S

c
i
e
n
c
e
by Emily Gray
Make a Concept Map
Think about energy. People use energy
every day in di fferent ways. How do you
use energy? What are the different kinds
of energy?
Before you read this book, draw a concept
map like the one shown. Write Energy in the
center oval. Write your ideas about energy
in the small ovals.
/
Energy
/-./
"
'-
/'
'" /
I
" ?
"
./ '- ./ '-
./
After you read this book, write what you
learned about energy. You can add more
ovals to your concept map.
I
.... , / I I
convectio
Do you understand?
Write the missing word to correctly
complete each sentence. Choose from
these terms.
chemical kinetic sound potential
1. A roller coaster speeding down a hill has
energy.
2. Turni ng the key on a windup lOy gives
the toy energy.
3. When wood is burned,
cha nges to heat and light.
energy
4. When an object vibrates, you can hear it
because of energy.
5. Write About Science
Write about one way light energy a nd
sound energy are alike. Write about one
way they are different.
---
How Does
Energv
nge:
by Emily Gray
PEARSON
-
--

co-dIo< ... ' ......
"--,,_.-.......
(,..,. .... """'--,,_ ............ ..,,_ ... _-'''''-'''''''_ .. "" ___ .. ,..,o_ ... _"'_...,, ___ , ........ _ ... __ ... "' ...
"-__ 000',,, , .. _"' ......... _,</', .... 0.:.' ... . ,_ . _ .. __
___ .. _ .. _ ,..,(T).c- !C. _;8l., ... ....... JAl.""'_"" _
_ 0.""'''''''_''' , ... "','_ .. ""....-'OJ __ ..
"--""",,_""""'''_r _ca:...,..o 'WC><_ ' P;!p.)
""' ... .. __ ... --. rr .. __ .. _'..,.. ___ ..,_II'"
____ 5_"-,-""",-_ ....... ""-'
........ _. "'" --...-. _ """"'-. .!tAl"'""" _ """"Gort)o
_"II, ,, _"..,.. ...... "If'l .. __ .. _ So. _.""-,,_t.I-.!
c-. '" l1li I' {II:.o< ........ ''''''''' ___ "'_ ..
... , .. .. ---,---""-
"'_&_0 __
""""' .... .. "",, "--, ...... _., ... -.. - .... -
__ n' .. u.. ......... -. ___
.. _<t>c "" "'" __ ................... __ " ....
..... -"'-...... -
........ _____ ... _or .... _ ..... _ ..
'''' __ .,. ____ .... ..... _
....,..,. _ _ 0",,, ... ___ .. , ........ _",.,.
"-_ .... u-i. -'"' ............ ...
... _,._,'"',"' .... '-
"'" ... ,.,,_,
"""""'010-'
,".,.". "",," "'31> " '"
Energy
The word energy oon r1!fer 10 rnony different things.
In science, is lhe ability to do work or couse 0 chonge.
Energy con change motter In severol ways. An object's
motion, color, shope, tempemture, or other qualities can
be changed by energy.
You ore probably (omlliar wilh sound, light, electridty,
and magnetism. Sut there ore rnony fonru of energy.
Chemical enl'rgy Is the form thot holds molecules together.
Nudear energy holds the nucleus of on otom together.
Mechanical energy Is the energy of objects that are moving
or may stort to move. Thermol energy Is the energy of heat.
G ..... line .. chemical
I, convertt'd to mech,nical
energy inside 3 car's engine.
Kinetic Energy
Ki netic energy Is produced by the mot ion of on object.
The amount of kinetic energy on oblect has depends on its
mass and Spl.'(.'(I.
An obiect's [doetle energy Increases as il5 speed
incrwses.l f you hi t 1\ baseball with (I bot slowly, the baseball
will not travel far. If you swing the bot quickly. the boll
you hit will lron'l much farther. The bat will hove mow.
kinetic energy. The amount of kinetic energy the bot hos
will affect the distance the ball travels.
A fau-moving bal II,", mort
energy than one
that moves slowly.
A bowling bali',
kinetic energy is tile
combination of lIS
spHd and 11$ mass.
Kinetic energy Is also affected by Ihe moss of on object.
rOT example, picture (I lIowltng 11011 and a foam ball the same
Sil-E!. [fyou rolll he bowling boll 0\ some bowling pi ns, you
can knock down the pins. If you usc Ihe foom ball, Ihe
pins probably wan', move ot 011. Although the two objects
ore tlw SlIme si?.e. t he howli ng bnll has mow. mass. ond
therefore has more kinetic energy.
KinetIc energy m (l iso Ix! chanqed
into other torms of energy. When you
cJ(IP your lwnds. they hove kinetic
energy. When they stri ke l'Oeh
ot her, t he kineti c energy turns
into sound energy. The harder
your hands come together, the
louder the sound.
