Nuclear Physics B222 (1983) 83-103

North-Holland Publishing Company

TWO- LOOP RENORMALIZATION GROUP EQUATIONS IN A
GENERAL QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
( I ) . Wa v e f u n c t i o n r e n o r ma l i z a t i o n
Made E. MACHACEK* and Michael T. VAUGHN
Physics Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
Received 3 February 1983
The two-loop renormalization group equations in a general renormalizable field theory with
scalar, spin-, and (vector) gauge fields are considered. In this paper, the anomalous dimensions
associated with the wave function renormalizations of the fields are computed in a general R~
gauge. The wave function renormalization of the gauge field in background field gauge, and hence
the two-loop fl function for the gauge coupling, are also evaluated.
1. I n t r o d u c t i o n
Analysis based on the renormalization group [1] (for a recent review, see [2]) has
played an important role in the development of QCD (for reviews, see [3]) and grand
unified gauge theories ([4]; for review, see [5]), in addition to finding useful
application in the theory of critical phenomena and phase transitions (see, for
example, [6]).
Computation of the coefficients in the renormalization group (RG) equations for
Green functions has been done in perturbation theory for a variety of renormaliz-
able quantum field theories. The fl function for the gauge coupling in QCD with
fermions has been carried out to one-loop [7], two-loop [8], and, more recently, to
three-loop order [9]. Anomalous dimensions of various operators have been com-
puted to one-loop [10] and two-loop [11] order by several groups (see also recent
reviews [31).
In a scalar field theory with quartic self-coupling, a series of computations [12] has
led to the evaluation of the anomalous dimension of the scalar field through
five-loop order, and the function of the scalar quartic coupling through four-loop
order. For a spin- fermion coupled to the scalar through a pseudoscalar Yukawa
coupling, fl functions and anomalous dimensions have been evaluated through
two-loop order [13]. For a summary of various results, see [14].
* Associate of the Physics Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.
83
84 M.E. Machacek, M.T. Vaughn / Renormalization group equations (I)
For a general renormalizable field theory with scalars, spin- fermions, and vector
gauge fields, the evolution equations for the coupling constants have been given to
one-loop order by Cheng et al. [15], but only fragmentary extensions to two-loop
order exist. In a series of papers, of which this is the first, we present a complete
analysis to two-loop order of the evolution equations for the coupling constants and
of the anomalous dimensions of the field operators in such a general theory.
In this paper, we derive the anomalous dimensions of the scalar, fermion, and
gauge field operators. By working in background field gauge (see [16] and references
contained therein), we then obtain the two-loop fl function for the gauge coupling,
including the contribution of the Yukawa couplings (the scalar quartic couplings do
not contribute to the fl function of the gauge coupling until three-loop order). The
corresponding two-loop fl functions for the Yukawa and scalar quartic couplings
will be given in subsequent papers.
In sect. 2, we establish our notation, and give the formal analysis which allows us
to extract the anomalous dimensions from the divergent parts of the relevant
two-loop diagrams. In sects. 3-5, we present our results for the anomalous dimen-
sions of the scalar, fermion, and gauge field operators, respectively. In sect. 6, we
discuss our results, and compare them with partial results in the existing literature
[11-14, 17]. In appendix A, we collect some useful group theoretic results. In
appendix B, we give explicit results for the fl functions for the gauge couplings in
SU(3) SU(2) U(1) including the effects of Yukawa couplings.
2. Fo r ma l a na l y s i s
We consider a general renormalizable field theory with vector gauge fields V~ A
associated with a compact simple (or semi-simple) gauge group G, scalar fields %,
and two-component spinor fields 6j. The representations (reducible, in general) of G
under which the scalar and spinor fields transform will be denoted by S and F,
respectively.
The gauge-invariant Lagrange density of the theory has the general form
,,.~a,~a~D ~dp,,D ~,dP a+i ~tj o~D ~,~y ( j k qJ j ~,~k ~a +h .c .) 1
.~_ - - 4 " t l ~ v ' I L v - - - - y a _ _ . ~ , X a b c d ~ a ~ b l ~ c ~ d
+ - - - (mass terms) + - . . (gauge-fixing + ghost terms), (2.1)
where the mass terms are not relevant to the present calculation, and the gauge-fix-
ing and ghost terms are here those appropriate to a standard R~ gauge [18, 19], or to
the corresponding background field gauge [16]. Here
A __
(2.2)
where the fAsc are the structure constants of the gauge group, and g is the gauge
M.E. Machacek, M.T. Vaughn / Renormalization group equations (I) 85
coupling constant (if the gauge group is only semi-simple, there are modifications
which are explained in appendix A). Also,
= q ' b , (2.3)
A A
q ' k , (2.4)
where 04 --- ( 0~) and t a - ( t ~) are the (hermitian) representation matrices for the
generators of the gauge group acting on the scalar and fermion fields, respectively.
