Fundamental of Fundamental of UPS UPS

Training CenterGong Jian Bo

Tel.0755-26862543
UPS UPS Training Training
Tel.0755-26862543
Email: gjb@emersonnetwork.com.cn
Content Content Content Content
UPS Overview
UPS Principle
UPS Key Technology
UPS Technical Data
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UPS Technical Data
UPS Battery
UPS Monitoring System
UPS UPS Overview Overview UPS UPS Overview Overview
Whats UPS?
Why need UPS?
Function of UPS
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Classification of UPS
A device that can uninterruptible provide AC power to
user.
UPS UPS UPS UPS
Whats UPS Whats UPS Whats UPS Whats UPS
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
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load
battery
UPS UPS UPS UPS
AC mains
UPS history UPS history UPS history UPS history
UPS develop through two periods:
Rotary UPS and Static UPS.
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Rotary UPS and Static UPS.
Rotary UPS Rotary UPS Rotary UPS Rotary UPS
DC motor;
diesel
engine;
flywheel;
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flywheel;
generator;
rectifier and
battery.
UPS UPS history history UPS UPS history history
2Static UPSis consisted of
semiconductor power devices.
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UPS UPS Overview Overview UPS UPS Overview Overview
Whats UPS?
Why need UPS?
Function of UPS
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Classification of UPS
Why need UPS Why need UPS Power Problem Power Problem Why need UPS Why need UPS Power Problem Power Problem
Surge spike sag
transient over voltage
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noise blackout
low voltage Frequency drift
Why need UPS Why need UPS Why need UPS Why need UPS
Power
problem
Cause phenomenon
surges Huge equipment turn off
or lighting strike
Higher than 110%
rated Value last
many cycle.
spikes Lighting, electric switch
on/off, electric welding
6000V last time is 10
100ms
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Transient
over voltage
Like spike 20000V last time
0.1ms
sag Huge equipment turn on,
AC mains change
smaller than 80-85%
rated value last
many cycle.
Why need UPS Why need UPS Why need UPS Why need UPS
Power
problem
Cause phenomenon
noise High frequency
interference.
Wireless and
microwave equipment
Frequency
drift
hydropower generator Frequency change
over 3HZ.
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low voltage Huge equipment start,
overload
Smaller than rated
value and last long
time.
blackout AC cut off circuit
breaker trip.
Zero voltage last over
2 cycles.
Above AC power problems will
damage equipment,
lose data
Why need UPS? Why need UPS? Why need UPS? Why need UPS?
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and interrupt operations.
UPS UPS Overview Overview UPS UPS Overview Overview
Whats UPS?
Why need UPS?
Function of UPS
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Classification of UPS
1. High reliable and
uninterruptible power
2. Eliminate noise
UPS UPS Function Function UPS UPS Function Function
Keep power continuous
Clean source of power
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2. Eliminate noise
3. Battery management
4. Monitoring
Clean source of power
Prolong battery life
Help UPS maintenance
UPS UPS Overview Overview UPS UPS Overview Overview
Whats UPS?
Why need UPS?
Function of UPS
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Classification of UPS
UPS UPS Classification Classification UPS UPS Classification Classification
By principle
back-up UPS
line-interactive UPS
on-line UPS
By power mode:
single phase input/single phase output UPS
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single phase input/single phase output UPS
three phase input/single phase output UPS
three phase input/ three phase output UPS
By output power
small power <10 kVA
medium power 10 to 30kVA
large power >30 kVA
By transformer
high frequency UPS
industrial frequency UPS
By waveform
UPS Classification UPS Classification continued continued UPS Classification UPS Classification continued continued
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By waveform
square wave UPS
sine wave UPS
Content Content Content Content
UPS Overview
UPS Principle
UPS Key Technology
UPS Technical Data
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UPS Technical Data
UPS Battery
UPS Monitoring System
When AC power normal, load power comes directly
from the AC mains, when AC power fails, a battery
powered inverter almost immediately turns on to
continue to supply power.
Back Back--Up UPS Principle Up UPS Principle Back Back--Up UPS Principle Up UPS Principle
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charger
inverter
AC mains
load
battery
Line Line--interactive UPS principle interactive UPS principle Line Line--interactive UPS principle interactive UPS principle
Back Back--Up UPS Principle Up UPS Principle
AC mains
double
converter
load
264-276V
150-175V
150-264V
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battery
AC normal/rectify
AC fail/invert
On On--Line UPS Line UPS Principle Principle On On--Line UPS Line UPS Principle Principle
Whether AC mains is normal or not, inverter is
always operating.
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UPS UPS Comparing Comparing UPS UPS Comparing Comparing
Back-up Line-interactive On-line
Inverter
state
Back up Hot back up operating
Output
quality
Low Middle High
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Transferrin
g time
5 12ms 4ms 0
Cost Low Middle High
Content Content Content Content
UPS Overview
UPS Principle
UPS Key Technology
UPS Technical Data
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UPS Technical Data
UPS Battery
UPS Monitoring System
UPS UPS Key Technology Key Technology UPS UPS Key Technology Key Technology
Double Conversion
Digital Control
Redundancy
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Redundancy
Battery Management
Double Conver Double Conversion sion Double Conver Double Conversion sion
AC DC Rectify
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DC AC Invert
33--Phase SCR Bridge Rectifier Phase SCR Bridge Rectifier 33--Phase SCR Bridge Rectifier Phase SCR Bridge Rectifier
C
1 3 5
+
A
B
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C
4 6 2
_
B
C
6 pulse
12 12--Pulse Rectifier Pulse Rectifier 12 12--Pulse Rectifier Pulse Rectifier
L
o
a
d Battery and
Inverter
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Phase shift Transformer Phase shift Transformer Phase shift Transformer Phase shift Transformer
Two 6 Two 6 Two 6 Two 6- -- -Pulse Pulse Pulse Pulse
Rectifiers Rectifiers Rectifiers Rectifiers
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Boost Circuit Boost Circuit PFC Circuit PFC Circuit Boost Circuit Boost Circuit PFC Circuit PFC Circuit
L


