Plant Assignments

What is the IEEE definition of what a governor system is?
In essence what does t

his mean for hydro-electric unit operation?
Governor: The combination of devices and mechanisms which detect speed deviation
and convert it into a change in servomotor position. It includes the speed sens
ing elements, the governor control actuator, the hydraulic pressure supply syste
m, and the turbine control servomotor.
<question>
What are the three main subsystems of a governor system?
What is the purpose of each?
</question>
·         Control: mechanical, el
ectric, or electronic components that monitor the speed and power output of the
system, and initiate changes to the water-flow when required
·         Hydraulic: hydraulic va
lves and servomotors that effect the changes to the water-flow by moving the wic
ket gates
·         Hydraulic oil system: o
il storage and delivery system that ensures adequate pressure in the hydraulic s
ubsystem, so that it can perform its operations.
What is the primary function of the governor when the unit is not connected to t
he power system?
To control the speed of the generator by regulating the flow of water which driv
es the turbine. When the unit is not connected, this will result directly in a c
hange in unit RPM.
What is the primary function of the governor when the unit is connected to the p
ower system?
When the unit is connected to the system, a change in water flow will result in
a change of electrical power output not RPM.
The governor regulates the frequency and power output of the unit.
What is the purpose of the Pilot Servomotor?
·         Pilot Servomotor &ndash
; A “differential area plunger” rises when a gate opening is request
ed and lowers when a gate closing is requested. The raising and lowering of the
Pilot Servomotor operates the Distributing Pilot Valve Plunger via the Upper Flo
ating Lever.
What is the purpose of the Distributing Pilot Valve Plunger?
Controls the position of the Valve Servomotor by working in conjunction wi
th the Distribution Pilot Valve Bushing, either porting high pressure oil to, or
trapped oil away from, the upper side of the Valve Servomotor.
The Distribution Valve Plunger/Valve Servomotor combination represents the secon
d stage in the hydraulic amplification process.
What is the purpose of the Wicket Gate Servomotor?
Wicket Gate Servomotor – One or two (or four) large hydraulic cylinders wh
ich adjust the shift ring to open or close the wicket gates.
On what principle does the governor system operate?
A governor works on the principle of hydraulic amplification. “A small for
ce on a small area will create a proportionally larger force on a larger area&rd
quo;.
What are the main governor types and what are the typical ways speed of the hydr
o-electric turbine is detected?
·         Mechanical – dete
cts speed using a flyball on top of the generator shaft or driven by a flexible
cable
·         Electric-Mechanical &nd
ash; A synchronous motor drives the flyball unit. The motor is driven be a Perma
nent Magnetic Generator (PMG) on top of the unit or by the generator VT secondar
ies.
·         Analog Electronic &ndas
h; PMG (permanent magnet generator) or using a speed signal generator (SSG)
·         Digital Electronic &nda
sh; voltage sensings (from the unit’s voltage transformer) or speed signal
generator (SSG) for speed sensing.
What is the Gate Limit?
The Gate Limit setting establishes a maximum Wicket Gate Position between 0 and
100%.
What is meant by Gate Position and what are the two ways it can be controlled?
<answer>
Gate Position is the relative amount the wicket gate is open
Frequency Setter (15F): When the unit is not synchonized, speed can be varied by
adjusting the 15F which opens and closes the wicket gates
Power Setter 65P: When the unit is synchronized,  MW output of the gen
erator increases or decreases by adjusting 65P which opens and closes the wicket
gates.</answer>
What conditions put a governor into Actuator Lock?
<answer>
Governor control failure
·         Loss of a PT source whi
ch prevents MW feedback to governor Control.
·         Failure of the speed si
gnal (SSG) when the unit is over 25% speed, sensed by 65SF. ·
       Loss of power on the redundant power supply
, sensed by 27BX. ·
    Removal of any governor electronic modules, sensed by 65MI &m
iddot;
    Activation of the governor test switch (43GT)</answer>
What is meant by Actuator Lock?
<answer>
Actuator Lock allows the use of the generator, but all automatic governing actio
n is lost.
Not possible to raise or lower MW
governor will not respond to changes in turbine speed
Gates can be lowered using Gate Limit or Shutdown Solenoid
cannot reset remotely</answer>
What is meant by Lock Free?
<answer>
Actuator Lock Free is when the Gate Limit is lowered to the gate position. The l
ock free limit switch closes to establish "Actuator Lock Free" status
The wicket gates follow Gate Limit
Still no governor action but unit can be raised or lowered using Gate Limit cont
rols
Allows control centres to control the load</answer>
In a hydro-electric generator what is the purpose of the exciter?
<answer>
The exciter controls the generator’s terminal voltage by controlling
the current applied to the field windinngs which determines the strength of the
magnetic field on the rotor.</answer>
What three factors affect the voltage induced in the stator of a hydro-electric
generator?
·         Strength of the magneti
c field
·         Rate of change of the m
agnetic field
·         Length of the conductor
exposed to the changing field
What is the most practical method of controlling the voltage on an AC hydro-elec
tric generator? How is this achieved?
Changing the strength of the magnetic field.
Achieved by controlling the current flow in the windings of the electromagnets w
hich create the magnetic field of the generator. (exciter)
What is the secondary purpose of the exciter and what components are used to pro
vide this response?
A secondary purpose is to counteract system disturbances by briefly increasing o
r decreasing the generator terminal voltage. The exciter can respond much faster
than the governor because of hydraulic response time.
In general, how does a static exciter work?
Static exciters convert AC from the generator to a DC current which is fed to th
e field windings.
What is the purpose of the Exciter Transformer?
Transforms the generator’s terminal (output) voltage to the input voltage
required by the exciter.
What is meant by the term Field Flashing? What are the two options for Field Fla
shing and which is typically used?
Field Flashing provides DC current required for starting because the generator m
ay not retain sufficient residual magnetism. The field is briefly energized by c
onnecting the field windings to a DC source.

