THIRD Grade

English
Simple
present




Example: Are you student? Is she a student?




Imperatives






Should and shouldnt
MODALS
SHOULD: GIVING ADVICE
MUST/MUSN'T: STRONG OBLIGATION
1. I don't think you eat so much chocolate. It's bad
for your health.
2. Children behave well when they're in class.
3. If you drive a car, you stop at marked crossings.
4. I think waiters try to be pleasent with customers.
5. Some workers wear hard hats because their jobs
are considered dangerous.
6. If you feel sick, you stay at home. It's better
for you.
7. Police officers wear a uniform.

MUST: STRONG OBLIGATION. IT'S PERSONAL. IT
INVOLVES THE SPEAKER'S OPINION.

HAVE TO: STRONG OBLIGATION. IT'S EXTERNAL:
law, rules...

8. I do my homework. My teacher always checks if
we have done the exercises.
9. I get my hair cut. I don't like it so long.
9. We go home. My mother has told me to arrive at
ten o'clock.
10. I study hard. I want to pass the exam.
11. In Spain, children go to school until they're 16.
12. You phone every day, darling!


MUSTN'T: STRONG PROHIBITION
DON'T HAVE TO: IT'S NOT NECESSARY
13. You accept things from strangers!
14. When you go into a clothes shop, you have to buy
something. You can just look.
15. You steal things from shops.
16. Children pay bills.
17. Children eat junk food every day.
18. Some millionaires get up very early.
Zero Conditional: certainty
We use the so-called zero conditional when the result of the
condition is always true, like a scientific fact.
Take some ice. Put it in a saucepan. Heat the saucepan. What
happens? The ice melts (it becomes water). You would be
surprised if it did not.
IF condition result
present simple present simple
If you heat ice it melts.
Notice that we are thinking about a result that is always true
for this condition. The result of the condition is an
absolute certainty. We are not thinking about the future or
the past, or even the present. We are thinking about a simple
fact. We use the present simple tense to talk about the
condition. We also use the present simple tense to talk about
the result. The important thing about the zero conditional is
that the condition always has the same result.
We can also use when instead of if, for example: When I get
up late I miss my bus.
Look at some more examples in the tables below:
IF condition result
present simple present simple
If I miss the 8 o'clock bus I am late for work.
If I am late for work my boss gets angry.
If people don't eat they get hungry.
If you heat ice does it melt?

result IF condition
present simple present simple
I am late for work if I miss the 8 o'clock bus.
My boss gets angry if I am late for work.
People get hungry if they don't eat.
Does ice melt if you heat it?

SCIENCE
Matter is the Stuff Around You


Matter is everything around you. Matter is anything made
of atoms and molecules. Matter is anything that has mass and takes
up space. If you are new to the idea of mass, it is the amount of
stuff in an object. We talk about the difference between mass and
weight in another section. Matter is sometimes related to light and
electromagnetic radiation.

Even though matter can be found all over the Universe, you only
find it in a few forms. As of 1995, scientists have identified five
physical states of matter. Each of those states is sometimes called
a phase. They may even discover one more state by the time you
get old.


Five States of Matter
You should know about solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and one state
called the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). Scientists have always
known about solids, liquids, and gases. Plasma was a new idea when
it was noticed by William Crookes in 1879. The scientists who
worked with the Bose-Einstein condensate received a Nobel Prize
for their work in 1995.

But what makes a state of matter? It's about the physical
state of the molecules and atoms. Think about solids. They are
often hard and brittle. Liquids are all fluidy at room temperature.
Gases are there, but you usually smell them before you can see
them. You don't see them because their molecules are really far
apart. The BEC is all about molecules that are really close to each
other (even closer than atoms in a solid).


Changing States of Matter


Elements and compounds can move from one physical state to
another and not change their basic atomic parts. Oxygen (O
2
) as a
gas still has the same properties as liquid oxygen. The liquid state
is colder and denser, but the molecules (the basic parts) are still
the same. Water (H
2
O) is another example. A water molecule is
made up of two hydrogen (H) atoms and one oxygen (O) atom. It
has the same molecular structure whether it is a gas, liquid,
or solid. Although its physical state may change, its chemical state
remains the same.

So you're asking, "What is a chemical change?" Let's start with a
glass of pure water. If the formula of water were to change, that
would be a chemical change. If you could just add a second oxygen
atom, you would have hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
). The molecules in
your glass would not be water anymore. The reality of creating
hydrogen peroxide is more difficult.

A chemical change happens when the atoms in a molecule are moved
around or when atoms are added or taken away. Chemical changes
happen when bonds between atoms are created or destroyed.
Changing physical states of matter is about changing densities,
pressures, temperatures, and other physical properties. The basic
chemical structure does not change when there is a physical
change.


