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7 Properties of an Area
KL21 03 CLASS 02
SEMESTER I 201 2/ 201 3
Introduction
We have been able to determine the internal forces
in statically determinate structures subjected to in statically determinate structures subjected to
given loads. The internal forces will be the same
regardless of the materials (steel, concrete, wood,
etc.) or the size of the structural members.
The strength of a structure, however, will depend on
the material properties and cross-sectional
properties of its members.
Knowing the properties of a cross-sectional area is
the first step to analyze the strength of a structure.
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Cross-Sectional Area
When we cut a member of a structure and look in the
direction perpendicular to the section line, we will see
A
p p
the cross-sectional area of the member.
A
B
C
First Moments of an Area
x
A
y
Q y dA
Q xdA
=
=
}
}
A
}
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Centroid of an Area
xdA Ax =
}
A
A
y dA Ay =
}
}
x
y
Q Ay
Q Ax
=
=
First Moments of an Area
The first moments could be positive, zero, or
negative, depending upon the position of the negative, depending upon the position of the
coordinate axes.
The first moment of an area with respect to an axis
that passes the centroid of the area is zero.
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Composite Area
x
Q y dA y dA y dA y dA = = + + +
} } } }

1 2
1 1 2 2
n
x
A A A A
x n n
i i
Q A y A y A y
A y
= + + +
=
} } } }

;
i i i i
i i
Ax A y
x y
A A
= =


Second Moments / Moments of Inertia
Moments of inertia:
2 2
} }
Polar moment of inertia
2 2
x y
A A
I y dA I x dA = =
} }
2
O
A
I r dA =
}
Product of inertia
xy
A
I xy dA =
}
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Example 1
Determine the first and second moment about the x
and y axes for the rectangular section shown. and y axes for the rectangular section shown.
y
h
x
b
h
Example 1
2
2
h b h
x
bh
Q y dA y dxdy by dy = = = =
} } } }
First moments
0 0 0
2 2
0 0 0
2
2 2
x
A
h b h
y
A
Q y y y y y
b b h
Q xdA xdxdy dy = = = =
} } } }
} } } }
3
2 2 2
h b h
bh
I dA d d b d
} } } }
Second moments
2 2 2
0 0 0
3 3
2 2
0 0 0
3
3 3
x
A
h b h
y
A
I y dA y dxdy by dy
b b h
I x dA x dxdy dy
= = = =
= = = =
} } } }
} } } }
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Example 2
Determine the moment of inertia about the x and y
axes that pass through the centroid of the axes that pass through the centroid of the
rectangular section.
y
x
h
C
b
Example 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
3
2 2 2
3 3
2 2
12
h b h
h b h
h b h
x
A
bh
I y dA y dxdy by dy
b b h
I dA d d d

= = = =
} } } }
} } } }
2 2 2
2 2
12 12
h b h
y
A
I x dA x dxdy dy

= = = =
} } } }
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Moments of Inertia
for Some Common Sections
3
bh
I =
y
y
4
x y
r
I I
t
= =
3
12
12
x
y
I
b h
I
=
=
x
C
b
h
C
x
4
4
64
x y
D t
=
3
bh
I
y
3
36
36
x
y
I
b h
I
=
=
2 2
72
xy
b h
I =
x C
b
h
Moments of Inertia
Moments of inertia are always positive.
Product of inertia I can be positive zero or Product of inertia I
xy
can be positive, zero, or
negative, depending upon the position of the
coordinate axes.
I
xy
will be zero if either x or y is an axis of symmetry.
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Parallel-Axis Theorem
0
0
2
2
2
x x x
y y y
O C
I I d A
I I d A
I I d A
I I d d A
= +
= +
= +
0 0
xy x y x y
I I d d A = +
Example 3
Determine the moments of inertia and product of
inertia for the angle section shown about the x and y inertia for the angle section shown about the x and y
axes that pass through the centroid of the area.
y
7
x
5
C
1
1
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Centroid location
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
1 8 0.5 5 1 3.5
1.65"
1 8 5 1
1 8 4 5 1 0.5
2.65"
1 8 5 1
x
y
+
= =
+
+
= =
+
x
y
C
x
( )( ) ( )( ) 1 8 5 1 +
y
Moments of inertia
( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
3 2
3 2
4
1
1 8 4 2.65 1 8
12
1
5 1 0.5 2.65 5 1
12
x
I = +
+ +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
3 2
3 2
4
1
1 8 0.5 1.65 1 8
12
1
5 1 3.5 1.65 5 1
12
3878i
y
I = +
+ +
4
80.78 in. =
4
38.78 in. =
Product of inertia
( )( )( )( )
( )( )( )( )
4
0 4 2.65 0.5 1.65 1 8
0 0.5 2.65 3.5 1.65 5 1
32.31 in.
xy
I = +
+ +
=
Moments of Inertia
About Inclined Axis
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Moments of Inertia
About Inclined Axis
I I I I +
'
'
cos2 sin2
2 2
cos2 sin2
2 2
x y x y
x xy
x y x y
y xy
I I I I
I I
I I I I
I I
I I
u u
u u
+
= +
+
= +
' '
sin2 cos2
2
x y
x y xy
I I
I I u u