AC source: an existing AC electrical supply, such as station service which is co
nverted to DC.
DC Source: Station batteries. Blocking diodes required.
What is the purpose of the Field Breaker?
Field Breaker (41) – Provides a means of interrupting the field circuit. N
C and opens to isolate the exciter from the generator field.
What is the purpose of the Brushgear?
Provides the rotating connection to the field windings.
The Automatic Voltage Regulator has two control modes, a 70V and a 90V. Which on
e is manual and what does this mean to the operator? If the unit was in automati
c what would it mean to the operator?
Varies the resistance in the field of the main exciter.
70V is manual.

90V is automatic. The exciter tries to maintain a setpoint.
Fully explain what a Capability Curve is (include one with your answer).
<answer>
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There is a minimum and maximum excitation before the machine becomes unstable.

The curve actually has three areas:

·         The field heating limit
(rotor poles) when maximum excitation current is put through the field poles
·         The armature (stator) h
eating limit when maximum current is pushed through the stator windings
·         The armature (stator) e
nd turn heating limit when minimum excitation current is put through the rotor p
oles
1. Out of Step Conditions – this is where the unit goes past its stability
limit and is in danger of slipping a pole due to the weak magnetic field bondin
g the rotor to the stator (represented by the
bottom third of the curve)
2. Stator Heating Limits – this is where the stator is carrying high level
s of current due to the load on the unit which may be causing heating damage to
the stator windings (represented by the middle third of the curve)
3. Field Winding Limits – this is where the field current is extremely hig
h and heating damage to the field windings may occur (represented by the top thi
rd of the curve)</answer>
What additional exciter facilities are there and what purpose do they serve?
Current Limiter – Limits the initial excitation current during generator s
tartup
-       Reduces exciter output during disturbances

Minimum Excitation Limiter – Regulates the minimum exciter level to preven
t machine from becoming under-excited which could endanger synchronism with the
power system.

Volts/Hz Limiter – Limits excitation as the frequency decreases on shutdow
n
-       Protects the stator and transformer from o
vervoltage at 60Hz by tripping the unit if the voltage is too high for too long.

Power System Stabilizer – Allows the exciter to aid in damping power syste
m oscillations by changing the field current.
What are the three quantities that must be matched for synchronizing to take pla
ce? How is each accomplished for a hydro-electric generator to be synchronized?
-       Voltage magnitudes
-       Frequency of the voltages
-       Phase angle between the voltages
With respect to synchronizing generators to the system, what is meant by the &ld
quo;incoming” source?
Generator is “incoming” source and the system is the “running&
rdquo; source.
What is the consequence of not matching the voltage magnitude variable?
If the voltage magnitudes are not closely matched, a sudden rise of MVAR will fl
ow across the circuit breaker. This could cause a change in area voltage or inst
ability for the incoming generator or other generators.
What is the consequence of not matching the frequency variable?
<answer>
If the frequencies are not matched, a sudden change in MW flow will appear acros
s the circuit breaker.
When synchronizing, the generator runs slightly faster so it is producing MW whe
n it syncs, not motoring.</answer>
What is the consequence of not matching the phase angle variable?
If the phase angle variable is not matched, a large MW flow increase will appear
. This is hard on the generator as the rotor gets snapped into a position relati
ve to the power system.
What is a synchroscope and how is it used?
A synchroscope is a simple piece of equipment used to monitor the three synchron
izing variables.