(We implicitly assume a real representation for the scalars, so that the 04 are
imaginary and antisymmetric.) ~ = + i o 2 is the spinor metric, and, in general, our
notation for two-component spinors follows that of Sildvie and Giirsey [20]. The
constraints imposed on the Yukawa coupling matrices
r o = ( 2 . 5 )
by invariance under the gauge group G are described in appendix A.
The renormalization group equations characterize the response of the Green
functions of the theory to a change in the scale parameter #, with dimension of mass,
which is necessarily introduced in the renormalization of the theory. The coefficients
in these equations are associated with the finite change induced by a change of this
scale parameter in the infinite wave function, mass, and vertex renormalization
constants of the theory (for detailed discussion, see [2, 3] and references given in
those reviews).
In this paper, we calculate the wave function renormalization constants of the
fields (to two-loop order in perturbation theory) using dimensional regularization
[21] and a mass-independent renormalization scheme [22, 23] based on the modified
minimal subtraction (MS) algorithm [24].
In this scheme, the renormalized coupling constants in d - 4 - 2e dimensions,
denoted by x k, are related to the corresponding bare coupling constants XkB by an
expansion of the form
XkB#-k~= X k + ~ a~" )(x) 1 , ( 2 . 6 )
n=l
where # is the scale parameter with dimension of mass which here must be
introduced in order to define a dimensionless renormalized coupling constant, and
0h = 1 for gauge and Yukawa coupling constants, 0k = 2 for scalar quartic coupling
constants. The coefficients a ~ " ) ( x ) a r e to be computed (in practice, in perturbation
theory).
The bare coupling constants are independent of the renormalization scale, but the
renormalized coupling constants will depend on the choice of the scale parameter #,
86
and the il functions
M.E. Machacek, M.T. Vaughn / Renormafization group equations ( I )
dXk t - o
i l k ( X ) - I~--~# , (2.7)
whi ch appear i n the RG equations are derived by observing t hat eq. (2.6) implies
_ p k e ( X k + ~ a~n) ( x ) 1 ) d x k ~ ~ d x , Oa(kn) l (2.8)
Collecting coefficients of like powers of e t hen gives
d x k . .
I ~- - ~ = i l k ( x ) -- PkXke, (2.9)
for all e,
, , Oa "
flk ( X ) = E mX, - ~X t -- Pka(k')(X), (2.10)
I
whence the fl functions are completely det ermi ned by t he coefficients of the single
pol e term i n the expansion (2.6), and
a a y ) aa(k
j ,
(2.11)
( n = 1,2 . . . . ) whence t he residues of the hi gher-order poles i n (2.6) are completely
det ermi ned by those of the lower-order pole; this provides a useful comput at i onal
check.
The wave funct i on renormalization const ant Z r associated wi t h an irreducible
self-energy part F has the expansion
Z r = 1 + E C(r")( x , (2.12)
n~l
and t he anomal ous di mensi on for the correspondi ng field is defi ned by
Then
"tr = / ~-~l n Z r . (2.13)
.. d Z r _ ~ v;" d x l 0C~ ~) 1
Y r Z r = 2~ dl~ - 2 en
(2.14)
M.E. Machacek, M.T. Vaughn / Renormalization group equations ( I )
and, inserting the expansion (2.12) into (2.14) and using (2.9), there follows
87
~1- = - - acb' )
( 2 . 1 5 )
whence the anomalous dimension is determined from the single pole term in (2.12),
and
~ o c t . " ) c I " + 'o ~ - - - ~ - } ( 2 . 1 6 )
~rc~")(x)=E ~, - ~: - - - p , x , ,
l
(n = 1, 2 . . . . ) which provides a further check on the computations.
Thus our procedure for computing the anomalous dimensions of the field opera-
tors to two-loop order is to evaluate the dimensionally regularized Feynman dia-
grams to this order, extract the coefficients of the single pole terms, and use eq.
(2.15). Not e that for the N-loop contribution to C[ k), it is true that
a c k ' I
E 0 , x , , 0 x - - T I N - l o o p = 2 N C ~ . k ) , ( 2 . 1 7 )
so that the derivatives need not be carried out explicitly.
The gauge dependence of the internal gauge field lines is incorporated in the
gauge field propagator
D ~ , , ( k ) = ( - g ~ , + a k~'k~ ) T - k--- ~ (2.18)
with a a gauge parameter. The anomalous dimensions of the scalar and fermion
fields are gauge dependent, but this gauge-dependence will be cancelled in the
evaluation of the Yukawa and scalar quartic coupling constants by the gauge-depen-
dence of the proper vertex parts. The anomalous dimension of the background gauge
field, which is equal to the fl function for the gauge coupling, is gauge independent
when the modified Feynman rules for diagrams with external (background) gauge
field lines are used (see [16]).
