Question one

a. functionality typically provided by an ODDBMS

Replication : The system maintains several identical replicas (copies) of the relation. Each replica
is stored in a different site resultin! in data replication. The alternative to replication is to store
only one copy of relation.
"ra!mentation : The relation is partitioned into several fra!ments. Each fra!ment is stored in a
different site.
Replication and "ra!mentation : This is a combination of the above t#o notions. The relation is
partitioned into several fra!ments. The system maintains several identical replicas of each such
fra!ment.
b. To research
c. $ompare and contrast procedures functions and methods
similarities diferences
procedur
es
% procedure is a subroutine that performs a
specific tas& #ithout returnin! a value to
the part of the pro!ram from #hich it #as
called.
functions % function is a subroutine that
performs a specific tas& and returns a
value to the part of the pro!ram from
#hich it #as called.
methods A method is just jargon for a
function (or procedure) bound
to a class.
Methods have an implied frst
parameter (called things like this
or self or the like) for accessing
the containing class.
d. Tri!!ers are statements that are e'ecuted automatically by the system as the
side effect of a modification to the database. The tri!!erin! event can be insert
or lo!!in! deletions.
e. A timestamp is the current time of an event that is recorded b a computer!
usuall giving date and time of da! sometimes accurate to a small fraction of a
second.
"ock based protocols manage the order bet#een con$icting pairs among
transaction at the time of e%ecution #hereas time&stamp based protocols start
#orking as soon as transaction is created.
Question t#o
''(M) 'istributed processing
A distributed database stores a logicall
related database over t#o or more
phsicall independent sites connected
b a net#ork
A database*s logical processing is
shared among t#o or more phsicall
independent sites that are connected
b a net#ork
+as distributed database and re,uires
distributed processing
'istributed processing has a centrali-ed
database or ma be based on a single
database located on a single computer
(oth distributed processing and ''(M) re,uire a net#ork to connect all
components
b. Replication: The system maintains several identical replicas (copies) of the relation. Each replica
is stored in a different site resultin! in data replication. The alternative to replication is to store
only one copy of relation.
%dvanta!es of replication
%vailability( )" one of the sites containin! relation r fails then the relation r may be
found in another site. Thus the system may continue to process *ueries involvin! r
despite the failure of one site.
)ncreased parallelism( )n the case #here the ma+ority of access to the relation r results in
only the readin! of the relation the several sites can process *ueries involvin! r in
parallel. The more replicas of r there are the !reater the chance that the needed data is
found in the site #here the transaction is e'ecutin!. ,ence data replication minimi-es
movement of data bet#een sites.
Disadvanta!e
)ncrease overhead on update( The system must ensure that all replicas of a relation r are
consistent since other#ise erroneous computations may result. This implies that
#henever r is updated this update must be propa!ated to all sites containin! replicas
resultin! in increased overhead.
"ra!mentation: The relation is partitioned into several fra!ments. Each fra!ment is stored in a
different site.
Replication and "ra!mentation: This is a combination of the above t#o notions. The relation is
partitioned into several fra!ments. The system maintains several identical replicas of each such
fra!ment.
c. 'efnition of terms
i. abstraction encapsulation and information hidin!
abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without
including the background details.
Encapsulation is the wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit. The data is kept
safe from external interference and misuse.
Information hiding refers to the isolation of data from direct access by the program
ii. Ob+ects and attributes
Objects are the basic run time entities in an object oriented system. They may
represent a person, a place or any item that a program has to handle.
Attributes refers to a named column in a relation and has a specific meaning
iii. classes subclasses superclass and inheritance
A class is a way to bind data and its associated functions together. It allows
the data to be hidden if necessary.
ubclass a class which has link to a more general class
uperclass! a class which has one or more members which are classes themsel"es.
Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class ac#uire the properties of objects of
another class. The new deri"ed class inherits the members of the base class and also adds
its own.

iv. .olymorphism and dynamic bindin!
polymorphism allows a single name$operator to be associated with different
operations depending on the type of data passed to it. An operation may
exhibit different beha"iors in different instances.
%ynamic binding means that the code associated with the gi"en procedure
call is not known until the time of call at runtime.
&uestion three
a) /hat is semi0structured data1 Discuss the difference bet#een structured semi0structured
and structured data !ivin! e'amples of each. 234
emi'structured data is data that has some structure, but the structure may not be rigid,
regular or complete.
%iscussion on differences between semi'structured data and structured data
(nstructured data emi'structured data tructured data
.er limited indication
of data tpe
/.g.! a simple te%t
document or web
pages in html
0annot assume an
predefned format
Apparent organi-ation
makes no guarantees
)elf&describing1 little
e%ternal kno#ledge
needed ... but have to
infer #hat the data
means
'ata ma have certain
structure but not all
information collected
has identical structure
)ome attributes ma
e%ist in some of the
entities of a particular
tpe but not in others
2nformation stored '(
)trict format1 3ell&
kno#n data format1
relations and tuples
/ver tuple conforms
to a kno#n schema
"imitation1 4ot all data
collected is structured