A synchroscope inputs voltage waveforms from both sides of the open circuit brea
ker. If the voltage waveforms are at the same frequency, the synchoscope does no
t rotate.
What is a synch-check relay and why isn’t it used for generator synchroniz
ing?
A synchro-check relay electrically determines if the difference in phase angle f
alls within allowable limits. Synch-check relays do not provide indication of th
e voltage magnitude, frequency, or phase angle so are not used for generator syn
chronizing.

What is the difference between a generating station auto synchronizer and a tran
smission station synchronizer?
Generating station auto synchronizers send pulses to generator’s exciter a
nd governor control systems to change the voltage and frequency of the unit, tra
nsmission station synchronizer’s do not adjust any parameters.
What is AGC? What does AGC use as an indicator that generation and load are not
in balance?
<answer>
Automatic Generation Control. AGC systems simultaneously control many governors
to balance generation to load. AGC uses ACE (Area Control Error) to balance gene
ration to load.
AGC makes adjustments to the load reference set-points of the governors for all
the Balancing Authority.</answer>
What are the three control modes for AGC? Describe each.
-       Constant Frequency Control – the AGC
system monitors only frequency. This mode only responds to frequency error. Onl
y used when tie-lines to other Balancing Authorities are open.

-       Constant Net Interchange Control – A
GC system only monitors tie-lines and responds to interchange errors. Only used
when we have no frequency indication.

-       Tie-Line Bias Control – AGC system r
esponds to both frequency and tie-line errors flow. Uses ACE.
Which mode of AGC is typical if the BC Hydro Balancing Authority is connected to
its adjacent Balancing Authorities which good sources of tie-line telemetry and
frequency?
Tie-Line Bias.
What mode does a unit have to be in to be started from either FVO or SIO?
All systems must be operational and in the “automatic” and “re
mote” modes.
What is the typical auto start for a large Francis type turbine, including the p
re-start conditions?
Prestart:
·         Penstock full and Intak
e Gate open 100%
·         Governor pressure and a
ll unit auxiliaries normal
·         Automatic Voltage Regul
ator, Lift Pump, Unit Brakes, Gate Locks in Auto control
·         Unit control in “
auto”
·         Unit in “remote&r
dquo; control
·         All unit relay protecti
on and speed switches operational

Auto Start:
Iniate an auto-start via SCADA.
·         Field breaker, if open,
closes
·         Brake Solenoid de-energ
ized to release brakes
·         Cooling Water Valve ope
ns
·         Lift pump starts forcin
g oil into the thrust bearing
·         When all brake pads cle
ar, the Cooling Water Valve is 100% open and the Lift Pump has reached its opera
ting oil pressure, the Governor Shutdown Control Supervision will pick up
·         Gate Lock solenoid pick
s up and releases the Gate Locks
·         Governor Shutdown Solen
oid picks up after Gate Locks are clear
·         Wicket Gates will open
after Gate Limit rises to 20% "breakaway" position
·         At pre-determined speed
, Speed-No-Load Solenoid picks up to limit the wicket gate opening to speed-no-l
oad position
·         At a pre-determined spe
ed when sufficient oil film has been established at the thrust bearing, the Lift
Pump will shut down.

How long does a typical hydro-electric unit take to come to a complete stop foll
owing an auto stop? What should be done if an auto stop incomplete sequence alar
m comes in?
A typical hydro-electric unit takes 10 minutes to come to complete stop followin
g an auto stop.