i
L
T
C
D 1
V O

-
-

-
V i
-
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C V i V O
-
-

-
L
C V i
V O

-
-

-
i L
i L


-
-
33--Phase IGBT Rectifier Phase IGBT Rectifier 33--Phase IGBT Rectifier Phase IGBT Rectifier
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Comparing Comparing Comparing Comparing
Input power factor:0.7-0.85,harmonic current>30%
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Input power factor:0.7-0.85,harmonic current>30%
Input power factor>0.99,harmonic current<3%
Single Phase half bridge invert Circuit Single Phase half bridge invert Circuit Single Phase half bridge invert Circuit Single Phase half bridge invert Circuit
+380V
L
+
Q1
C1
D1
L
+380
-380
U
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-380V
220V
L
N
-
N
Q2 C2 D2
C3
Inverter Control Signal Inverter Control Signal SPWM SPWM Inverter Control Signal Inverter Control Signal SPWM SPWM
SPWM signal generation
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33--Phase Bridge Inverter Phase Bridge Inverter 33--Phase Bridge Inverter Phase Bridge Inverter
S
R
+
R
R
S
S
T
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N
T
T
_
33--Phase SCR Rectifier UPS Phase SCR Rectifier UPS 33--Phase SCR Rectifier UPS Phase SCR Rectifier UPS

