1

8.16 Steam enters the turbine of a simple vapor power plant with a pressure of 12 MPa and a
temperature of 600
o
C and expands adiabatically to condenser pressure, p. Saturated liquid exits
the condenser at pressure p. The isentropic efficiency of both the turbine and the pump is 84%.
(a) For p = 30 kPa, determine the turbine exit quality and the cycle thermal efficiency.
(b) Plot the quantities of part (a) versus p ranging from 6 kPa to 100 kPa.

KNOWN: Water is the working fluid in a simple vapor power plant. Data are given at various
states in the cycle. The condenser pressure is p.

FIND: (a) For p = 30 kPa, determine the turbine exit quality and the cycle thermal efficiency,
(b) plot the quantities of part (a) versus p ranging from 6 kPa to 100 kPa.

SCHEMATIC AND GIVEN DATA:




ENGINEERING MODEL:
1. Each component of the cycle is analyzed as a control volume at steady state. The control
volumes are shown on the accompanying sketch by dashed lines.
2. Flow through the boiler and condenser occurs at constant pressure.
3. Stray heat transfer in the turbine, condenser, and pump is ignored.
4. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible.
5. Condensate exits the condenser as saturated liquid.

ANALYSIS: First fix each principal state with p
2
= 30 kPa.

State 1: p
1
= 12 MPa (120 bar), T
1
= 600
o
C h
1
= 3608.3 kJ/kg, s
1
= 6.8037 kJ/kgK

State 2s: p
2s
= p
2
= 30 kPa (0.3 bar), s
2s
= s
1
= 6. 8037 kJ/kgK x
2s
= 0.8586,
h
2s
= 2295.0 kJ/kg

State 2: p
2
= 30 kPa (0.3 bar), h
2
= 2505.1 kJ/kg (see below)

t
W

Turbine
Cooling
water
2
Condenser
Pump
p
W

3
4
1
Boiler
in
Q

p
3
= p
2
= 30 kPa (part (a))
x
3
= 0 (saturated liquid)
p
1
= 12 MPa
T
1
= 600
o
C
p
2
= 30 kPa (part (a))
p
4
= p
1
= 12 MPa
out
Q

h
t
= 84%
h
p
= 84%
T

4
3
2
1
p
12 MPa
s

2s

T
1
= 600
o
C
2
kg
kJ
) 0 . 2295 3 . 3608 )( 84 . 0 (
kg
kJ
3 . 3608 ) (
2 1 t 1 2
2 1
2 1
t

s
s
h h h h
h h
h h
h h = 2505.1 kJ/kg

State 3: p
3
= 30 kPa (0.3 bar), saturated liquid h
3
= h
f3
= 289.23 kJ/kg,
v
3
= v
f3
= 0.0010223 m
3
/kg,

State 4: p
4
= p
1
= 12 MPa (120 bar), h
4
= 303.80 kJ/kg (see below)

p
3 4 3
3 4
3 4
3 4 3
p
) ( ) (
h
h
p p
h h
h h
p p

v v


m N 1000
kJ 1
kPa 1
m
N
1000
84 . 0
kPa ) 30 12000 )(
kg
m
0010223 . 0 (
kg
kJ
23 . 289
2
3
4

h = 303.80 kJ/kg

(a) The turbine exit quality, x
2
, is

2 fg
2 f 2
2
h
h h
x



Substituting values from Table 3, h
f2
= 289.23 kJ/kg and h
fg2
= 2336.1 kJ/kg, gives

kJ/kg 2336.1
kJ/kg ) 23 . 289 .1 505 2 (
2

x = 0.9485 (94.85%)

The thermal efficiency is

) (
) ( ) (
/
/ /
4 1
3 4 2 1
in
p t
h h
h h h h
m Q
m W m W

h

Substituting enthalpy values and solving yield

kJ/kg ) .80 303 3608.3 (
kJ/kg ) 23 . 289 .80 303 ( kJ/kg ) 1 . 2505 3608.3 (

h = 0.3294 (32.94%)

3
The data for the required plots are obtained using IT as follows:

IT Code IT Results for p
2
= 30 kPa
p1 = 12000 // kPa
T1 = 600 // oC
p2 = 30 // kPa
eff_t = 0.84
eff_p = 0.84
p3 = p2
x3 = 0
p4 = p1

h1 = h_PT("Water/Steam", p1, T1)
s1 = s_PT("Water/Steam", p1, T1)

s2s = s1
p2s = p2
h2s = h_Ps("Water/Steam", p2s, s2s)

h2 = h1 - eff_t*(h1 - h2s)
x2 = x_hP("Water/Steam", h2, p2)

h3 = hsat_Px("Water/Steam", p3, x3)
v3 = vsat_Px("Water/Steam", p3, x3)

h4 = h3 + (v3*(p4 - p3))/eff_p

eta = ((h1 - h2) - (h4 - h3))/(h1 - h4)
eta 0.3295
h1 3608
h2 2505
h2s 2295
h3 289.9
h4 304.5
p2s 30
p3 30
p4 1.2E4
s1 6.803
s2s 6.803
v3 0.001022
x2 0.9486
eff_p 0.84
eff_t 0.84
p1 1.2E4
p2 30
T1 600
x3 0


I T results are consistent with the calculations in part (a).

Plots:


From the T-s diagram, we see that within the range of pressures considered the working fluid
is a liquid-vapor mixture (0 x 1) and as p
2
increases, points 2s and 2 move to the right.
Thus, x
2
increases as indicated in the plot above. Further as p
2
increases, the average
temperature of heat rejection increases, lowering thermal efficiency. Thus, h decreases as
indicated in the plot above.
Condenser Pressure versus Turbine Exit Quality
Condenser Pressure (kPa)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
1
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.9
Condenser Pressure vs. Thermal Efficiency
Condenser Pressure (kPa)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
T
h
e
r
m
a
l

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0