If an auto stop fails, a decision must be made on whether to start the unit agai
n or call out staff to investigate.
<question>
All of BC Hydro hydro-electric generators are capable of running in generate mod
e. What other mode of operation are some generators capable of running in? Descr
ibe this mode of
operation.
</question>
Synch-condense: unit operates as a motor rather than a generator so the unit is
using MW from the system rather than generating them.
What is the basic process for putting a shutdown unit into generate mode?
·         successful start sequen
ce and synchronization to the grid
·         Set the governor output
to produce MW
<question>
What is meant by the term “prohibited zones”? Explain by defining th
e various types of “prohibited zones”.
</question>
<answer>
“Prohibited zones” are rough load zones or zones where extreme cavit
ation occurs.
Rough load zones: turbine is subject to extreme vibration and there is risk to t
he generator/turbine</answer>
What is cavitation?
Cavitation is the formation of empty cavities in a liquid by high forces and the
immediate implosion of them. Occurs when a liquid is subject to rapid changes i
n pressure causing the formation of cavities in the lower pressure regions of th
e liquid. The cavitation causes wear and pitting of the turbine.
What is meant by the “torque angle” of a hydro-electric generator?
<answer>
The torque angle of a synchronous machine is defined as the angular separation b
etween the rotor and stator’s rotating magnetic fields.
The rotating magnetic field of the stator is
primarily due to the 3 phase system to which the generator is attached while the
rotating magnetic field of the generator is controlled by the generator operato
rs.</answer>
What is the 65P of a hydro-electric unit used for?
Governor load reference setpoint (65P). Increasing 65P opens the wicket gates. P
roduces more MW because the torque angle increases.
What is meant by the term governor droop? What is meant by the term isochronous?
Do we normally operate units in isochronous? If not, why?
<answer>
Governor droop: when added to a governor, forces generators to respond to freque
ncy disturbances in proportion to their size.

Isochronous: a governor that strives to maintain its target frequency for all lo
ad levels.

We don’t operate governors in isochronous for interconnected power systems
because they tend to be unstable and enter into speed oscillations.

<span style="background-color:#ffffff; color:#ff0000;">Correct but watch the las
t part of your answer. What would happen if we had one unit on isochronous
in the system and the rest in droop </span>

In a restored system, additional units can be paralleled to an isochronous gener
ator as long as only one generator is in isochronous mode so they don’t co
mpete. As the system grows, the usefulness of isochronous control diminishes bec
ause no single unit can regulate a large power system.
When islanded.</answer>
What effect does varying the excitation have on the strength of the field on the
rotor? What does varying the field do the MVars the unit is producing or absorb
ing? What net effect does this have on the terminal voltage of the machine and t
he station bus voltage?
Varying the excitation increases or decreases the strength of the field on the r
otor.

If excitation current is raised: produces VARS
If excitation current is lowered: absorb VARS

If VARS are produced, the terminal voltage of the machine and the station bus vo
ltage increases.
If VARS are absorbed, the terminal voltage of the machine and the station bus vo
ltage decreases.
What is meant by the term “synchronous condense” mode?
When a unit is acting as a motor. The torque angle is negative.
What is the basic process for putting a shutdown unit into synchronous condense
mode?
·         Unit is unloaded to les
s than 25% gate position
sync condense initiated
• The wicket gates are closed to the SNL position (approx 0 MW)
• The reverse power relay is blocked
• The wicket gates are closed completely without tripping the unit offline
(the unit immediately starts to draw a large number of MWs from the system)
• Cooling water valve to the upper and lower seals opens
• Air admission valves are opened to depress the draft tube water level bel
ow the height of the turbine runner allowing the unit to
·         spin in air (reducing t
he amount of MWs drawn from the system)
What is the reason for admitting compressed air into the draft tube during synch
ronous condense mode operation?
To depress the water below the height of the runner because motoring the unit wi
th the with the unit submerged requires a large amount of power.
Do the MVars have to be taken off a generator before it can be put in synchronou
s condense mode?
MVARs do not have to be reduced off the unit. The unit will remain connected to
the system and have the largest operating region once in synch condense.
What is the only thermal plant operated remotely from FVO or SIO?
Rupert gas (RPG)
What are the two main reasons RPG is run?
• The Prince Rupert area has been subjected to an outage (loss of 2L101) an
d RPG is required to be blackstart to supply the area load
• 2L101 or another facility is scheduled out of service which requires the
operation of the plant at some loading
Can RPG units be run in synch condense? If so, what is the procedure to transfer
RPG units into condense? What is the procedure for transferring RPG units from
condense into generate?
Yes

·         Unit is synchronized as
a generator
·         Change unit from genera
tor to condense mode
·         The turbine shuts down
automatically with Generator is still connected as a synchronous condenser

Condense to Generate:

·         Unit must be shut down
directly from sync condense
·         15 minute delay to star
t the unit back up

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