= +
Example 4
Determine the moments of inertia and product of
inertia for the angle section shown about the x and inertia for the angle section shown about the x and
y axes given.
y
7
x
6
o
1
5
C
1
60
o
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Example 4
( )
o o
80.78 38.78 80.78 38.78
cos120 3231 sin120 I
+
= + ( )
( )
'
4
o o
'
4
cos120 32.31 sin120
2 2
77.25 in.
80.78 38.78 80.78 38.78
cos120 32.31 sin120
2 2
42.30 in.
x
y
I
I
= +
=
+
= +
=
( )
o o
' '
4
80.78 38.78
sin120 32.31 cos120
2
34.34 in.
x y
I

= +
=
Principal Moments of Inertia
2
2
I I I I +
| |
2
max,min
2 2
x y x y
xy
I I I I
I I
+
| |
= +
|
\ .
Principal axis:
2
tan2
xy
I
u Principal axis: tan2
y
p
y x
I I
u =

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Example 5
Determine the principal moments of inertia for the
section shown about the axes that pass through the section shown about the axes that pass through the
centroid of the area, and the rotation angles that
produce the principal axes.
y
7
x
5
C
1
1
7
( )
2
2
1
4
80.78 38.78 80.78 38.78
32.31
2 2
98.31 in.
I
+ | |
= + +
|
\ .
=
Principal moments of inertia
( )
2
2
2
4
80.78 38.78 80.78 38.78
32.31
2 2
21.24 in.
I
+ | |
= +
|
\ .
=
P i i l
( )
1
2 32.31
1
t u

| |
|
Principal axes
( )
1
o
1
o
2
tan
2 38.78 80.78
28.5
118.5
p
p
p
u
u
u
=
|

\ .
=
=
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Check principal axes
o 4
1 '
o 4
2 '
28.5 98.31 in.
118.5 21.24 in.
p x
p x
I
I
u
u
= =
= =
1 (max)
2 (min)
C
7
28.5
o
5
1
1
Mohrs Circle
A graphical way to transform I
x
, I
y
, and I
xy
into I
x
, I
y
,
and I

and the principal moments of inertia. and I
xy
and the principal moments of inertia.
Establish a coordinate system with horizontal axis I and
vertical axis I
xy
.
Plot point O on I-axis at a distance (I
x
+ I
y
)/2 from the origin.
This is the center of the Mohrs circle.
Plot point A (I
x
, I
xy
).
Draw the circle with O as the center and OA as the radius of Draw the circle with O as the center and OA as the radius of
the circle.
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Mohrs Circle
Point C represents (I
x
, I
xy
) if the x-y axes are rotated
with an angle u counterclockwise. with an angle u counterclockwise.
Point E is the maximum moment of inertia I
max
or I
1
.
Point F is the minimum moment of inertia I
min
or I
2
.
The angle o is the rotation angle for x-axis to obtain
the principal axis.
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Example 6
Use Mohrs circle to reproduce the results of
Examples 4 and 5 for the section shown. Examples 4 and 5 for the section shown.
x
y
C
7
5
1
1
C
34.34
I
xy
0 50 in.
4
10 20 30 40
O
80.78
98.31
I
21.24
57
o
120
o
38.78 77.25
42.30
A 32.31