3. Sc a l a r wa v e f unc t i o n r e no r ma l i z a t i o n
The diagrams which contribute to the two-loop scalar wave function renormaliza-
tion are shown in fig. 1 (g4 terms) and fig. 2 (terms involving Yukawa and scalar
quartic couplings). The contribution of a diagram to the singular part of the scalar
wave function renormalization matrix can be expressed in the form
( . s )ab ( 4, ) , S u b +~
( 3 . 1 )
88 M.E. Machacek, M.T. Vaughn / Renormalization group equations ( I )
_e~_ ~
( I ) ( 2 )
__z~_ __~C~_
(3) (4)
__~_ _~_
( 5 0 . ) ( 5 b . )
( 6) (7)
Fig. 1. Scalar wave function renormalization diagrams of order g4.
- - - ~ - - - - ) . . . . . . . . .
( t ) ( 2 )
( 3 ) ( 4 )
(5) ( 6)
( Ta ) ( Tb)
Fig. 2. Scalar wave function renormalization diagrams of order X 2, y4, g2y2.
M. E . Mac hac e k , M. T . Vaughn / Renormal i zat i on group equations ( I )
TABLE 1
Si ngul ar par t s of t he scal ar wave f unct i on r enor mal i zat i on mat r i x Z~ 1 def i ned by eq. (3.1) f r om t he
di agr ams i n fig. 1 (wi t h t he appr opr i at e one- l oop count er t er ms subt r act ed)
89
Di agr am S A B
1.1 eq. (3.3) eq. (3.4)
1.2 g4[C2(S)]2 1(2 + at) 2 - ~(2 + a ) 2
1.3 g4C2(S)[C2(S ) - / C 2 ( G ) ] (2 + a) ( l - a ) i -3a+~al 7 2
1.4 g4C2( S) C2( G ) -32(2 + a ) ( l - a ) ~7 ~-ot31 + 2a2
5 2
1.5a + l . Sb g4C2(S)[2C2(S ) - l c 2 ( G) ] - 3(2 + a ) _ 3 + i a - ct
+ 1.6
1.7 g 4 Cz ( S ) [ 2 C2 ( S ) - C2 ( G) ] 0 1 -ia+~al , 2
The gr oup t heoret i c f act or S~o = S S , b, wi t h S gi ven i n t he table.
where Sab is a group theoretic factor associated with the diagram, and
1 1
-= ~ In 4~r - YE, (3.2)
( ) t E = Euler constant) is the usual MS expansion parameter.
For diagram (1.1), the singular coefficients are given by
ASab =g4C 2 ( S ) [ ( 5 + 2 ~ a ) C 2 ( G ) - 4 K S 2 ( F ) - S 2 ( S ) ] 8 a b ,
SSob= - - g ' C ~ ( S ) [ ( , ~ - - ~ + 8 ~ ~ ) c 2 ( c ) - - ~ , S ~ ( F ) - ~ S 2 ( S ) ] * o b , (3.3)
where C2(S ) is the Casimir operator of G acting on the scalar representation, S2(F)
and S 2 (S) are the Dynldn indices for fermion and scalar representations, respectively
(see appendix A), and the factor r = for two-component fermions and ~ = 1 for
four-component fermions. The coefficients of the singular terms from the remaining
diagrams are given in tables 1 and 2 (we note that the appropriate one-loop counter
terms have been subtracted from each of the diagrams).
The two-loop anomalous dimension matrix for the scalar fields is extracted from
these results by
2 ~, BSab, (3.5)
3'a~t'12"lP-- (4~r) 4 di agrams
in view of eqs. (2.15) and (2.17), with the change of sign from eq. (2.15) due to the
90
M. E. Machacek, M. T. Vaughn / Renormalization group equations ( I )
TABLE 2
Singular parts of the scalar wave function renormalization matrix Z s 1 defined by eq. (3.1) from the
diagrams in fig. 2 (with appropriate one-loop counterterms subtracted)
Diagram S=b A B
2.1 0 ~ h ,,ca,h b,ae
2.2 K Tr y b . . . . y*'a y c y t e 1 -
2.3 ~Tr yby?cyay, ~ 2 - 1
2.4 Kg2C2 (S)Tr .ya y?t, - (2 + a) 1 + -~a
2.5 xg2Tr C2(F)yay tb 2(1 - a) - 1 +
2.6 Kg2[Tr C2(F) YaY *b - 2( 4 - a) 2(3 - a)
_ C2(S)Tr y~y, b]
2.7a + 2.7b ~g2C2(S)T r ya yt b 2(I + 2a) 2(I - -~a)
Here = (1) for two (four) component fermions.