bypass
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main
output

33--Phase IGBT Rectifier UPS Phase IGBT Rectifier UPS 33--Phase IGBT Rectifier UPS Phase IGBT Rectifier UPS
bypass
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main
output
UPS UPS Key Technology Key Technology UPS UPS Key Technology Key Technology
Double Conversion
Digital Control
Redundancy
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Redundancy
Battery Management
Digital Control Digital Control Digital Control Digital Control
Digital signal Processor DSP
Microprocessor
Provide all kinds of driving signal to
control rectifier, inverter and transferring.
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control rectifier, inverter and transferring.
DSP DSP DSP DSP
Speed: 10-20 times that of micro-processor
improve integrated degree
Directly give PWM signal
Avoid device parameter shifting, ensure product
accordance.
No need any hardware adjusting .
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First generation device IC
Third generation Third generation Third generation Third generation DSP DSP DSP DSP
Second generation micro-processor
UPS UPS Key Technology Key Technology UPS UPS Key Technology Key Technology
Double Conversion
Digital Control
Redundancy
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Redundancy
Battery Management
Series Connection standby Series Connection standby Series Connection standby Series Connection standby
AC mains
load
UPS1
UPS2
main
standby
bypass
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Solution for medium power case, easy installation, but
power is NOT extended.
UPS2
Parallel Connection Parallel Connection Parallel Connection Parallel Connection
AC mains
load
UPS1
Parallel logic control
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Solution for large power case, each UPS shares load,
high reliability but requires complex technology.
UPS2
Double Power Bus Double Power Bus Double Power Bus Double Power Bus
battery
UPS1
AC PPC
Double feed Signal
Bus1
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STS
battery
UPS
AC PPC
Double feed
load
Signal
feed
load
LBS
UPS2
Bus2
UPS UPS Key Technology Key Technology UPS UPS Key Technology Key Technology
Double Conversion
Digital Control
Redundancy
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Redundancy
Battery Management
Battery FC/EC Battery FC/EC Battery FC/EC Battery FC/EC
1. Current limit 0.1C
2. FC to EC Ic0.05C or C 80%
EC to FC Ic 0.01C
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FC: Floating Charge
EC: Equalizing Charge
Content Content Content Content
UPS Overview
UPS Principle
UPS Key Technology
UPS Technical Data
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UPS Technical Data
UPS Battery
UPS Monitoring System
Technical Data Technical Data Technical Data Technical Data
Input Specification
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Output Specification
Input Voltage Range Input Voltage Range Input Voltage Range Input Voltage Range
adaptability to the power network.
The wider the better.
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Bypass Voltage Range Bypass Voltage Range Bypass Voltage Range Bypass Voltage Range
Typical range : 10%
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Input Frequency Range Input Frequency Range
adaptability to the power network.
The wider the better.
50Hz 4%
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50Hz 4%
Input Power Factor Input Power Factor Input Power Factor Input Power Factor
Power Factor = active power /apparent power
The higher the better.
Smaller PF means larger reactive power, more
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Smaller PF means larger reactive power, more
harmonic current , which will pollute AC mains
network.
Total Harmonic Distortion Total Harmonic Distortion Total Harmonic Distortion Total Harmonic Distortion
THD
=harmonic current/Base100
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The smaller the better.
Technical Data Technical Data Technical Data Technical Data
Input Specification
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Output Specification
Output Voltage Stability Output Voltage Stability
Input voltage in 220V25%output voltage
fluctuation range when load change from 0 to
100%.
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100%.
Output Frequency Stability Output Frequency Stability
Output Frequency Stability0.5%
UPS local oscillation frequency stability
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In battery mode, it comes from crystal
oscillator.
Frequency Regulation and Frequency Slew Rate Frequency Regulation and Frequency Slew Rate
Frequency Regulation :50Hz 4%,
Frequency Slew Rate1Hz/s
For Frequency Regulation, the wider the better.
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Frequency Slew Rate speed of Output
frequency tracing input frequency.
Overload Capability Overload Capability
Withstanding duration at 125% rated load,
after that, transfers to bypass.
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Output Current Crest Factor Output Current Crest Factor
Crest Factor =current peak value/ RMS value.
Index of UPS load capability,
the larger the better.
3:1
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3:1
For PCServer, the factor is between 2.5 to
3.0.
RMS: Root Mean Square
Output Power Factor Output Power Factor
0.7 or 0.8
NOT the higher the better.
PC need not only active power but also
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PC need not only active power but also
reactive power.
So unit is VA not W.
Voltage Distortion Voltage Distortion
Voltage Distortion
= harmonic /Base + harmonic100
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The smaller the better.
Content Content Content Content
UPS Overview
UPS Principle
UPS Key Technology
UPS Technical Data
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UPS Technical Data
UPS Battery
UPS Monitoring System
Content Content Content Content
Battery structure and Principle
Battery Characteristic
Battery Capacity Configuration
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Lead Lead--Acid Battery Cell Acid Battery Cell Lead Lead--Acid Battery Cell Acid Battery Cell
v
=1cell
Positive plate:
Lead dioxide PbO2
e
-
Negative plate:
Lead Pb
Form 2V cell
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Electrical Energy Chemical Energy
Lead dioxide PbO2
Electrolyte
Sulfuric solution H2SO4
Lead Pb
Lead Lead--Acid Battery Acid Battery two general type two general type Lead Lead--Acid Battery Acid Battery two general type two general type
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Flooded Battery
or wet type or open vented type
VRLA Battery
Valve Regulated Lead-Acid Battery
VRLA Battery VRLA Battery used with UPS used with UPS VRLA Battery VRLA Battery used with UPS used with UPS
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UPS UPS Battery Battery
Structure of VRLA Battery Structure of VRLA Battery Structure of VRLA Battery Structure of VRLA Battery
container & cover container & cover
terminal terminal
strap/group bar strap/group bar








