POWER GENERATING AND

POWER GENERATING AND

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
by
by
Engr
Engr
. Alexis T.
. Alexis T.
Belonio
Belonio
Department of Agricultural Engineering and
Department of Agricultural Engineering and
Environmental Management
Environmental Management
College of Agriculture
College of Agriculture
Central Philippine University
Central Philippine University
Iloilo City
Iloilo City
Definition of Terms
Definition of Terms

Centralized Generation
Centralized Generation

Electricity production
Electricity production
on large
on large
-
-
scale power station which are usually
scale power station which are usually
remote from electricity consumers and which
remote from electricity consumers and which
requires long distance high voltage transmission
requires long distance high voltage transmission
network.
network.

Distributed Generation
Distributed Generation

It is a power generation
It is a power generation
generally located close to where it is consumed
generally located close to where it is consumed
such a s supplying electricity on site or over the
such a s supplying electricity on site or over the
fence. They can also export energy into local
fence. They can also export energy into local
grid.
grid.

Embedded Generation
Embedded Generation

Smaller
Smaller
-
-
scale
scale
generators that are connected to electricity
generators that are connected to electricity
distribution network.
distribution network.

Cogeneration
Cogeneration

Involves the generation of two

Involves the generation of two
products from a single fuel like heat and power
products from a single fuel like heat and power
for drying and for production of electricity.
for drying and for production of electricity.
Typically it is 2 to 3 times more efficient than
Typically it is 2 to 3 times more efficient than
major conventional coal fired centralized power
major conventional coal fired centralized power
stations.
stations.

Renewable Generation
Renewable Generation

Produces no net
Produces no net
greenhouse emissions which includes power
greenhouse emissions which includes power
generated from non
generated from non
-
-
hydrocarbon, natural
hydrocarbon, natural
resources such as biomass, hydro, wind, solar,
resources such as biomass, hydro, wind, solar,
and tidal
and tidal

Peaking
Peaking

Operating regime in which the

Operating regime in which the
generator operates at its full capacity only for
generator operates at its full capacity only for
short period of times of high demand. The plant
short period of times of high demand. The plant
is shut down for the remainder of the time.
is shut down for the remainder of the time.

Base Load
Base Load

Operating regime in which the

Operating regime in which the
generator operates at full capacity at all times.
generator operates at full capacity at all times.

Demand
Demand

It is usually taken to mean the

It is usually taken to mean the
electricity requirements of the end consumer. It
electricity requirements of the end consumer. It
also includes the consumption and losses in the
also includes the consumption and losses in the
distribution and transmission networks and in
distribution and transmission networks and in
the power stations as well as end user
the power stations as well as end user
consumption.
consumption.
Sources of Energy
Sources of Energy

Non
Non
-
-
Renewable
Renewable

Coal
Coal

solid fuel usually used for furnace of large

solid fuel usually used for furnace of large
steam generator
steam generator

Fuel Oil
Fuel Oil

petroleum products of heavy oil which

petroleum products of heavy oil which
requires preheating for burning.
requires preheating for burning.

Distillate
Distillate

lighter fraction of fuel oil having low

lighter fraction of fuel oil having low
viscosity. Usually used for gas turbine or
viscosity. Usually used for gas turbine or
reciprocating engine.
reciprocating engine.

J et fuel
J et fuel

it is the lightest fraction of fuel oil having the

it is the lightest fraction of fuel oil having the
lowest viscosity used for driving gas turbine.
lowest viscosity used for driving gas turbine.

Gas
Gas

natural gas and LPG

natural gas and LPG

Renewable
Renewable

Solar
Solar

Wind
Wind

Water
Water

Biomass
Biomass
Different Generating Systems
Different Generating Systems

Steam Turbines
Steam Turbines

Gas Turbines
Gas Turbines

Hydro Turbines
Hydro Turbines

Geothermal
Geothermal

Solar Energy
Solar Energy

Photovoltaics
Photovoltaics

Nuclear
Nuclear

Fussion
Fussion
Steam Turbines
Steam Turbines

This system converts fossil fuel such as coal, gas or oil

This system converts fossil fuel such as coal, gas or oil
into electric energy.
into electric energy.

The fuel burned in the boiler releases heat, which boils

The fuel burned in the boiler releases heat, which boils
water and converts it into high
water and converts it into high
-
-
pressure superheated
pressure superheated
steam.
steam.

The stem enters the turbine where it expands and

The stem enters the turbine where it expands and
pushes against blades to turn the generator shaft to
pushes against blades to turn the generator shaft to
create electric current.
create electric current.

After the steam passes through the turbine, condensers

After the steam passes through the turbine, condensers
convert it to water that is returned by pumps to the boiler
convert it to water that is returned by pumps to the boiler
to repeat the cycle.
to repeat the cycle.

Combustion gases exit through the stack.

Combustion gases exit through the stack.

Fossil fuels are burned into the boiler by spraying in hot

Fossil fuels are burned into the boiler by spraying in hot
air.
air.
Gas Turbine
Gas Turbine

The fuel such as oil or natural gas is

The fuel such as oil or natural gas is
burned into a high
burned into a high
-
-
pressure combustion
pressure combustion
chamber that produces a hot gas that
chamber that produces a hot gas that
directly passes the turbine.
directly passes the turbine.