f a c t t h a t we a r e h e r e e x p a n d i n g Z~- ~. T h e r e f o l l o ws
4 s . ~ _ T ~ k a c d e ~ k b c d e - -
( 4 , r ) ~ b l 2 - ~ o o p t 3 x T r [ Y b y , a y c y , c ]
- 2 K T r [ Y b Y t c y a y ? c ] + 1 0 K g 2 T r [ C 2 ( F ) y a Y *b ]
- + - - s2(v)
1~ S S
- - ' ~ S 2 ( ) - 2 ~ C 2 ( ))~ab,
( 3 . 6 )
wi t h C2( F ) =--tAl A t h e Ca s i mi r o p e r a t o r o f G a c t i n g o n t h e f e r mi o n s . We n o t e t h a t
Y,~b i s i n f a c t d i a g o n a l i n t h e s c a l a r f i e l ds ( s e e a p p e n d i x A) . T h e r e a d e r c a n v e r i f y
t h a t t h e d o u b l e p o l e t e r ms s a t i s f y eq. ( 2. 16) , i f t h e g a u g e p a r a me t e r a i s i n c l u d e d
p r o p e r l y i n t h e s u m o v e r c o u p l i n g p a r a me t e r s . Th i s t wo - l o o p r e s u l t a u g me n t s t h e
we l l - k n o wn o n e - l o o p r e s u l t
(4~r)2y~sb[ , - , o o p = 2 ~ Tr ( . Y= . Y- b ) - g 2 ( 2 + a ) C2( S) 8=b.
( 3 . 7 )
4. Fermi on wave functi on renormal i zati on
T h e d i a g r a ms wh i c h c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e t wo - l o o p f e r mi o n wa v e f u n c t i o n r e n o r ma l i -
z a t i o n a r e s h o wn i n fi g. 3 ( g 4 , y 4 t e r ms ) a n d fi g. 4 ( g 2 y 2 t e r ms ) . T h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f
a d i a g r a m t o t h e s i n g u l a r p a r t o f t h e f e r mi o n wa v e f u n c t i o n r e n o r ma l i z a t i o n ma t r i x
M.E. Machacek, M.T. Vaughn / Renormalization group equations ( I )
( I ) ( 2)
( 3 ) ( 4 )
/ \ / 1 \
( 5 ) ( 6 )
91
I \
\ /
( 7 )
Fig. 3. Fe ml i on wave functi on renormalization diagrams o f order g 4 y4.
i ~ .~. ~
( I ) ( 2 )
! i l 1
( 3 ) ( 4 )
"~'%~I i f ~ I
I - , I
( S a ) ( S b )
~ J
( 6 a ) ( 6 b )
Fig. 4. Fermi on wave functi on renormalization diagrams o f order g2y2.
9 2 M. E. Machacek, M. T. Vaughn / Renormalization group equations ( I )
can be expressed as
z - ' - - 1
. F
(4.1)
where S is a group theoretic factor associated with the diagram, and ~ is the MS
expansion parameter defined by eq. (3.2).
Diagram (3.1) contributes only a single pole, with
B S = g'C2(F) [(5 + ~2a) C2 (G) - 4~$2(F ) - S2(S)], (4.2)
where C2(F ) = t A t A is the Casimir operator of G acting on the fermions. The double
pole is absent for this diagram because the polarization tensor insertion projects out
the transverse part of the vector propagator, and the one-loop divergence in the
fermion wave function renormalization is absent in transverse (Landau) gauge.
The coefficients of the singular terms from the remaining diagrams are given in
tables 3 and 4 (the appropriate one-loop counterterms have been subtracted from
each of these diagrams).
The two-loop fermion anomalous dimension matrix is then given by
_- 2
"~FI2-1P (4~r) 4 di~-~s BSagram (4.3)
as in sect. 3 for the scalars. Using the results of appendix A to rearrange the group
TABLE 3
1
S i n g u l a r p a r t s o f t h e f e r m i o n w a v e f u n c t i o n r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n m a t r i x Z ~ d e f i n e d b y e q . ( 4. l ) f r o m t h e
d i a g r a m s i n f i g. 3
D i a g r a m S A B
3.1 0 e q . ( 4. 2)
3. 2 g 4 [ C 2 ( F ) ] 2 - - l ( l - - Or ) 2 - - (1 - 0 0 2
I 2
3. 3 g 4 C 2 ( F ) [ C 2 ( F ) - C2 ( G) ] - (1 - a ) 2 - (1 + a - ~ a )
3 . 4 g 4 C 2 ( F ) C 2 ( G ) - -~(2 - a ) ( l - a ) ~2 ~ ~- a +15 a2
3. 5 y a y t b y b y t a . . . . ~ - 1-~
3. 6 ~ y , ~ y t b T r y t ay b _
3.7 ya . . . . y t b y a y t b 1 0
M. E . Ma c h a c e k , M. T . V a u g h n / R e n o r ma l i z a t i o n g r o u p e q u a t i o n s ( I ) 93
TABLE 4
Singular parts of the fermion wave function renormalization matrix Zff J defined by eq. (4.1) from the
diagrams in fig. 4
Diagram S A B
4 . 1 g 2 C 2 ( F ) y a y t a ~ ( I - a ) - 3 ( I - a )
4 . 2 g 2 y a c 2 ( F ) y t a ( I - a ) ~ ( I - a )
o 2 v b v t a A a A - - ~(2 + a) ~(3t _ ia)l
4. 3 ~ , ~ VbcVca
"2vbt Ayt aoA ~(1 -- a) -- (5 + a)
4. 4 ~ ~ . . ~ ba
4 . 5 a + 4 . 5 b , 2 t v b v t a , A A
~5 ~.~. ~. ~. Vba - - ( l - - a ) ~ ( 4 - - e t )
- I - [ A y b y t a O b A a )
4.6a + 4.6b g2(t ' 4yat aYt " - (5 - Za) - ~(3 + a)
+ y ~ Ay , ~ A)
t h e o r e t i c f a c t o r s , we o b t a i n
a F _ y a y t b y b y t a _ a 2r ( T r y a y t b ) y t a y b
(4~r) ~ 1 2 - 1 ~ = 8 . . . . . . . .