Related Activities

General
Chemistry
Quiz
- Take the Quiz

General
Matter
Quiz
- Take the Quiz
Keywords to Review
States: States of matter are the different forms in which matter
exists. The easy states to remember are solid, liquid, gas, and
plasma. Although you might not find it around you every day, there
is more plasma in the Universe than any state of visible matter.
Remember that plasma is found in stars and between planets,
stars, and systems of every galaxy. As you learn more, you will
discover several other states of matter. Some of these states are
still theoretical.

Atoms: The basic unit of matter. Atoms are not the smallest
pieces of matter you will find. They are made of protons, neutrons,
and electrons. There are other smaller particles of matter as well.
However, your studies will focus on atoms and the different types
of atoms that make up each element of the periodic table. There
are also variations of atoms called ions and isotopes. As the number
of atoms increases, you have more matter. As you have more
matter, you have more mass.

Mass: Mass is the amount of matter in a thing. Usually, when a
thing is heavier, it has a greater mass. If you have a piece of iron
the size of a marble and a piece of iron the size of a bowling ball,
the bowling ball will have more mass. That example looked at similar
substances. If you have a balloon the size of a bowling ball, it may
be the same size, but will definitely have a smaller mass. There is
less matter in the balloon. When you use a scale, you measure
weight. Weight is dependent on gravity while mass is not. Mass is
measured in kilograms.

Volume: The amount of space than an object can occupy. A balloon
will have a volume similar to a bowling ball, but it will have a much
different mass. You will usually encounter the idea of volume when
you learn about gases and liquids. Gases and liquids can change
their shape easily, but still take up the same volume. The concept
of volume is also related to pressure. As pressure goes up or down,
the volume of a gas changes as the distance between the molecules
changes. Volume is measured in cubic meters or liters.

Dark Matter: A theoretical form of matter that we cannot see. It
does not emit electromagnetic radiation, so we are not able to see
or detect it. Astronomers believe it may make up 84.5% of all
matter in the Universe. When they studied the visible matter of
the Universe, they found that something was exerting a
gravitational effect on the visible matter. However, the source
could not be found. That hidden source of gravity has been
described as dark matter.

ENERGY


Energy is Ability to do work.

The energy can take a wide variety of forms - heat (thermal), light
(radiant), mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy.
There are two types of energy - stored (potential) energy and
working (kinetic) energy. For example, the food you eat contains
chemical energy, and your body stores this energy until you release
it when you work or play.
All forms of energy are stored in different ways, in the energy
sources that we use every day. These sources are divided into two
groups -- renewable (an energy source that we can use over and
over again) and nonrenewable/conventional (an energy source that
we are using up and cannot recreate in a short period of
time). Renewable energy sources include solar energy (which comes
from the sun and can be turned into electricity and
heat), wind energy,geothermal energy (from inside the
earth), biomass from plants, and hydropower from water are also
renewable energy sources.
However, we get most of our energy from nonrenewable energy
sources, which include the fossil fuels -- oil, natural gas,
and coal. They're called fossil fuels because they were formed
over millions and millions of years by the action of heat from the
Earth's core and pressure from rock and soil on the remains (or
"fossils") of dead plants and animals. Another nonrenewable energy
source is the element uranium, whose atoms we split (through a
process called nuclear fission) to create heat and ultimately
electricity.
We use all these energy sources to generate the electricity we
need for our homes, businesses, schools, and
factories. Electricity "energizes" our computers, lights,
refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners, to name only
a few uses.
We use energy to run our cars. The gasoline we burn in our cars is
made from oil. We use energy to cook on an outdoor grill or soar in
a beautiful hot-air balloon. The propane for these recreational
activities is made from oil and natural gas.
Energy is in everything. We use energy to do everything we do,
from making a jump shot to baking our favorite cookies to sending
astronauts into space -- energy is there, making sure we have the
power to do it all.
Read the brief biographies of individuals who have made significant
contributions to energy and science.
We get most of our energy from nonrenewable energy sources,
which include the fossil fuels - oil, natural gas, and coal. They're
called fossil fuels because they were formed over millions and
millions of years by the action of heat from the Earth's core and
pressure from rock and soil on the remains (or "fossils") of dead
plants and animals. Another nonrenewable energy source is the
element uranium, whose atoms we split (through a process called
nuclear fission) to create heat and ultimately electricity.
Oil (Petroleum)


Oil was formed from the remains of animals and plants that lived millions of
years ago in a marine (water) environment before the dinosaurs. Over the
years, the remains were covered by layers of mud. Heat and pressure from
these layers helped the remains turn into what we today call crude oil. The
word "petroleum" means "rock oil" or "oil from the earth."


