SolutiontoTutorial3(Chapter4)2013

Q1.Chargingofidealgasfromonecylindertoanother.
Thisisanonsteadyflow(transient)problem.Weconsidertheinstantaneousenergyandmassbalances
ofthecylinders:

Atanytimeinstance,t,
J
Jt
|N
A
u
A
] = _N
A

o
b
A
_
whereN
A

o
referstotherateofflowofgasacrossthevalve(hence,enteringintocylinderB).CylinderB
wasinitiallyevacuated(N
B
=0).
Now,differentiatingwehave,
N
A
Ju
A
Jt
+u
A
JN
A
Jt
= b
A
_
JN
A
Jt
]
Andforanidealgas,tbc E0S is gi:cn by: N =
Pv
R
c
1
onJ u = C

I, b = C
p
I
N
A
C

JI
A
Jt
+ C

I
A
JN
A
Jt
= C
p
I
A
_
JN
A
Jt
]
_
P
A
I
A
R
o
I
A
] C

JI
A
Jt
= I
A
(C
p
-C

) _
J [
P
A
I
A
R
o
I
A

Jt
_
_
C

R
o
]
1
(I
A
)
J(I
A
)
Jt
=
1
[
P
A
I
A

J
Jt
_
P
A
I
A
]
_
C

R
o
] J(lnI
A
) = J _ln _
P
A
I
A
]_

N
A
i
(mols),
u
A
i
(
[
mol
)

P
A
,T
A

CylinderA

P
B
,T
B

CylinderB
Valve
N
A

o
, b
A

u
B
I
(
}
mo
)
N
B
I
(mols)=0
Now,integratingbetweentheinitial(i)andfinal(f)statesgives
_
C

R
o
] ln _
I
A
]
I
A

_ = ln
_
P
A
I
A
_
]
_
P
A
I
A
_

_
I
A
]
I
A

_
[
C

R
c
+1
=
P
A
]
P
A

bcncc, I
A
]
= I
A

_
P
A
]
P
A

_
R
c
C
P
= 2uu _
2u
4u
_
1
3.5
= 164 K. (ons).
Frommolar(mass)balance,
N
A

+ N
B

= N
A
]
+ N
B
]

_
P
A
I
A
R
o
I
A
_

+(u)
B

= _
P
A
I
A
R
o
I
A
_
]
+ _
P
B
I
B
R
o
I
B
_
]
onJ notc tbot I
A
= I
B

1
I
B
]
=
1
I
A

-
1
I
A
]

=
1
2uu
-
1
164

I
B
]
= 2S6 K.
(notc: it is bigbcr tbon tbc initiol tcmpcroturc. )
Thus,theirrespectivenumberofmolsineachcylindercanbecomputed,i.e.,
N
A
]
= _
P
A
I
A
R
o
I
A
_
]
= _
2ux1u
5
x1x1u
-3
8.S14Sx164
_
]
= 1.466 mols.
onJ N
B
]
= _
P
B
I
B
R
o
I
B
_
]
= _
2ux1u
5
x1x1u
-3
8.S14Sx2S6
_
]
= u.94 mols
or 2S.2 g (gi:cn tbc molcculor moss o N2 is 28).

Tutorial3(Chapter4)

Q2. 1kgofgas(air)atatemperatureof25
o
Candapressureof1barundergoescyclicalprocessesin
africtionlesspistoncylindertoafinalpressureof10bar,beforeexpandingtoitsoriginalstate.Compute
theheatandworkassociatedwiththefollowingpaths:
(a) Anisothermalcompressionto10bar
,

(b) Anisobaricheatingtofrom2to3at10bar,
(c) AexpansionthatfollowsPv

=constant,followedbycoolingtostate1.
Sketchtheseprocessesusingasuitablestatediagram.
[Ans:U
12
=0,w
12
=196.9kJ,U
23
=199.1kJ,W
23
=79.6kJ,U
31
=199.1kJ,W
31
=199kJ]
Solution:
Assumeidealgasasairwherethepropertiesare
R=R
o
/M=0.287kJ/kg.K,=C
p
/C
v
=1.4.
Givenstate:P
1
=1bar,P
2
=P
3
=10bar.
P
2
P
1
=
P
3
P
1
= 1u
Fromequationofstateofidealgas,PV=mRT
I
1
=
mRI
P
=
1(u.287)(298)
1x1u
5
= u.8SS2 m
3
.

Process1to2isanisothermalcompression(T
1
=T
2
).
Andforidealgas,u=u(T),du
12
=0sincedT=0.
ApplyEq.ofstatebetween1to2:
P
1
I
1
I
1
=
P
2
I
2
I
2
onJ I
1
= I
2
= 298K,
tbus I
2
= (u.8SS2)
1
1u
= u.u8SS2 m
3
.
Process 2 to 3: This is a constant pressure process,
dP=0orP
2
=P
3
.
P
2
I
2
I
2
=
P
3
I
3
I
3
onJ P
2
= P3 ,
I
3
= I
2
v
2
v
3

But2unknownsinoneequationatthisjuncture.We
proceedtoprocess3to1reversibleandadiabatic
process,PI
y
= Constont.

P
3
I
3
y
= c = P
1
I
1
y

I
3
= I
1
_
P
1
P
3
]
y
= u.8SS2 _
1
1u
]
1.4
= u.16S1 m
3

Fromabove,I
3
= I
2
v
2
v
3
= 298 [
0.1651
0.08552
= S7S.S K.
=

Apply1
st
Lawtoprocess2to3(isobaric).
dQ
23
dW
23
=dU
23
dQ
23
=mC
v
(T
3
T
2
)+mR(T
3
T
2
)
=mC
P
(T
3
T
2
)=1(1.005)(575.3298)=278.68KJ.

