamic psychotherapy, called psychoanalysis.

Psychoanalytic theorists believe that human behaviour is deterministic. It is governed by
irrational forces, and the unconscious, as well instinctual and biological drives. Due to
this deterministic nature, psychoanalytic theorists do not believe in free will.

Sigmund Freud determined that the personality consists of three different elements, the
id, the ego and the superego. The id is the aspect of personality that is driven by
internal and basic drives and needs. These are typically instinctual, such as hunger,
thirst, and the drive for sex, or libido. The ego is driven by reality principle. The ego
works to balance both the id and superego. The superego is driven by morality principle.
It acts in connection with the morality of higher thought and action.

Psychoanalytic theory is a method of investigating and treating personality disorders
and is used in psychotherapy. Included in this theory is the idea that things that happen
to people during childhood can contribute to the way they later function as adults. Freud
believed that the mind is made of two parts the conscious mind and the unconscious
mind and that the unconscious mind often prompts people to make certain decisions
even if they dont recognize it on a conscious level.

Freuds psychoanalytic theory of personality argues that the structures and conflict in
the human mind shapes personality. This theory implicated the structure of the mind,
namely the id, ego, and superego, and how conflicts among these constituent parts are
resolved in shaping human personality.

Freuds structural theory placed great importance on the role on the role of unconscious
psychological conflicts in shaping behaviour and personality.

Psychoanalysis is considered to be the most comprehensive theory yet constructed on
the development and structure of our personalities.

Czarmiah E. Altoveros
Semester II, 2013-2014 II - BLIS

Psychoanalysis is based on the theory that there are no accidental behaviours, but that
all of them are based on past experiences.

Freuds psychoanalytical theory is based on normal and abnormal behaviours and how
to treat them. When determining what shapes a persons personality, Freud believed
that there were three major factors instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral
standards.

Psychoanalysis was an educational process in which unconscious conflicts are
consciously confronted. Cognition was important in Freuds work, and insight into ones
unconscious processes is vital in regulating ones own behaviour.

Freud postulated a system of developmental psychology like Piaget did. His theory
included the concept of dynamic tension between cognitive elements, as Lewin did.

Freud traced motivation to one's needs, as did Hull, Tolman, and others. His theory
accounted for instinctual urges, which when satisfied, always lead to pleasurable
feelings. The theory also included the concept of psychic energy, which he referred to
as libido.


III. Stages/ Processes of Learning in Psychoanalytic Theory
Freuds theory has a personality structure. He determined that the personality consists
of three different elements, the id, the ego and the superego. The id is the aspect of
personality that is driven by internal and basic drives and needs. These are typically
instinctual, such as hunger, thirst, and the drive for sex, or libido. The id acts in
accordance with the pleasure principle, in that it avoids pain and seeks pleasure. Due to
the instinctual quality of the id, it is impulsive and often unaware of implications of
actions. The ego is driven by reality principle. The ego works to balance both the id and
superego. In order to balance these, it works to achieve the id's drive in the most
realistic ways. It seeks to rationalize the id's instinct and please the drives that will
benefit the individual in the long term. It helps separate what is real, and realistic of our
drives as well as being realistic about the standards that the superego sets for the
individual. The superego is driven by morality principle. It acts in connection with the
morality of higher thought and action. Instead of instinctively acting like the id, the
superego works to act in socially acceptable ways. It employs morality, judging our
sense of wrong and right and using guilt to encourage socially acceptable behavior.

Czarmiah E. Altoveros
Semester II, 2013-2014 II - BLIS

The unconscious is the portion of the mind of which a person is not aware. Freud said
that it is the unconscious that exposes the true feelings, emotions, and thoughts of the
individual. There are variety of psychoanalytic techniques used to access and
understand the unconscious, ranging from methods like hypnosis, free association,
dream analysis. Dreams allow us to explore the unconscious; according to Freud, they
are "the 'royal road' to the unconscious". Dreams are composed
of latent and manifest content. Whereas latent content is the underlying meaning of a
dream that may not be remembered when a person wakes up, manifest content is the
content from the dream that a person remembers upon waking and can be analyzed by
a psychoanalytic psychologist. Exploring and understanding the manifest content of
dreams can inform the individual of complexes or disorders that may be under the
surface of their personality.
Freud's take on the development of the personality (psyche). It is a stage theory that
believes progress occurs through stages as the libido is directed to different body parts.
The different stages, listed in order of progression, are: Oral, Anal, Phallic (Oedipus
complex), Latency, Genital. The Genital stage is achieved if a person has met all of his
or her needs throughout the other stages with enough available sexual energy. If the
individual does not have his or her needs met in a given stage, he or she will become
fixated, or "stuck" in that stage.

