ISSN: 2249-1945

Ravi Kishore et al, GJCAT, Vol 2 (1), 2012, 952-956

952

1
S.Nagarani,
1
Ch.Ravi Kishore,
1
A.Prudhvi Raj

2
T.V.Rama Krishna,
2
K.Sarat Kumar,
3
M.S.G Prasad,
3
B.T.P. Madhav
1
Project Students, Department of ECE, K L University, Guntur DT, AP, India
2
Professor and Associate DEAN-R&D, Department of ECE, KL University
3
Associative Professor LCRC-R&D, Department of ECE, K L University, Guntur DT, AP, India

Abstract: There is lot of demand for ultra high frequency
broadband antennas in wireless communications due to
requirements of more bandwidths. Sinuous antenna is a
type of log- periodic spiral antennas which is having
spectral efficiency over other patch antennas. Using the
commercial Ansoft HFSS software 2-petals and 4-petals
sinuous antennas were designed and simulated. The
operating frequency range is 4 to 10 GHz. Return loss,
input impedance, gain, radiation patterns, axial ratio,
polarization and directivity are simulated and presented in
this paper.
Keywords: sinuous, broadband, return loss, polarization.

1. Introduction
Log-periodic planar sinuous antennas come
under the category of frequency independent
antennas and they are mostly used in the wideband
applications[1]. The characteristics of logarithmically
periodic antenna structures repeat periodically with
the logarithm of frequency. Sinuous antenna is the
special type of spiral antenna in the microstrip
antennas which is a low profile antenna that is having
number of advantages over other antennas. It is light
weight, inexpensive and electronics like LNAs and
SSPAs can be integrated with these antennas quite
easily. It can be integrated with circuit elements and
can be designed for dual or multi frequency
operations. The usage of wideband antennas are
increasing due to its extremely fine time and range
solution even through lossy, opaque media, large
processing gains, immunity from multipath[1,2].
Sinuous antenna is having some specific
characteristics like dual polarization, broadband,
small size, and low directivity. Sinuous antennas can
be used in defence industry for sensing purpose, in
military aircrafts, in RADAR warning receivers, in
general ESM applications, feed for Square Kilometre
Array(SKA). Reliable antenna patterns can be
obtained over the given band by the designed sinuous
antennas[3].
2. Antenna Geometry
The log periodic structure is considered to
be composed of "cells", with each cell being a scaled
version of its predecessor. The "cells" of the sinuous
structure were generated from the sinuous curve
which is defined by the equation provided by R. H.
Du Hamel[5].

Where,
p
: Angular width of arc(p
th
cell)
c : Number of Cells/Resonators
r, : Polar coordinates of the curve

Active resonant Region r = /4(+)
Where , in radians
2.1 Design Specifications
4-Petals Sinuous antenna
The dimensions of the 4-petal sinuous
antenna are shown in the Table (1). The proposed
antenna is simulated between the solution frequencies
4 to 10 GHz.
S.no Input parameters Dimensions
1. Desired frequency range 4.0 to 10.4 GHz
2. No. of points along arm 200
3. No. of cells 8
4. Alpha 45 deg
5. Growth rate 0.79 cm
6. Outer radius 1.99 cm
7. Delta 22.5 deg
8. No. of petals 4
9. Port extension Height 0.1 cm
Table (1) 4-petal sinuous antenna dimensions

ISSN: 2249-1945
Ravi Kishore et al, GJCAT, Vol 2 (1), 2012, 952-956

953
2-Petals Sinuous antenna
The dimensions of the 2-petal sinuous antenna
are shown in the Table (2). The proposed antenna is
simulated between the solution frequencies 4 to 10
GHz.

S.no Input parameters Dimensions
1. Desired frequency range 3.95 to 10.15
GHz
2. No. of points along arm 200
3. No. of cells 8
4. Alpha 45 deg
5. Growth rate 0.79 cm
6. Outer radius 1.99 cm
7. Delta 22.5 deg
8. No. of petals 2
9. Port extension Height 0.1 cm
Table (2) 2-petal sinuous antenna dimensions
Figures (1) and (2) show 4-petals and 2-petals
broadband sinuous antennas respectively designed in
HFSS for the above specifications.


Figure(1) 4-petals sinuous antenna model

Figure(2) 2-petals sinuous antenna model
3. Results and Discussion
Return loss or VSWR is good when the
curve has a deep and wide dip, which shows the
antenna with good bandwidth. If the Return loss is -
3dB then the antenna absorbs 50% of the signal and
50% is reflect back. The proposed antennas are
showing acceptable return loss over the entire range
in the figures (3) and (4). For 4-petals sinuous
antenna the return loss of -17.66, - 26.21, -37.20, and
-25.93dB is obtained at 4.12, 4.35, 5.86 and 7.85
GHz respectively. For 2-petals sinuous antenna the
return loss of -14.79, - 30.75 and -29.57dB is
obtained at 4.81, 6.18 and 8.17 GHz respectively

4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00
Freq [GHz]
-40.00
-35.00
-30.00
-25.00
-20.00
-15.00
-10.00
d
B
(
S
t
(
1
,
1
)
)
Ansoft Corporation Sinuous_Antenna_ADKv1
Return Loss
m1
m2
m3
m4
Curve Inf o
dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
Name X Y
m1 4.1286 -17.6612
m2 4.3538 -26.2146
m3 5.8653 -37.2010
m4 7.8593 -25.9370