+g2 [_~ C2(S) y . y t . _ 7C2(F) y a y t . _ y.C2(F) y r . ]
+ g 4 C 2 ( F ) [ ( 1 7 - 5 a + a 2) C2 ( G ) - 2KS2 ( F ) - S2( S) ]
3 4 2
- ~ g [_C2(F)] , ( 4 . 4 )
wh i c h i s e v i d e n t l y d i a g o n a l i n t h e f e r mi o n f i e l ds . H e r e C2 ( S ) Ya Y t a i mp l i e s s u m m a -
t i o n o v e r s c a l a r f i e l d s we i g h t e d b y t h e a p p r o p r i a t e e i g e n v a l u e o f t h e C a s i mi r
o p e r a t o r .
T h i s a u g me n t s t h e o n e - l o o p r e s u l t
. ~ 1 v a v f a
( 4r r ) Eye l , - l oop 2 . - - . + g 2 . C 2 ( F ) ( 1 - a ) . ( 4 . 5 )
I t i s a mu s i n g t o n o t e t h a t f o r b o t h f e r mi o n a n d s c a l a r a n o m a l o u s d i me n s i o n s , t h e
g 2 y 2 t e r ms a r e a c t u a l l y i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e g a u g e p a r a m e t e r a . I t wo u l d b e
i n t e r e s t i n g t o k n o w i f t h e r e i s a g e n e r a l r e a s o n wh y t hi s s h o u l d b e t r ue .
5. Vector wave function renormalization
T h e t wo - l o o p r e n o r ma l i z a t i o n o f g a u g e t h e o r i e s wi t h f e r mi o n s h a s b e e n e x t e n -
s i v e l y s t u d i e d , b o t h i n c o n v e n t i o n a l g a u g e s [8] a n d i n b a c k g r o u n d f i e l d g a u g e [16].
94
M.E. Machacek, M.T. Vaughn / Renormalization group equations ( I )
\ - ~ ) /
(1) (2)
(3)
( 4 0 ) ( 4 b)
Fig. 5. Gauge field wave function renormalization diagrams of order g2y2.
Indeed, even the three-loop fl function and anomalous dimensions have now been
calculated for such theories [9].
We compute here the additional terms in the two-loop/3 function in the presence
of scalar fields. These terms are due to the diagrams of fig. 5, which involve the
Yukawa couplings, and those of fig. 6, which involve only the gauge couplings of the
scalar fields. We evaluate the diagrams of fig. 6 bot h in the usual R~ gauge [18, 19]
and in the corresponding background field gauge (B~ gauge) with the modified
( I ) (2)
J \ \ j
(30) ( 3 b )
(4) ( 5)
( 6 a ) ( 6b)
Fig. 6. Gauge fi el d wave functi on r~onn~di zadon di a~ams of order g4.
M. E. Machacek, M. T. Vaughn / Renormaf i zat i on group equations ( I )
95
Fe y n ma n rul es as gi ven i n [16]. The use of t he B~ gauge great l y simplifies t he
cal cul at i on of t he fl f unct i on fig f or t he gauge coupl i ng, since onl y t he di vergent par t
of t he wave f unct i on r enor mal i zat i on cons t ant Z A of t he ext ernal backgr ound field,
and t he cor r espondi ng anomal ous di mens i on
~'A - /~-d-~ I n Z A , ( 5 . 1 )
need be c omput e d explicitly. The n fig is gi ven si mpl y by [16]
~g= g'tA. (5. 2)
The cont r i but i on of a di agr am t o t he si ngul ar par t of Z A can be expressed as
= 1 s ( A
Z~ | (4~r) 4 ~_~ + B ) ,
(5. 3)
wher e S is a gr oup t heoret i c factor, and 7/is t he MS expansi on par amet er def i ned by
eq. (3.2). The coeffi ci ent s of t he si ngul ar t er ms for t he di agr ams of fig. 5 are given i n
t abl e 5, t hose for fig. 6 i n t abl e 6. I n t abl e 6, we give results i n Re gauge t oget her
wi t h t he addi t i onal t er ms due t o t he modi f i ed Be gauge Fe ynma n rules. We also give
t he cor r espondi ng results for di agr ams 6. 1- 6. 4 wi t h t he scalar l oop repl aced by a
f er mi on l oop.