U
23
=278.6879.58=199.1kJ.

We can demonstrate that the 1st Law (for a cycle) using this example, i.e., = w since sum of
internalenergyiszero.
Thesumofallheattransfersinthecycleisequaltothesumofallworktransfers.Theinternalenergyis
summedtozeroasitisaproperty.

Q3.Fig.Q2showsarigidandinsulatedvessel,comprisingtwochambersseparatedbyamembrane.One
ofthechambercontainswaterat72
o
Cand7bar,whilsttheothercompartmentisevacuated.
The membrane partition is now broken and steam in one
chamber is expanded to fill the two compartments with a
resultingpressureof14kPa.Determinethefinalstateofthe
steam and the volume of the chamber if the initial mass of
liquidis0.9kg?

FigureQ2.
0.9kgWater,72
o

Cand7bar
Evacuated
P=0,m=0

[Ans:x
2
=0.1273,T
2
=52.6
o
C,V=1.36m
3
]

Solution:
The problem a real fluid in a process. We can apply the 1
st

Lawtoaclosesystem,dQdW=U.However,theproperties
ofthewatermustbeobtainedfromthetables(asitisareal
fluid).

Fromtables,atinitialstate,P
1
=7barandT
1
=72
o
Cwhichis<
than the saturation temperature, T
sat@7 bar
=165 C. Thus, we
termedthewaterassubcooledorcompressed.
Forasubcooledwater,theenthalpyofwaterinthatstateis
approximately given by u
f
corresponding to the water
temperature,T
1
,i.e.,u
1
=u
f@72C
=302kJ/kg.
.
(page3oftables).

Wenowapplythe1
st
Lawforaprocess
dQdW=dU
Forthisprocess,arigidboundaryimplynoworkdone,dW=0
andthecylinderisinsulatedoradiabatic,dQ=0,thus
dU=0or
U
1
=U
2

0.9(302)=0.9{x
2
u
g
+(1x
2
)u
f
}

Whereu
g
andu
f
arepropertiesatstate2,P
2
=0.14bar.From
tablesandusinginterpolation,
u
f
=220kJ/kg,
u
g
=2446kJ/kg.

302=x
2
(2446)+(1x
2
)220
x
2
=0.0368

Todeterminethevolumeofvessel,weapproximate
v
2
=x
2
v
g@0.14kPa
=0.0368(10.69)=0.393m
3
/kg

ThusVolumeofvessel=mv
2
=0.9(0.393)=0.354m
3
.

Thisexampleshowsasuddenexpansion
fromstate1to2,involvingrealworking
fluid such as watersteam mixtures. The
suddenexpansionisahighlyirreversible
process. We will revisit this problem in
Chapter5.

Q4. Fig. Q3 shows the mixing of two air streams in adiabatic pipes where one stream has an inlet flow
rate and temperature of 1 kg/s and 25
o
C whilst the other has an inlet flow rate and temperature of 2
kg/sand8
o
C.Aftermixing,themassflowrateandtemperaturearem
3
andT
3,
respectively.
Forsuchaflowconfiguration,determinethetemperatureandflowratesatthepipeoutlet.Stateall
assumptionsused.Inpractice,theapplicationofthesteadyflowenergyequationissufficienttoanalyze
theproblem?Ifnot,discusswhatotherconsideration(s)maybeneeded.[Ans:3kg/s,13.67
o
C]
1
2
L+V
V
L
P
V
0.14bar
M
1
=1kg/s,
T
1
=25
o
C
Solution:

Thismayappearasasimpleproblembutitentails
all aspects of analysis required of an open flow
system.

Assumptions: (i) Ideal gas,(ii) adiabatic walls and

(iii) zero dissipative losses in the flow. Fan losses
(tomoveair)areignored.

Webeginwithmassbalance.

Then,weconsiderenergybalance:

In the real flow of air inside a ducting system,

there is always dissipative or fluid friction losses,
bend losses, etc. In this problem, we not not
considerhumidity(moistureinair)aswehavenot
coveredthis sectionyet.Ifhumidityis considered,
thenwecandoamoisturebalance.

Q5.Anadiabaticsteadystateturbineisdesignedtoserveasmallelectricgenerator.Superheatedsteam
enterstheturbineat600
o
Cand10barwithamassflowrateof2.5kg/sthatflowsthroughaninletpipe
of0.1mdiameter.Theconditionsattheturbineexitare400
o
Cand1barwherethesteamexpandsinto
anoutletpipeof0.25mdiameter.
Using the steady flow energy equation, determine the amount of work can be extracted from the
turbines.Usethesteamtablestofindthestates(enthalpy,specificvolume)ofsteamatinletandoutlet
ofturbines.Estimatethecontributionfromtheeffectsofkineticenergychange.
[Ans:1039.14kW,4.3kJ/kgor1%].
Solution:

We apply the steady flow energy equation here. The walls

areadiabatic,andasworkingfluidissteam,weneedtouse
thetablesforitsproperties.

Atinletsection

M
3
=??,
T
3
=??
turbin
Work
Outletdiameter
=0.25m
Inlet
diameter
At outlet, the state of steam is superheated (P
2
= 1 bar,
T
2
=400C.

WeapplytheSFEE,

Thus,W
12
=1050x10
3
+10.85x10
3
J/s
=1039.14kW.

Contribution from kinetic energy is only

1%.