Cta. pplng Cha.ngK . IMtX
eM'9Y into sound e .... rgv.
Potential Energy
Potential energy is energy t hai
collects in on object . II i5 sometimes
called slorod energy. There ore several
types of potentia l energy. An object 's
posit Ion ron affect t he a mount of
potentia l energy II has.
Gravi tationa l potential energy is
one Iype of potential energy. If (I
roller coaster cor sits 01 the top of
Q hill on the track, it hru potential
energy. Il ls not mOVi ng. but a s it
starts to roll down the hill , lIS
potential energy becomes kinetic
energy. An object's gravitational
polent ial energy Increases If It
starts from (I higher pl ace. The
roller coaster car rolling down a
large hili will go foster than one
rolling down (I small hill. If the
object has more moss, it olso
has more gfovitationol
potential energy.
A rol ler (oaster Y r has potential
energy a. it siu at the top of a hilt
it rolls down. the potential
ener!lY becomn . inetic energy.
Another Iys><' of potential
energy oon be expinln(!(l by looking
at I he spri ng In (I windup loy. As
you wind up the key all II I\! of
the 10)'. the spring Is compressed,
storing poterltiol energy. The more
you wind Ihe key, the more
potential energy Is Sl ored. When
you let go of the loy. II storts
to move. The potenUal energy
stored in the spri ng is converted
10 klnel lc energy
Mogneb Ill have 0 simHm kind
of potentia l energy. If you hold the
nort h poles of two mugnel$
logether, they will push eoch other
opnrl. 11 wll! feel os Ihou!] h you {Ife
squeezing n spring. When you leI
go of Ihe mngnets, Ihl s pot('ntlill
energy will lurn InlO kineti c energy.
The mognelS will move OW(IY from
('Oeh other.
When this toy is wound up.
it stores potential energy.
When it is released.
potential becon>es
kinetic energy.
Unlih poles on a magnet will
each other.
Like On a magnet will
u . :h other.
Chemical Energy
Average Energy in Foods
Slice of Bread
"
'"
n
0' ....
..
.... ..
Banana
".
Skim Milk
".
..,,,
as
Potato
".
(up of Ice Cream
".
(harl l l>ows Ihe
average energy
01 some (ommon foods.
Chemical energy is created
when electrons form bonds
bI:!\wccn atoms in mok'Cules.
Bonds form when a toms shore
elect rons or when electrons move
from one (110m to onother. The
more eloorons Incl uded in a bond,
the more cllemlcol energy the
bond hos.
fuels ore 0 type 0 1 chemical
energy When you burn gasoline in
(I (or or burn (I log i n a woodslove,
you ore uSing fueL When fuels ore
burned, chemiool energy is changed
into other types of energy. Some
typf'S of fuels have more chemico)
energ)' than ot her types of fuels.
A kil ocoionc Is onc wuy to measure
hoot energy given off by 0
burni ng fuel. One kilocalorie is the
omoun! 0 1 energy nCNlcd to raise
I he Il! mperOl ure of one li ler
of waler one dcg!"(.'C
Celsius.
When wood burns. <t.8T1Kal
ene'9Y;' <t.anqed into light
ene'9y ;md liN t energy.
Nuclear Energy
11<1<"'" of

A ..... ", ...... <o/IidP<
willi .an.rom . f>d rtI<!
of me Llr...,;"m
.rom jp/"H in n.rr.
An 110m it held
logelher by .... ,,;lY.
When lIfI 110m it split.
some of Ihil energy
it .. luwd.
,
.-
. , . 1

Potential energy can also be
found In the struct ure of a tom$.
Aloms are made up of protons,
neutrons, and electrons. The
protons a nd neutrons of a n atom
are located in lis nucleus. An atom's
el ectrons surround Ihl! nucleus.
The nucleus of on a tom cont ains
a large amount of potential energy.
Very strong forces hold Ihl! protons
togl!ther. If the nudeusis spli t,
energy is released.
Nuclear power plants
produce energy that heats water,
luming It Into steam. The steam
turns turbi nes oonnected to
genemtors. The generotors make
electrical energy.
In .. .. r power plant.
the bonds th.1t t>old 110m.
togelt- ... broken. rele.sing
hN lenergy.
Sound Energy
Sound is n wave of vibrat ions tha I spreads om fro m a
$01If<:e. Vibrations ore rapid lxack. .. ondforth of
on object. When sound waves trovel through moterials, the
molecul es that make II)) the mat erial ,-Ibmte. The molecules
bump lnlO nearby molecules, rousing them \0 vibrate as well .
As pml lcles ,,[brote, they move d ose W91!Iher nnd then
back opo", over nnd over ogoln. Crests ore areas where
particles ore dose together. The diStonCC between two crests
is coiled the wo\cl(!ng, h. The fn:qwmcy of a wovelength is
the number of crests thot pass by a point in one second.
rrl'<jucll cy also ml'(l.SUres how fWi t punick'S mc vibrating.