The t wo-l oop anomal ous di mens i on for t he backgr ound field is t hen gi ven by
2
= E B s .
VA [ 2-1oop (4r) 4 diagrams
(5.4)
TABLE 5
Singular parts of the vector wave function renormalization constant Z,~ 1 defined by eq. (5.3) from the
diagrams in fig. 5
Diagram SAn ~- SSAB A B
5. I ~g2Tr Y a y t a t At B . . . . ~ 19
5.2 ~g 2 0 ~B~Tr y b y t e _ 7--
3 18
5.3 r g2Tr . . . . y a t A y t a t n _ 2
5.4a + 5.4b Kg20bAaTr Y bYt ~t A - ~
9 6
M . E . Ma c h a c e k , M . T . Vaughn / Renormalization group equations ( I )
TABLE 6
Si ngul ar parts o f the vector wave f unct i on renormal i zat i on const ant Z ~ 1 def i ned b y eq. (5. 3) from fig. 6
and diagrams 6 . 1 F- 6 . 4 F, obt ai ned from 6 . 1 - 6 . 4 by changi ng the scalar l oop i nt o a fermi on l oop.
Di agram SAn ~- S~An A B
6. 1 g 4 C 2 ( S ) S 2 ( S ) - ~ ( 2 + a ) ~ ( 4 - a )
6 . 2 g 4 C 2 ( G ) S z ( S ) ~ ~ a v ~ + v ~ a 5 5 3,
(B 0 - ~ +
6 . 3 a + 6 . 3 b g 4 C 2 ( G) S 2 ( S ) g + 5 ,)ss ~a29
I I
6 . 4 g 4 [ C 2 ( S ) - C 2 ( G ) ] S 2 ( S ) - 2 ( 1 - a ) 3629 llS a
6 . 5 g 4 [ 2 C 2 ( S ) - C 2 ( G ) ] S 2 ( S ) 0 ~ ~2 a
6 . 6 a + 6 . 6 b g ' ( [ 2 C 2 ( S) - C 2 ( G ) ] S 2 ( S ) 4 I - ~ + ~ a
6 , 1 F )cg4C2(F)S2(F) ~ ( I - or) - ~ ( I - a )
6 . 2 F ~ g 4 C 2 ( G) S 2 ( F ) - ~ - ~ot 7 I ~ + 1 ~ a 13 25
(B 0 - 1 + -~
6 . 3 F r g 4 C 2 ( G ) S 2 ( F ) ~ets ,o 3~a
(B 0 + -~(4 - ,~) -
6 . 4 F a : g 4 [ C 2 ( F ) - C 2 ( G ) ] S 2 ( F ) - 4( 1 - a ) 298 ~ t
The addi t i onal cont ri but i ons to diagrams 6 . 2 - 3 , 6 . 2 F - 6 . 3 F from the extra vert ex terms i n B~ gauge are
not ed expl i ci tl y.
Wi t h the pure gauge theory cont ri but i ons f rom [16], we t hen have
( 4 r ) 4 " y A ] 2- l oop = - - 23~g4 [ C 2 ( G ) ] 2 + K g 4 [4C2 ( F ) + ~ C 2 ( G ) ] S 2 ( F )
+ g4 [2C2 ( S) + C 2 ( G) ] S 2 ( S) - 2rg2Y4 ( F ) , ( 5 . 5 )
where the invariant Y4(F) i s def i ned by eq. ( A. 22) i n appendi x A. The terms
C2( F) S2( F ) and C2(S)$2(S ) i mpl y s ummat i on over i rreduci bl e representati ons o f
f ermi ons and scalars, respecti vel y. The correspondi ng t wo- l oop fl f unct i on f or t he
gauge coupl i ng i s t hen obt ai ned f rom eq. (5.2).
The result (5. 5) i s i ndependent o f the gauge parameter as it must be. Moreover,
the non-transverse parts o f the pol ari zat i on t ensor whi c h appear i n the cont ri but i ons
f rom i ndi vi dual di agrams cancel i n the fi nal result. However, there are no gauge-
i ndependent or purel y transverse subsets o f di agrams as there were i n the cal cul at i on
o f t he pure gauge theory di agrams by Abbot t [16]. We not e al so that the doubl e pol e
terms cancel i n B, gauge as they must; i n R , gauge, t hey sati sfy eq. (2. 16).
M.E. Machacek, M.T. Vaughn / Renormalization group equations (I) 97
6. Discussion and conclusions
From the results of sect. 5, the /3 function for the coupling constant through
two-loop order can now be written as
dg g3 ( 2K }
f l ( g) -- #d--~ = (4~r)2 ~ C 2 ( G ) - ~ K S v ( F ) - ~ S z ( S ) + ~ - ~ Y4(F)
g 5 ( ~ [ C 2 ( G ) ] 2 - K[4Cz(F) + ~C2( G) ] S2( F)
(4~r) 4
- [2C2(S) + C2(G)]S2(S)) + ' " (higher-order terms). (6.1)
While it is difficult to estimate the size of the two-loop corrections in the absence of
numerical solutions, we note that the scalars may contribute significantly.