Figure (3) Return loss for 4-petals

3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00
Freq [GHz]
-35.00
-30.00
-25.00
-20.00
-15.00
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
d
B
(
S
t
(
1
,
1
)
)
Ansoft Corporation Sinuous_Antenna_ADKv1
Return Loss
m1
m2
m3
Curve Inf o
dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
Name X Y
m1 4.8123 -14.7948
m2 6.1887 -30.7518
m3 8.1733 -29.5774
Figure (4) Return loss for 2-petals
ISSN: 2249-1945
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954
Figures (5) and (6) show the input
impedance smith chart for the proposed models.
Maximum power will be transferred if the impedance
of the antenna is matched to those of the load. Rms of
0.0907 and bandwidth of 4 is attained from the 4-
petals sinuous antenna simulated results and rms of
0.2572 and bandwidth of 3.98 is attained from the 2-
petals sinuous antenna simulated results.
5.00 2.00 1.00 0.50 0.20
5.00
-5.00
2.00
-2.00
1.00
-1.00
0.50
-0.50
0.20
-0.20
0.00 -0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80 90 100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
-170
-160
-150
-140
-130
-120
-110
-100 -90 -80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
Ansoft Corporation Sinuous_Antenna_ADKv1
Input Impedance
Curve Inf o rms
St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
0.0907

Figure (5) Smith chart for 4-petals
5.00 2.00 1.00 0.50 0.20
5.00
-5.00
2.00
-2.00
1.00
-1.00
0.50
-0.50
0.20
-0.20
0.00 -0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80 90 100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
-170
-160
-150
-140
-130
-120
-110
-100 -90 -80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
Ansoft Corporation Sinuous_Antenna_ADKv1
Input Impedance
Curve Inf o rms
St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sweep1
0.2572

Figure (6) Smith chart for 2-petals
Gain is always related to the main lobe and
it is expressed in dBi or dBd. Figures (6) and (7)
show the gain of RHCP 0f 4-petals and 2-petals
sinuous antennas respectively and figure (8) and (9)
show gain of LHCP for the same in 3D view.

Figure (6) Gain RHCP for 4-petals

Figure (7) Gain RHCP for 2-petals


Figure (8) Gain LHCP for 4-petals


Figure (9) Gain LHCP for 2-petals

The polarization of an antenna is the
orientation of the electric field (E-plane) of the radio
wave with respect to the earth surface and is
determined by the physical structure of the antenna
and by its orientation. Polarization is the sum of the
E-plane orientation over time projected on to an
imaginary plane perpendicular to the direction of
motion of the radio wave. Figure (10) and (11) show
the polarization of the 4-petals and 2-petals sinuous
antennas in RHCP respectively and figure (12) and
(13) in LHCP.

ISSN: 2249-1945
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955
Figure (10) Polarization RHCP for 4-petals

Figure (11) Polarization RHCP for 2-petals


Figure (12) Polarization LHCP for 4-petals


Figure (13) Polarization LHCP for 2-petals

The axial ratio describes the electromagnetic
radiation with elliptical or circular polarization. The
axial ratio is the ratio of the magnitudes of the major
and minor axis defined by the electric field vector.
Figure (14) and (15) show the axial ratio for the 4-
petals and 2-petals sinuous antennas in 3D.


Figure (14) Axial ratio for 4-petals


Figure (15) Axial ratio for 2-petals

4. Conclusion
The objective was achieved by designing 4-
petals and 2-petals broadband sinuous antennas. The
proposed antennas were simulated and these are
giving good results for entire wide band. The
return loss of 4-petal sinuous antenna is better than 2-
petal sinuous antenna. Remaining parameters almost
same for both. Parameters of these antennas are
tabulated below.

S.no parameter 4-petals
sinuous
2-petals
sinuous
1. Wide band gain 3.867 dB 3.654dB
2. Peak gain 4.833 dB 4.567 dB
3. Peak directivity 4.773 dB 4.522 dB
4. Radiation
efficiency
1.265 1.262
5. Input impedance 0.0907 rms 0.2572 rms
Table (3) comparison of two antennas



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Ravi Kishore et al, GJCAT, Vol 2 (1), 2012, 952-956

956
One of the advantages of these models is cost
effectiveness.
5. Acknowledgements
The authors like to express their thanks to the
management of K L University and the department of
ECE for their encouragement and support during this
work.
6. References
[1]. Emily McMilin and Doug Henke, A Low-Cost Directional
Log Periodic Log Spiral Antenna, IEEE, 2010.
[2]. G. Cortes-Medellin, Novel non planar ultra wide band Quasi
Self-Complementary antenna," in Antennas and Propagation
Society International Symposium, 2007 IEEE, pp. 5733{5736,
June 2007.
[3]. V. H. Rumsey, Frequency Independent Antennas. New York:
Academic Press, 1966.
[4]. R. Olsson, P.-S. Kildal, and S. Weinreb, The Eleven antenna:
a compact low-profile decade bandwidth dual polarized feed for
reflector antennas," Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions
on, vol. 54, pp. 368{375, Feb. 2006.
[5]. M.J. Ammann and Z.N. Chen, Wideband Monopole Antennas
for Multi-band Wireless Systems, IEEE Antennas and
Propagation Magazine, 45 (2003), 146150.
[6]. R Carrel, The design of the log-periodic dipole antenna, IRE
Int. Conv. Rec., 9, pp. 6175, 1961.
[7]. P.S. Hall, Multi octave bandwidth log-periodic microstrip
antenna array, IEEE Proc., vol.133, Part H, pp127-136, April
1986.
[8]. Runa kumari and S K Behera, Log Periodic Dielectric
Resonator Antenna for Broadband Applications, International
Symposium on Devices MEMS, Intelligent Systems &
Communication (ISDMISC) 2011