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Positive & negative plates Positive & negative plates
AGM AGM
safety valve safety valve

AGM: Microporous fibre glass acts as both separator and
electrolyte absorber.
Battery principle Battery principle Battery principle Battery principle
discharge
PbO
2
2H
2
SO
4
Pb PbSO
4
2H
2
OPbSO
4
charge
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(lead dioxide) (sulfuric acid) (spongy lead) (sulfate) (water) (sulfate)
active material electrolyte active material active material electrolyte active material
positive plate negative plate positive plate negative plate
Double sulfatetheory
Content Content Content Content
Battery structure and Principle
Battery Characteristic
Battery Capacity Configuration
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Discharge Discharge Characteristic Characteristic Discharge Discharge Characteristic Characteristic
1.9
2.1
2.0
0.2C
10
0.1C
10
Terminal voltage(V/cell)
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discharge time
1.7
1.6
1.8
1
h
30
min
10 6 10 20
h
5 2
0.2C
10
0.3C
10
1
min
2
3
2.0C
10
1.0C
10
0.6C
10
0.5C
10
8
Charge Characteristic Charge Characteristic Charge Characteristic Charge Characteristic
120
100
0.1C
2.4
C
h
a
r
g
e
d

V
o
l
u
m
e
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(%) (A)
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(V)
Charged Volume
2.23V Constant Voltage Charging at 25
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20
0
60
40
80
0.08C
0.06C
0.04C
0.02C
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
After 100% Discharge
After 50% Discharge
Charging Current
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
28 32 36
Charging Time (hours)
Charging Voltage
Relationship between battery discharge
capacity and ambient temperature
Relationship between battery discharge
capacity and ambient temperature
80
100
120
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

C

low rate discharge 1h

------ high rate discharge 1h
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0
20
40
60
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Temperature
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

C

1
0
Storage Characteristic Storage Characteristic Storage Characteristic Storage Characteristic
6 0
7 0
8 0
9 0
1 0 0

A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e

C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

(
%
)
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3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2