Also, the qualitative effect of the Yukawa couplings is to push the gauge couplings
toward asymptotic freedom, tending to offset the effects of fermions and scalars in
the g5 term. Thus if there exist heavy fermions or scalars (with mass - mw), the
question of two-loop corrections to the prot on decay rate and quark-lepton mass
ratios in grand unified gauge theories must be reexamined. (For a discussion of
one-loop effects on m b / m ~, see [25] and references contained therein.)
For a gauge theory with fermions, our results for t he/ ~ function agree with the
standard results [8], and our two-loop anomalous dimension for the fermions agrees
with the result of Egoryan and Tarasov [11] computed in a general gauge, and those
of Tarrach and of Nachtmann and Wetzel in special gauges [11]. The contribution of
scalar loops to the fl function agrees with that of Jones [26] if it is noted that our
scalars are implicitly real, while his are complex. Comparisons with explicit calcula-
tions for SU(3) SU(2) U(1) are given in appendix B.
For a theory with a single Dirac fermion and a pseudoscalar field, with Yukawa
and scalar couplings, our results for the anomalous dimensions agree with that of
Vladimirov [ 13].
One of us (M.E.M.) would like to thank the Harvard theory group, and the other
(M.T.V.) the theory groups at DESY, Hamburg, and the Lewes Center for Physics,
for their hospitality while part of this work was done. We have used the algebraic
manipulation programs MACSYMA and REDUCE for some of the calculations.
We are indebted to Mark Fischler and John Oliensis for a discussion of their results
prior to publication.
This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant
Nos. PHY81-7393, PHY77-22864, PHY82-15249 and in part by the U.S. Depart-
ment of Energy under Contract No. AC02-82ER40059.
98 M. E. Machacek, M.T. Vaughn / Renormalization group equations ( I )
Appendix A
GROUP THEORETIC RESULTS
Repr esent at i on mat ri ces T A for t he generat ors of t he gauge gr oup G satisfy t he
c ommut a t i on rel at i ons
I T. a, T. B ] = i f ABCTC, (A. 1)
wher e t he f ABC ar e t h e st ruct ure const ant s of G. The (quadrat i c) Casi mi r oper at or
C E - T A T . , (A. 2)
commut es wi t h t he generat ors of G, and is t hus a mul t i pl e of t he i dent i t y on each
i rreduci bl e r epr esent at i on R of G, wi t h ei genval ue denot ed by C2(R). The Dynki n
i ndex S2(R ) for an i rreduci bl e r epr esent at i on is def i ned by
TrRT'~T B = s2 ( R) M ~ , (A. 3)
wher e t he trace is t aken onl y over R; evi dent l y
d ( G) S 2 ( R) = d ( R) C 2( R) , (A. 4)
where d( R) is t he di mens i on of R, and d( G) is t he di mens i on of t he Li e al gebra
of G.
For t he c omput a t i on of S2(R ) and C2(R) for vari ous groups and represent at i ons,
see [27,28] and t he references cont ai ned therein. I n part i cul ar, not e t hat t he
ei genval ue C2(G ) of t he Casi mi r oper at or on t he regul ar (adj oi nt ) r epr esent at i on of
G is given by
f a CDf BCO = C2 ( G) 8 A B, (A. 5)
(this defi nes an overall nor mal i zat i on convent i on). Evi dent l y
: A B C , r A , ' r B , ' P C l f - , l' t.-~ \ l ~
-,J , . , . , . =~2~,~)~.2, (A. 6)
T"T~T'~T B : [.c2- q(G)]q, (A. 7)
and, for an i rreduci bl e r epr esent at i on R,
- i f ACnTrRT_BTCT, n = C2 (G) S 2 ( R) ~AB, (A. 8)
Tr RTATCTaT c = [ C2( R ) - c2( G) ] S2( R) B aB. (A. 9)
M. E. Machacek, M. T. Vaughn / Renormalization group equations ( I ) 99
These relations are used to derive the group theoretic factors given in the tables. For
scalar and fermion representations which are reducible (as will be the case in
general), eqs. (A.8) and (A.9) are to be replaced by a sum over irreducible
representations.
If the gauge group is not simple, but is expressed as a direct product G l . . -
G, , with corresponding gauge coupling constants g~ . . . . . g, , then it is necessary to
make the substitutions
2 k
g2C 2 ~ '~'. gk C~, (A.10)
k
4 k
g'*C2 (G) C' 2 ---* E gkG( Gk) C~, (A.11)
k
4 k k
g 4 S2 ( R) C 2 --+ E g k S ~ ( R) C~ , ( A. 12)
k
2 2 k 1
g4 [C2 ]2 --~ E g k g , C~ C~, ( A. 13)
k , I
where _C k, S~ denote the Casimir operator and index for the subgroup G k. The
substitution (A.12) is appropriate for the anomalous dimensions of the scalar and
fermion fields; in the fl function for the gauge coupling constant gu the correspond-
ing substitution is
g 4 C 2 (R) S 2 (R) -~ E g~g2C2k(R) S~ ( R) . (A. 14)
k
Evidently (A. 13)-(A. 14) lead to the interplay between the coupling constants of the
different gauge groups in the two-loop RG equations.