When, bowls .ubbed
the of a
viotin. the st ri ngs vibtate.
chatlging kinetic en,,'9Y
into mund
Some sounds Or(! louder
thon others. This Is because an
object thai produces 0 loud
sound vibrates more thon on
object thaI produces 0 quieter
sound. If the source of Q sound
Is vibroting moll', the sound
waves will hove more energy.
Units rolled decibels are used
to memure the loudness of
o sound. If the loudness of 0
sound incrt'OS('S by JO decibels,
thesoundcorrles l OUmes
more energy.
Your Voice
The vocal cords In your throat
vibrate when you speok. Ai r rushes
past the vocal cords. making the air
panicl es a round you vibrate. The
vibratl ons travel through the air In
all directi ons as sound WQves. a nd
other people con hear you talk.
We u n wnt.ol tIM pitch
Ind Ioudneu 01 OUt VOK ....
The dec:ibel KlJ'" Is
10 the loudness
of loOunds.
How Sound Behaves
Sound con travel
through :;.olids, liquids, or
gOSl.'S. Sound cannot trove!
through (1 vacuum. A vncuum Is nn
empty space that does not oonloi n
part icles. Si nce there all! no particles
[0 vibrat e and corry sound waves,
thcll! is no sound. ThIs Is why there
is no sound in outer spoce.
Bats use to
them fi nd lood.
When sound waves Tooth a dill Cr(!nl moterial , (1 few
thi ngs con happen. The sound waves con bounce bock (rom
the border betwccn Ihe tIIoleriols. the woves con pass, or Ihl!)'
can be absorbed. Echoes ore sound waves that bounce, or
reflect. 0\ the sume angle at which hit an oojt'<t.
Sound waves travel at different speeds in different
materials. Sound travels about 1,500 meters per second in
t he ocenn. The speed thot sound travels
in (llr drpcnds, in pmt, on thl! nir's
temperoture. II travels about
330 second in oir
thaI is O"e.
Male-rials fo< mus ical
i<1n ",ments are chosen
because th .. y U "Y
loOund w, ves very well.
Sound Transfers Energy
RKot'ding studios use spKl3l materials to ab.orb ... und.
Sound connot trovel beyond the wolls of this recording
studio. Soundproofi ng mcul!rinls all! rP.gulnrly used in rooms
such ns this to prevent sound (rom movi ng post {\ certa in
poi nt. This men ns thntthe sound bounces around [md insi de
the soundprooti ng rnotcriolll1nny times. The material
(lbsorbs sound energy and tu rns!t Into thermal energy_ This
the sound to be harder to ht'Or outSide the room.
When sound reaches )'our
l'<l r, your eardrum ubsorbs
some of t he energy. Your
eardrum vibrates, and you
hear the sound.
the N '
ollf .... Hf
Light Energy
Like sound WOVt'$, li ght waves hove certain wovelengths
ond frequencies. light con olso be reflected by, absorbed by,
or pass through certoln obfect.s, just as sound oon.
light is different from sound in one mojO!" way: light is not
a vibration of particles. light is 0 form of electromagnetic
radiation, which is a combinotion of electric and magnetic
energy. The electrons In an object transmIt, or give off. light.
Electromagneti C rodiallon makes up (l spedrum, or range.
Many different frequendes and wavelengths are included in this
spedrum. Objects that you see every day transmit or reflect
certain wavelenglhs of visible Ught. The Ught enten your eyes,
ond you see the different wavelengths as different oolon.
t.dioWiO.....,
The light _ lee i. only part 01
t h .JKtromagnelic .peclrum.
It .. bo indudes X ,jOys, , ,,dio
waves. and mic,owaV<!s.
,..,
RlHliOl wo,k using
bands of <"dio
waV<!s than TV .
/

The electromagnetic spectru m consists of the entire
rooge of light wavelengths. Ilumans can see only some of
these wavelengths. Some wavelengths thot are 100 long to be
with the noked eye have low frequencies and low energy.
Infrared waves, microwaves, and mdio waves all:' types of
long wavelengths. Many things thol g!vl' off visible light also
Infmred waves.
Other wavelengths that ore 100 short for us to _ ha ve
high frequencies. Ultraviolet light, X-my. tlnd gamma roy
radiation 011 hove shon wavclengths. These types of
wavelengt hs haY(' mOre energy thon visible light.
Besides visible light, the Sun gives off ultraviolet,
Infrared, X-roy. aud other rodlaUon. All stoTS give off
different kinds of radiation. SomE' slors give off only a lillie
visi ble Ughl. All SlOTS give off ra dio wav{'$.
MicTOWavft <an 1M uoed
to took food.
I
viJillie uIu,..;o!er
"',
/
X r.)"