Storage time (month)
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e

C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

(
%
)
Comparison of UPS battery and PS battery Comparison of UPS battery and PS battery Comparison of UPS battery and PS battery Comparison of UPS battery and PS battery
PS UPS
Design
orientation
Long time small current
deep discharge
Short time large current
light discharge
Design life Above 10 years 3 5 years
Lead paste
formulation
Long life formulation,
long cycle life
Large power life formulation,
short cycle life
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formulation
long cycle life short cycle life
separator long life separator ,thick large diameter hole, thin.
small current and deep
discharge will cause life end.
Recovery
ability of
Over-discharge
good So-so
Content Content Content Content
Battery structure and Principle
Battery Characteristic
Battery Capacity Configuration
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P PP P pf pf pf pf T TT T
C = C = C = C =
V VV V K KK K
Battery Capacity Configuration Battery Capacity Configuration Battery Capacity Configuration Battery Capacity Configuration
P: UPS Capacity, VA
pf: UPS output power factor, typically 0.7,
T: backup time
P: UPS Capacity, VA
pf: UPS output power factor, typically 0.7,
T: backup time
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T: backup time
V: battery string voltage
:battery inverting efficiency, typically 85%
K: battery discharge coefficient
T=13h K= 0.6
T=3h5hK= 0.8
T=5h10hK= 0.85
T10h K= 1
T: backup time
V: battery string voltage
:battery inverting efficiency, typically 85%
K: battery discharge coefficient
T=13h K= 0.6
T=3h5hK= 0.8
T=5h10hK= 0.85
T10h K= 1
20000VA 0.7 35% 4
Example
20kVA UL33 UPS 30 battery cells(12V),Carry 35%
load backup time is 4h how much battery capacity
does it need?
Battery Capacity Configuration Battery Capacity Configuration Battery Capacity Configuration Battery Capacity Configuration
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20000VA 0.7 35% 4
C = = 94.5AH
305V 0.85 0.8
So need 100AH battery.
Content Content Content Content
UPS Overview
UPS Principle
UPS Key Technology
UPS Technical Data
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UPS Technical Data
UPS Battery
UPS Monitoring System
UPS Monitoring System Function UPS Monitoring System Function UPS Monitoring System Function UPS Monitoring System Function
1know and control real operating state,
2provide UPS failure report in time,
3when AC mains abnormalbattery low
voltageautomatically shutdown computer,
4be able to run in LANWAN and
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4be able to run in LANWAN and
Internet,
Composition of Monitoring System Composition of Monitoring System Composition of Monitoring System Composition of Monitoring System
UPS Monitoring System Intelligent UPS
Network Monitoring Software
Monitoring Software consists of three parts
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SNMP Card
Centralized Monitoring Software
Safe Shutdown Program
UPS Networking Scheme UPS Networking Scheme UPS Networking Scheme UPS Networking Scheme
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Monitoring Screen Display Monitoring Screen Display UPS Tree UPS Tree Monitoring Screen Display Monitoring Screen Display UPS Tree UPS Tree
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Monitoring Screen Display Monitoring Screen Display State State Monitoring Screen Display Monitoring Screen Display State State
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Monitoring Screen Display Monitoring Screen Display Data Curve Data Curve Monitoring Screen Display Monitoring Screen Display Data Curve Data Curve
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Monitoring Screen Display Monitoring Screen Display Events List Events List Monitoring Screen Display Monitoring Screen Display Events List Events List
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Monitoring Screen Display Monitoring Screen Display Event Log Query Event Log Query Monitoring Screen Display Monitoring Screen Display Event Log Query Event Log Query
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Monitoring Screen Display Monitoring Screen Display Data Log Query Data Log Query Monitoring Screen Display Monitoring Screen Display Data Log Query Data Log Query
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UPS Events Handling UPS Events Handling UPS Events Handling UPS Events Handling


E-mail Send E-mail
notifying Administrator
Pager
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E-mail

OFF
audible/visual alarms
Send E-mail
executing command file
log
UPS Events
End End End End
Thank You Thank You Thank You Thank You
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Thank You Thank You Thank You Thank You