Chapter 11 Bending

Chapter Objectives
To generalize the procedure by formulating equations that

can be plotted so that they describe the internal shear and
moment throughout a member.
To use the relations between distributed load, shear, and
moment to draw shear and moment diagrams.
To determine the stress in elastic symmetric members
subject to bending.
To develop methods to determine the stress in unsymmetric
beams subject to bending.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
1. Reading Quiz
2. Applications
3. Shear and moment diagrams
4. Graphical method for construction of shear and
bending moment diagrams
5. Flexural formula
6. Unsymmetric bending
7. Stress Concentrations
8. Concept Quiz
In-class Activities
READING QUIZ
1) Provided that the bending formation of a straight
member is small and within elastic range, which of
the following statements is incorrect?

a) Plane section remains plane

b) Cross section remains perpendicular

c) The length of the longitudinal axis remains unchanged

d) In-plane distortion of cross section to the longitudinal axis is
not negligible
READING QUIZ (cont)
2) Which of the following statements is
incorrect for bending of a straight member?

a) Bending stress is proportional to

b) Bending stress is inversely proportional

c) Bending stress is inversely proportional to the moment of
inertia of the section

d) Bending stress is not a function to the second moment of
area of the section of the location
READING QUIZ (cont)
3) Which of the following statements is not true?

The differences between the flexure formula for a curved beam from
that for a straight beam are:

a) The normal strain in a curved beam does not vary linearly with
depth
b) The neutral axis in a curved beam does not pass through the
centroid of the cross section
c) Plane section remains plane
d) In-plane distortion within cross section cannot be ignored
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS (cont)
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Shear is obtained by summing forces
perpendicular to the beams axis
up to the end of the segment.

Moment is obtained by
summing moments about
the end of the segment.

Note the sign conventions are
opposite when the summing
processes are carried out with
opposite direction.
(from left to right vs from right to left)
Please
refer to
the website for
the animation:
Shear and
Moment
Diagrams
EXAMPLE 1
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in
Fig. 64a.
EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solution
The support reactions are shown in Fig. 64c.
Applying the two equations of equilibrium yields
( )
( )
( ) ( ) 2
2

0
2 2
; 0
1
2

0
2
; 0
2
x Lx
w
M
M
x
wx x
wL
M
x
L
w V
V wx
wL
F
y
|
.
|
\
|
=
= +
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
= +
|
.
|
\
|
=
= = | +
EXAMPLE 1 (cont.)
Solution
The point of zero shear can be found from Eq. 1:
2
0
2
L
x
x
L
w V
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
8 2 2 2
2
2
max
wL L L
L
w
M =
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
From the moment diagram, this value of x represents the point on the
beam where the maximum moment occurs.

GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Regions of distributed load:
( )dx x w V
}
= A
( )dx x V M
}
= A
Change in moment = area under shear
diagram
Change in shear = area under distributed
loading
Regions of concentrated force and moment:

( )
F V
V V F V
= A
= A +

0
0
0

0
M M
M x V M M M
= A
= A A +
GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS (cont)
EXAMPLE 2
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in
Fig. 612a.
EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
The reactions are shown on the
free-body diagram in Fig. 612b.

The shear at each end is plotted first,
Fig. 612c. Since there is no
distributed load on the beam,
the shear diagram has zero slope
and is therefore a horizontal line.
Solution
EXAMPLE 2 (cont.)
The moment is zero at each end,
Fig. 612d. The moment diagram
has a constant negative slope of
-M
0
/2L since this is the shear in the
beam at each point. Note that the
couple moment causes a jump in the
moment diagram at the beams
center, but it does not affect the
shear diagram at this point.
Solution
EXAMPLE 3
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for each of the beams
shown in Figs. 613a and 614a.
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solution
BENDING DEFORMATION OF A STRAIGHT
MEMBER
Assumptions:
1. Plane section remains plane
2. Length of longitudinal axis remains unchanged
3. Plane section remains perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis
4. In-plane distortion of section is negligible

FLEXURAL FORMULA
Assumptions:
Material behaves in a linear-elastic manner so that Hookes Law Applies;
i.e. =E.

I
My
= o
( )
( )
I
My
I
Mc
dA y
c
M
dA
c
y
y dA y ydF M
M M
A
A A
Z Z R
=
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
= = =
=
}
} } }
o
o
o
o o
max
2
max
max
;
EXAMPLE 4
The simply supported beam in Fig. 626a has the cross-
sectional area shown in Fig. 626b. Determine the absolute
maximum bending stress in the beam and draw the stress
distribution over the cross section at this location.
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
The maximum internal moment in the beam, 22.5 kNm,
occurs at the center.