Psychosexual stages include oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. Each stage has
typical problem. At each stage, the right amount of libidinal satisfaction must occur in
danger of fixation or regression.
The Oral Stage starts from birth to 18 months. This psychosexual development extends
throughout the first year of life. Infants are totally reliant upon others for survival;
dependence is their only way of obtaining instinctual gratification. The Anal stage starts
at 18 months to 3 years. During the second and third years of life, the focus of libidinal
energy shifts from mouth to the anal region. Young children derive considerable
pleasure from both the retention and expulsion of faces. The Phallic Stage starts at 3
years to 5 years. During these years, the childs libidinal interest once again shifts to a
new erogenous zone of the body, the genitals. The Latency period between the ages of
5 or 7 and the onset of adolescence, the libido is sublimated into nonsexual activities
such as intellectual interests, athletics, and peer relationships. The Genital stage starts
at 12 years to puberty. With the advent of puberty comes a resurgence of sexual and
aggressive impulses coupled with an increase awareness of an interest in the opposite
sex.

Czarmiah E. Altoveros
Semester II, 2013-2014 II - BLIS

IV. Other Related learning Theories That are Utilized/
Visualized in Psychoanalytic Theory

Genetic epistemology is a study of the origins (genesis) of knowledge
(epistemology). The discipline was established by Jean Piaget. The goal of
genetic epistemology is to link the validity of knowledge to the model of its
construction. In other words, it shows that the method in which the knowledge
was obtained/created affects the validity of that knowledge. For example, our
direct experience with gravity makes our knowledge of it more valid than our
indirect experience with black holes. Genetic epistemology also explains the
process of how a human being develops cognitively from birth throughout his or
her life through four primary stages of development: sensorimotor (birth to age
2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-11), and formal operational (11
years onward). The main focus is on the younger years of development. Just like
in Freuds theory, it starts from birth to puberty age on how we develop our
personality.
Field Theoretical Approach by Kurt Lewin who is a neo-gestaltist, transferred
the Gestalt model to everyday situations. He was greatly influenced by Einstein
and applied the idea of Einsteinian field physics to psychology. He proposed that
human behavior is a function of both the person and the environment in which
the behavior takes place, including the social parameters. He postulated that
needs organize perception of the field and acting within the field. He understood
a dynamic interaction of elements in the field. He believed behavior was
purposeful and visualized the individual as existing in a field of forces which
included +valence forces which attract people, and -valence forces which repel
people. Lewins field theory lead to field research on human behavior. Just like
what Freud did in his theory that included the concept of dynamic tension
between cognitive elements.
Sign Gestalt Theory by Edward C. Tolman, explains in his Sign Gestalt Theory,
he put forth the notion that there are three parts to learning which work together
as a gestalt. These are the "significant" or goal of behavior, the "sign" or signal
for action, and "means-end relations" which were internal processes and
relationships. Just like in Freuds theory, his theory accounted for instinctual
urges, which when satisfied, always lead to pleasurable feelings. This
explanation is from the id, ego and superego.




Czarmiah E. Altoveros
Semester II, 2013-2014 II - BLIS

V. Knowledge Management Areas where the Theory will
be Useful and Available

Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory has been very helpful to the study of childs
emotional development and personality. It can help to us, as a future librarian on
how to communicate in our clients and researchers depending on their
personalities. We can talk to them with the right kind of approach so that we will
have the good service in our library.

The stage of the psychosexual theory is just like a stage on how we will become
librarians. It starts on taking entrance examination then up to the point that we
will be studying our course in Library and Information Science. Starting from the
common subject up to the difficult subject until we pass the licensure
examination.


VI. References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory
http://www.zeepedia.com/read.php?psychoanalytic_theory_of_sigmund_freud_the_ego
_free_association_personality_psychology&b=94&c=6
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples/examples-of-psychoanalytic-theory.html
https://www.boundless.com/psychology/personality/psychodynamic-perspective-on-
personality/freud-s-psychoanalytic-theory-of-personality/
http://www.examiner.com/article/freud-s-psychoanalytical-theory-defined
http://www.lifecircles-inc.com/Learningtheories/Freud.html
http://academicjournals.org/article/article1379514083_Ahmed.pdf