The turbine spins the generator to produce

The turbine spins the generator to produce
electricity.
electricity.

The turbine also spins a compressor to

The turbine also spins a compressor to
provide high pressure air to the
provide high pressure air to the
combustion chamber.
combustion chamber.
Hydro Power
Hydro Power

This uses the energy of moving water to make

This uses the energy of moving water to make
electricity.
electricity.

This system has no effect on the air quality.

This system has no effect on the air quality.

IN this system dams on a river capture its power

IN this system dams on a river capture its power
directing the fast
directing the fast
-
-
flowing water through turbines,
flowing water through turbines,
turning generators and producing electricity.
turning generators and producing electricity.

The head difference between the water level

The head difference between the water level
above and below the turbine, and the rate of
above and below the turbine, and the rate of
flow determine the amount of power generated.
flow determine the amount of power generated.
Geothermal
Geothermal

It is the source of energy that comes within

It is the source of energy that comes within
the earth.
the earth.

The basic forms includes dry steam, hot

The basic forms includes dry steam, hot
water or wet steam, hot dry dock, and geo
water or wet steam, hot dry dock, and geo
-
-
pressurized system.
pressurized system.

Dry Steam
Dry Steam

Operators pipe dry steam

Operators pipe dry steam
from natural underground reservoir
from natural underground reservoir
through a conventional steam
through a conventional steam
-
-
turbine
turbine
generator to produce electricity.
generator to produce electricity.

Hot Water
Hot Water

The hot rock beneath the

The hot rock beneath the
earth surface heats underground water to
earth surface heats underground water to
temp up to 2,200 F
temp up to 2,200 F
Photovoltaics
Photovoltaics

It converts sunlight to electricity directly without

It converts sunlight to electricity directly without
boilers, turbine, generators, piping and cooling
boilers, turbine, generators, piping and cooling
towers.
towers.

It generate power when particles of sunlight

It generate power when particles of sunlight
strike certain semiconductor materials such as
strike certain semiconductor materials such as
silicon.
silicon.

The silicon atom that absorb the sunlight and

The silicon atom that absorb the sunlight and
dislodge the electron and allow them to move.
dislodge the electron and allow them to move.

To generate one kilowatt of electricity when the

To generate one kilowatt of electricity when the
sun is brightest would require about 100 square
sun is brightest would require about 100 square
feet of photo
feet of photo
-
-
voltaic panels.
voltaic panels.
Nuclear
Nuclear

In this system the steam is created by a nuclear

In this system the steam is created by a nuclear
reactor to spin the turbine and then drive the
reactor to spin the turbine and then drive the
electric generator.
electric generator.

The nuclear reactor takes place of the

The nuclear reactor takes place of the
combustion of the boiler.
combustion of the boiler.

The heat that produces the steam comes from

The heat that produces the steam comes from
the energy release during
the energy release during
fissioning
fissioning
of uranium
of uranium
fuel.
fuel.

A controlled nuclear chain reaction takes place

A controlled nuclear chain reaction takes place
in the reactor as neutrons from one splitting
in the reactor as neutrons from one splitting
atom strike other atoms causing them to split
atom strike other atoms causing them to split
and release heat energy.
and release heat energy.
Distribution Systems
Distribution Systems

Substation
Substation

It is similar to switchyard but

It is similar to switchyard but
is usually associated with lower voltage
is usually associated with lower voltage
distribution lines. Most of the equipment is
distribution lines. Most of the equipment is
enclosed with a building.
enclosed with a building.
Small Sub Station

Switchyard
Switchyard

It is fenced area containing

It is fenced area containing
electrical equipment used to control the
electrical equipment used to control the
transfer of power from one set of power
transfer of power from one set of power
lines to another set of power lines. It is
lines to another set of power lines. It is
usually associated with high voltage but
usually associated with high voltage but
also used in association with lower voltage
also used in association with lower voltage
distribution lines.
distribution lines.

Transmission
Transmission

Electrical cabling system which

Electrical cabling system which
transfer large amount of power, usually over
transfer large amount of power, usually over
long distances. Transmission systems are
long distances. Transmission systems are
usually operated at extra high voltage (
usually operated at extra high voltage (
eg
eg
132
132
kV, 275 kV, and 330 kV)
kV, 275 kV, and 330 kV)

Network Losses
Network Losses

Amount of energy lost when

Amount of energy lost when
electricity flows in the power lines of a
electricity flows in the power lines of a
transmission and/or distribution network. The
transmission and/or distribution network. The
electrical resistance of the power lines is the
electrical resistance of the power lines is the
main contributor to this losses.
main contributor to this losses.
Transmission Line
Transmission Line entering the substation and
passing through the switch tower

Distribution
Distribution
-
-
electrical cabling system
electrical cabling system
which transfer power usually over long
which transfer power usually over long
distances, to the consumers. They are
distances, to the consumers. They are
operated at medium to low voltages (
operated at medium to low voltages (
eg
eg
110 kV, 66 kV, 33 kV, 11 kV, 6.6 kV, and
110 kV, 66 kV, 33 kV, 11 kV, 6.6 kV, and
415 kV
415 kV
Distribution Lines
Thank you very much and
Thank you very much and
God bless!!!
God bless!!!