By reasons of symmetry, the neutral axis passes through the
centroid C at the mid-height of the beam, Fig. 626b.
Solution
( )
( )( ) ( )( )( ) | | ( )( ) | |
( )
( )( )
( )
(Ans) MPa 7 . 12
10 3 . 301
17 . 0 10 5 . 22
;
m 10 3 . 301
3 . 0 02 . 0 16 . 0 02 . 0 25 . 0 02 . 0 25 . 0 2
6
3
4 6
3
12
1
2 3
12
1
2
= = =
=
+ + =
+ =
b
B
B
I
My
Ad I I
o o
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
A three-dimensional view of the stress distribution is shown in Fig. 626d.

At point B,
Solution
( )( )
( )
MPa 2 . 11
10 3 . 301
15 . 0 10 5 . 22
;
6
3
= = =

B
B
B
I
My
o o
UNSYMMETRIC BENDING
Moment applied along principal axis

( )
( ) dA y M M
dA z M M
dA F F
A
Z Z R
A
y y R
A
x R
}
}
}
= =
= =
= =
o
o
o
0 ;
0 ;
0 ;
If y and z are the principal axes. yz dA = 0
(The integral is called the product of inertia)
UNSYMMETRIC BENDING (cont)
Moment arbitrarily applied

Alternatively, identify the orientation of the principal axes (of
which one is the neutral axis)
Orientation of neutral axis:

y
y
z
z
I
z M
I
y M
+ = o
= +
=
+
u o tan tan
y
z
I
I
=
EXAMPLE 5
The rectangular cross section shown in Fig. 633a is subjected to a
bending moment of 12 kNm. Determine the normal stress developed at
each corner of the section, and specify the orientation of the neutral axis.
EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
The moment is resolved into its y and z components, where

The moments of inertia about the y and z axes are
Solution
( )
( ) m kN 20 . 7 12
5
3
m kN 60 . 9 12
5
4
= =
= =
z
y
M
M
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
4 3
3
4 3
3
m 10 067 . 1 4 . 0 2 . 0
12
1
m 10 2667 . 0 2 . 0 4 . 0
12
1
= =
= =
z
y
I
I
EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
For bending stress,

The resultant normal-stress distribution has been sketched
using these values, Fig. 633b.
Solution
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
(Ans) MPa 95 . 4
10 2667 . 0
1 . 0 10 6 . 9
10 067 . 1
2 . 0 10 2 . 7
(Ans) MPa 25 . 2
10 2667 . 0
1 . 0 10 6 . 9
10 067 . 1
2 . 0 10 2 . 7
(Ans) MPa 95 . 4
10 2667 . 0
1 . 0 10 6 . 9
10 067 . 1
2 . 0 10 2 . 7
(Ans) MPa 25 . 2
10 2667 . 0
1 . 0 10 6 . 9
10 067 . 1
2 . 0 10 2 . 7
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
=

+
=
=
=
=
+ =
=

+ =
+ =

E
D
C
B
y
z
z
z
I
z M
I
y M
o
o
o
o
o
EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solution
( )
m 0625 . 0
2 . 0
95 . 4 25 . 2
=
= z
z z
The location z of the neutral axis (NA), Fig. 633b,
can be established by proportion.

We can also establish the orientation
of the NA using Eq. 619, which is used
to specify the angle that the axis makes
with the z or maximum principal axis.
( )
( )
( ) (Ans) 4 . 79 1 . 53 tan
10 2667 . 0
10 067 . 1
tan
tan tan
3
3
= =
=
o o
u o
y
z
I
I
STRESS CONCENTRATIONS
Stress concentrations occur at locations where cross
section suddenly changes; e.g.
I
Mc
K =
max
o
EXAMPLE 6
The transition in the cross-sectional area of the steel bar is
achieved using shoulder fillets. If the bar is subjected to a
bending moment of 5 kNm, determine the maximum normal
stress developed in the steel. The yield stress is
Y
= 500
MPa
EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
From the geometry of the bar,

Thus K is 1.45 and we have

This result indicates that the steel remains elastic since the
stress is below the yield stress (500 MPa).

Solution
5 . 1
80
120
2 . 0
80
16
= = = =
h
w
h
r
( )
( )( )
( )( )
MPa 340
08 . 0 02 . 0
12
1
04 . 0 5
45 . 1
3
max
=
(
= =
I
Mc
K o
CONCEPT QUIZ
1) Which of the following statements is true?

The flexure formula for a straight member can be applied
only

a) when bending occurs about axes that represent the
principal axes of inertia for the section.
b) the principal axes have their origin at the centroid.
c) the principal axes are orientated along an axis of
symmetry, if there is one, and perpendicular to it.
d) all of the above.
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)
2) Which of the following statements is true?

a) The shape factor for a rectangular cross section is
always equals to 1.5
b) The shape factor for an I-section is often less than
1.5
c) The modulus of rupture for bending of a beam is
always equals to 1.5 times of yield stress
d) The modulus of rupture is not the same as the
Youngs Modulus


Chapter 11 Bending

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Chapter 11 Bending

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Chapter Objectives

To generalize the procedure by formulating equations that

Potrebbero piacerti anche