The Yukawa coupling matrices Y~ - (Yj~) must satisfy
b A a A A a
Y~'keb~ + - = O, Yjtttk tjlYik
(A.15)
in order to be gauge invariant; in matrix form,
l A
[ ~ , y a ] = ybo~ a (A.16)
(the notation follows that of [29]). It then follows that
[ t ~, T " T t ] = o, (A.17)
whence
Y2(F) -- y a y t - (A.18)
1 O0 M. E. Machacek, M. T. Vaughn / Renormalization group equations ( I )
is a multiple of the identity on each irreducible fermion representation. Furthermore,
0~cT r ycyt b + OATr y aytc = O,
(A.19)
whence
Tr .y..ytb ___y2(s)6. b (A.20)
is a multiple of the identity on each irreducible scalar representation.
It is then easy to see that
t X Y " t A y * ~ = y a t a y t a t a
= [ C2( F) yayt " + ya.C2(F).yta ] - C 2 ( S ) y a y " f a , (A.21)
where C2(S)Y"Yt" implies summation over irreducible representations of the scalars,
weighted by the corresponding eigenvalue of the Casimir operator. Eqs. (A.16) and
(A.21) allow the reduction of the group theoretic factors in table 4 to a linear
combination of the basic invariants
C2 ( F ) Ya Y *a , y a c 2 ( F ) y t a , C2 ( S) Ya Y ta .
Also, introduce the invariants
Y4(F) -- (A.22)
y4(s) _ 1 C 2 ( S ) y ~ y t a (A.23)
d( G) Tr _ . .
[If the gauge group G is not simple, define invariants Y~(F) and Yff(S) for each
simple factor group Gk]. The group theoretic factors which appear in table 5 are
then expressed as
Tr Y a y t a l A t B = Y4 (F) 8 As, (A.24)
8fbO~T r ybyt c = Y4(S)SAs, (A.25)
Tr .Y"ta.yta.t B -- [Y4(F) - Y4 (S)] 8 AB, (A.26)
which follows directly by taking the trace of eq. (A.21). Note that the invariant Y4(S)
disappears from the fl function (6.1) for the gauge couplings.
M.E. Machacek, M.T. Vaughn / Renormalization group equations ( I )
Appendix B
1 0 1
MINIMAL SU(3) X SU(2) x U(I) MODEL
In the minimal version of the standard SU( 3) x SU( 2) x U(1) model, the left-
handed fermions consist of quark and lepton doublets denoted by q and ,
respectively, and antiquark and antilepton singlets denoted by fi, d,E in some
number ng >/3 of generations. The Yukawa couplings to the single scalar SU(2)
doublet can be written as
y = - ~FL~t-- d Fog~tq - 17Hq~Ctq + h.c. (B.1)
where ~ c - i~'2q'* is the conjugate scalar doublet, and FL, FD,/-/ are coupling
matrices in generation space (the notation used is that of [25]).
The gauge couplings gl, g2, g3 for the U(1), SU(2) and SU(3) subgroup then
evolve according to equations of the form
d g t - f l t ( g ) = _ b g? _ V ' " g2g___~
dt /16~r 2 /'~ Okl (16,/r 2)2
g3 Tr [ CUH*/ / + cDFDt FD + CLFLtFL], (a. 2)
( 1 6 ~ r 2 ) 2 " .
where the last term represents the contribution of the Yukawa couplings. The trace
is over fermion generations.
With conventional SU(5) normalization for the coupling constant gl = ~(g~v-s,
bl = - 4 n s ~o,
1
b2 = ~ - 4 n s 6 ,
b 3 = 11 - ~ n s .
Also, the coefficients b k t a r e given by the matrix
I t ( '" " / ( 000/
( bk, ) = 0 ~ _ n s ~ _~ ~ _ 9 _~ ,
0 0 102 ~ 4 -~ 0 0
(B.3a)
( B . 3 b )
( B . 3 c )
(B.4)
where the last contribution is due to the scalar doublet. Finally, the coefficients C ff
102 M.E. Machacek, M.T. Vaughn / Renormalization group equations (I)
are given by the matrix
(1 7 /
( c ; ) - - .
2 2 0
( B. 5)
These results agree with those of Fischler and Hill [17] except that we have added
the contribution of the scalar doublet to the matrix ( b~t ) , and we have corrected the
contribution of the lepton Yukawa coupling to the evolution of the U(1) coupling
constant. The anomalous dimensions of the fermions and scalars agree diagram by
diagram with the calculations of Fischler and Oliensis [30].
N o t e a d d e d . Eq. (B.4) agrees also with the result of Jones, ref. [31].
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