X rays tarry more energy Ihan
visible light and tiln penetrate
soft pam of our bodies.
'NIl
17
White light is. mixture
of wavelengths from
different parts olthl
spe<trum. A prism splits
while Ilghllnto Its
component colors.
light also bends, or refracts,
when It posses 01 on angle from
one type of material inlo another
type of material. Prisms are
Iransporenl objects that bend the
different wavelengths of light and
separate those wavelengths. When
while light enters a prism, it exits
as different colors. Rainbows
appear because light reflects and
refracts through .... aler droplets in
Ihe air.
Raindrops can aU as
prisms, turning white
sunlight into a rainbow.
Whet1llght Is absorbed by your skin, it turns into
thermal anargy. This Is why sunlight leels Wilfm.
When there Is a dense object In Ihe polh of Ughl,
a shadow Is caSI. light bends at the edges of the object.
The size of (I shadow depends on the size of the object and
its distance from Ihe light source. Shadows are larger when
Ihe object Is larger and doser 10 Ihe light source.
When light Is absorbed, light energy Is tronsformed into
thermal energy. That Is why an object Ihol is directly under
the Sun Is wanner than an object that Is In the shade.
Colored materia] absorbs some fll"Cluenoes and wavelengths
of light. It reflects other frequendes. The ones that are
refll'Cted produce the colors that we see.
21
Conduction, Convection,
And Radiation
The steam and W'"'rn
air ,ising from thl
mug is;ln Uilmple of
(onvKtion.
[I you Sil 111 Q warm cor or touch
a mug of hot cocoa, you feel warmth.
Thermal energy rno,'j's between
materials with dilleren! temperotures.
Thermol energy nonnolly flows from
wormer substances to cooler
substances. Thili energy flows between
you and the things around you, making
you feel worm or cool. This movement
o[ thermol energy is whol we usually
0011 hral.
J lco! rnOVl'S in thrtt ways:
conduction, convect ion. and radiation.
Thcrmll l energy is trlll15ferred by
conduction when two materials touch
nnd thei r portlclcs collide. The war mer
object tranSlers some of its kinetic
energy 10 the part icles of the Cool er
object. The temperature 01 the warmer
object deoeoses as energy
fl ows to the cooler Objl'CI. If
the two objects ore in contact
for enough time, the kinetic
energy will conti nue to flow
until the temperatures of
both objecls are equal.
The heat you feel from an
elKt ric heater is r;)(ji.lation.
The convection process transfers heat when liquids
or gases move in a specit1 c way. When a liqui d or gas is
heated, Its particles move foster and spread aport. A hOI
liquid or gas i.'lless dense thnn when it Is cooler. II tloats
10 the tOp. As 1\ cools. the liquid or 90S becomes denser
and si nks, moving In a circular pollem.
Radiation Is the transfCf" of heot by electromagnetic
woves. J leat ls usually tn:msferred by infrared waves.
Other types of electromagnetic waves con also tronsfer
heat. As objects give off heat, their temperature
decreases. Energy has many forms a nd moves in mony
ways. 1\ is In sounds, heot, light, electricity, and moving
objects. In fact , energy is all around you oli lhe time.
Whenever you walk down the street, heor a song, or even
feel sunli ght on your face, you are eKperi enclng energy!
A metal pan condUCIS hu t
f rom the lIov, to th. food .
The wooden handle do.s
nOl conduct hu t _ II. 50
il p o t ~ your hand.
Glossary
conduction
convect ion
electrolnagnetic
radiation
energy
kinetic energy
IJotenliulenergy
theronal energy
the movement of heat betwHn two
Ihol ore t()\lehlng
the tmnsfer of heat by n moving liquid
or gas
the combination of electric and
mogncUc energy
the a bility to do work or cause a change
energy that Is produced by the motion
of (In object
energy In on
thc lotol of 011 thc kinetic and potential
energy of Ihe ola ms of em object
Did you understand?
Write your answers.
1. What does the frequency of a sound
measure?
2. What two factors determine how much
kinetic energy an object has?
3. What are the three ways heat moves?
4. Whot is thermal energy?
The Sound of Music
Look at the picture. Think about the kind
of sound the instrument ma kes. How does
the instrument make thaI sound?
Draw an instrument thot you play or that
you would like to play. Find out how that
instrument makes sounds.
Write what you learned. Share wi th a
partner what you learned.
Electrical Energy
( Ied ri<ity Use in on
Avere>gl! Home
C9
h
"'9
Look at the pie chart. Use it to answer the
questions. Write your answers.
1. What does the pie chart show?
2. Less electricity goes toward lighting than
toward running a refrigerator. What is the
difference in percentages?
3. What percentage of the electricity used
would be saved if the air conditioner were
used half as much?
""'"
.-.
.
Reading Support
PEARSON
-
pta ISOn 5<11001. (om