Where does Oil come from?
Crude oil is a smelly, yellow-to-black liquid and is usually found in underground areas called
reservoirs. Scientists and engineers explore a chosen area by studying rock samples from the
earth. Measurements are taken, and, if the site seems promising, drilling begins. Above the hole, a
structure called a 'derrick' is built to house the tools and pipes going into the well. When finished, the
drilled well will bring a steady flow of oil to the surface.

Natural Gas


Where does Natural Gas come from?
Millions of years ago, the remains of plants and animals decayed and
built up in thick layers. This decayed matter from plants and animals is
called organic material -- it was once alive. Over time, the mud and
soil changed to rock, covered the organic material and trapped it
beneath the rock. Pressure and heat changed some of this organic
material into coal, some into oil (petroleum), and some into natural gas
-- tiny bubbles of odorless gas. The main ingredient in natural gas is
methane, a gas (or compound) composed of one carbon atom and four
hydrogen atoms.



How coal was formed?
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock composed mostly of carbon and
hydrocarbons. It is the most abundant fossil fuel produced in the United States.
Coal is a nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to create. The energy in coal
comes from the energy stored by plants that lived hundreds of millions of years ago, when the earth
was partly covered with swampy forests. For millions of years, a layer of dead plants at the bottom of
the swamps was covered by layers of water and dirt, trapping the energy of the dead plants. The heat
and pressure from the top layers helped the plant remains turn into what we today call coal.


Uranium (nuclear)


Nuclear energy is energy in the nucleus (core) of an atom. Atoms are tiny
particles that make up every object in the universe. There is enormous
energy in the bonds that hold atoms together.
Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity. But first the energy must
be released. It can be released from atoms in two ways: nuclear fusion and
nuclear fission.

In nuclear fusion, energy is released when atoms are combined or fused together to form a larger
atom. This is how the sun produces energy.

In nuclear fission, atoms are split apart to form smaller atoms, releasing energy. Nuclear power plants
use nuclear fission to produce electricity.
Electricity


Electricity is the flow of electrical power or charge. It is a secondary
energy source which means that we get it from the conversion of
other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and
other natural sources, which are called primary sources. The energy
sources we use to make electricity can be renewable or non-
renewable, but electricity itself is neither renewable or non-
renewable.

Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity, though advances in the science were not
made until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Practical applications for electricity however
remained few, and it would not be until the late nineteenth century that engineers were able to put it
to industrial and residential use. The rapid expansion in electrical technology at this time transformed
industry and society.
Electricity's extraordinary versatility as a source of energy means it can be put to an almost limitless
set of applications which include transport, heating, lighting, communications, and computation. The
backbone of modern industrial society is, and for the foreseeable future can be expected to remain,
the use of electrical power.

In general usage, the word "electricity" is adequate to refer to a number of physical effects. In
scientific usage, however, the term is vague, and these related, but distinct, concepts are better
identified by more precise terms:
Electric charge a property of some subatomic particles, which determines their
electromagnetic interactions. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces,
electromagnetic fields.
Electric current a movement or flow of electrically charged particles, typically measured in
amperes.
Electric field an influence produced by an electric charge on other charges in its vicinity.
Electric potential the capacity of an electric field to do work on a electric charge, typically
measured in volts.
Electromagnetism a fundamental interaction between the magnetic field and the presence
and motion of an electric charge.
Hydrogen


Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1.
It is represented by the symbol H. At standard
temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless,
odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly flammable
diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. With an
atomic weight of 1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest
element.
Hydrogen is the simplest element known to man. Each
atom of hydrogen has only one proton. It is also the
most plentiful gas in the universe. Stars are made
primarily of hydrogen.


SOCIAL STUDIES
FAST FACTS


OFFICIAL NAME: Canada
FORM OF GOVERNMENT: Federal parliamentary state
CAPITAL: Ottawa
POPULATION: 34,834,841
OFFICIAL LANGUAGES: English, French
MONEY: Canadian dollar
AREA: 3,849,674 square miles (9,970,610 square kilometers)
MAJOR MOUNTAIN RANGES: Rockies, Coast, Laurentian
MAJOR RIVERS: St. Lawrence, Mackenzie


Map of Canada
NATURE

Canada's remote north and extensive forests are home to wildlife, from bears,
wolves, beavers, deer, mountain lions, and bighorn sheep to smaller animals like
raccoons, otters, and rabbits. The country's lakes and rivers, which contain about
20 percent of all fresh water on Earth, are full of fish such as trout and salmon.

Canada's prairies in the south are home to bison and pronghorn antelope. Farther
north are Canada's sprawling evergreen forests, which have lots of wildlife,
including moose and black bears. Even farther north is the cold, bare tundra,
where herds of caribou and musk ox live.

Canadians work hard to protect the native wildlife. Canada has 41 national parks
and three marine conservation areas. Nevertheless, species like wolves, lynx, and
Atlantic fish have been overhunted and overfished.
PEOPLE & CULTURE

In some ways Canada is many nations in one. Descendents of British and French
immigrants make up about half the population. They were followed by other
European and Asian immigrants. First Nations peoples make up about four percent
of the population.

Inuit people live mostly in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Many Native
Canadians live on their traditional lands, but many others have moved to cities
across Canada. First Nations artwork is widely recognized and is seen as a symbol
of Canadian culture.

Canadian Flag
GEOGRAPHY

Canada is a vast and rugged land. From north to south it spans more than half the
Northern Hemisphere. From east to west it stretches almost 4,700 miles (7,560
kilometers) across six time zones. It is the second largest country in the world, but
it has only one-half of one percent of the world's population.

Canada features black-blue lakes, numerous rivers, majestic western mountains,
rolling central plains, and forested eastern valleys. The Canadian Shield, a hilly
region of lakes and swamps, stretches across northern Canada and has some of
the oldest rocks on Earth.

Canada's far north lies in the frozen grip of the Arctic, where ice, snow, and
glaciers dominate the landscape. Few trees grow here, and farming is not practical.
Native Canadians, called First Nations people, live in this region by hunting and
fishing.

Canadian Dollar,
Photograph by Peter Spirer, Dreamstime
GOVERNMENT & ECONOMY

The British monarch is the head of state of Canada. The monarch is represented
by a governor-general, who has very limited powers. Laws are made by Canada's
elected federal government, which includes a parliament and a prime minister.

Britain's Quebec Act of 1774 granted Quebec its own legal and religious rights.
Despite this concession, many Quebec citizens have long sought independence. In
votes held in 1980 and 1995, Quebec decided to stay in Canada. But the second
vote was very close, and the debate is still alive.

Canada has provided fish, furs, and other natural resources to the world since the
1500s. Today, it is a world leader in agricultural production, telecommunications,
and energy technologies. The vast majority of Canada's exports go to the United
States.
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HISTORY

The first people to come to Canada arrived between 15,000 and 30,000 years ago
across a land bridge that joined Asia and North America. Around A.D. 1000, the
Viking explorer Leif Eriksson reached Newfoundland, Canada. He tried to establish
a settlement, but it didn't last.

In the 16th century, French and British settlers arrived. Land disputes between
farmers and fur traders led to four wars between 1689 and 1763. The final war,
called the French and Indian War, left the British in control of Canada, but French
influence remains strong even today.

In 1867, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick combined to form a
dominion with its own government, parliament, and prime minister. Manitoba joined
soon after. In 1931, Canada became an independent nation.
Math
Division is splitting into equal parts or groups.
It is the result of "fair sharing".

Example: there are 12 chocolates, and 3 friends want to share them, how do
they divide the chocolates?



12 Chocolates 12 Chocolates Divided by 3

Answer: 12 divided by 3 is 4: they get 4 each.
Symbols
/
We use the symbol, or sometimes the / symbol to mean
divide:
12 3 = 4
12 / 3 = 4
Let's use both symbols here so we get used to them.
Opposite of Multiplying
Division is the opposite of multiplying. When we know a multiplication fact we
can find a division fact:
Example: 3 5 = 15, so 15 / 5 = 3.
Also 15 / 3 = 5.
Why? Well, think of the numbers in rows and columns like in this illustration:

Multiplication... ...Division
3 groups of 5 make
15...
so 15 divided by 3
is 5

and also:

5 groups of 3 make
15...
so 15 divided by 5
is 3.



So there are four related facts:
3 5 = 15
5 3 = 15
15 / 3 = 5
15 / 5 = 3
Knowing your Multiplication Tables can help you with division!
Example: What is 28 7 ?

Searching around the multiplication table we find that 28 is 4 7, so 28
divided by 7 must be 4.
Answer: 28 7 = 4
Names
There are special names for each number in a division:
dividend divisor = quotient
Example: in 12 3 = 4:
12 is the dividend
3 is the divisor
4 is the quotient
But Sometimes It Does Not Work Perfectly!
Sometimes we cannot divide things up evenly ... there may be something left
over.
Example: There are 7 bones to share with 2 pups.
But 7 cannot be divided exactly into 2 groups,
so each pup gets 3 bones,
but there will be 1 left over:

We call that the Remainder.