DOPLOC Observations of Reflection Cross Sections of Satellites

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ME MOR A N D U M R E P OR T N O. 1 3 3 0
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D OP LOC OBSE R VA T I ON S OF
R E FLE CT I ON CR OSS SE CT I ON S OF SA T E LLI T E S
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A R P A Satel l i te Fenc e Seri es
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A BE R D E E N P R OVI N G GR OU N D , MA R YLA N D
BALLIST IC R ESEAR CH LABOR AT OR IES
M EM OR ANDUM R EPOR T NO. 1 3 3 0
M AR CH 1961
DOPLOC OBSERVATIONS OF REFLECTION CROSS
SECTIONS OF SATELLITES
ARPA Satellite Fence Series
Report No. 22 in th e Series
Harold T. Lootens
Ballistic Measurements Laboratory
Department of the Army P roject No. 503-06-011
Ordnance Management Structure Code No. 5210.ll.llf3
ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, MARYLAND
BALLIST IC R ESEAR CH LABOR AT OR IES
M EM OR ANDUM R EPOR T NO. IJ J O
H T Loot end /bt
Aberd een Proving G round , M aryl and
M arch 1 9 61
DOPLOC OBSER V AT IONS OF R EFLECT ION CR OSS
SECT IONS OF SAT ELLIT ES
ABST R ACT
This report presents reflection cross sections observed for eight
satellites during the period 1 January 1 959 to 1 July i960, using the
DOPLOC "dark satellite" detection system developed by the Ballistic
Research Laboratories. S everal related areas are discussed; i. e. ,
satellite "signature", spin and tumble, scintillation and ionized
trails. A brief description of the DOPLOC receiving system and
antenna configuration is included. The method used for calculation
of cross sections is given in Appendix I.
T ABI OF CONT ENT S
Page
I. INT R ODUCT ION
II. DOP IJX SY Sl-EJ ! DESCR IP T ION
A. Equipment
3. Antenna Dlraenoions ond Orientation 11
III. FIELD DAT A
Ik
A. S utolllte Records . .
B. Unidentified Flying Objects jj.
C. Doppier Recordlng
22
D. S ignal S trength
25
E. Multiple Antenna Records oj,
F. Meteor's .
0. Satellite T rails
OK
25
H. P redictions
oc
25
IV . REFLECTION CROS S S ECTIONS AND POWER RATIOS 2?
V . CROS S S ECTION S IGNATURE OBS ERV ATIONS 55
V I. CROS S S ECTION MODULATION DUE TO AITITUDE CHANGE 59
V II. S CINTILLATION
k2
V III. REFERENCES ^ . ,-
Appendix I - Calculation of Power Ratio and Croas S ection 1 + 7
Appendix II - Bibliography of Reports in the BRL-DOPLOC 53
S eries
LIST OF FIGUR ES
i. Baale Interim DOP LOC System
A Block Dlu^rain of R . F. Section IJI DOHJOS Station P osalve
T racking at X m/a
! > . Block Diagram of DOP IXX) T ijnlng Syataa
'.. Block Dlu^ru;:! of D^ppJer Diitu R ecording Syateti for a
SLutJle Chiinj !
5. Block Diagram of AuUmillc ! />ck-On Sytea
. AR P A-BR L DOP LOC Satellite Fence
7. T ypical DOP IOC Data Output
8. T ypical Slndle P a;,;; Doppler Orbit Solution
9. Hlj'li Gain Antenna at AR P A-BR L DOP LOC T ranamltter Site
Located at Fort Sill, Oklahoma
1> . Initial Antenna Orientation
11. Antenna Orientation Foliowlnti Deacclvatlon of White Sands
Station
12. AR P A-BR L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 58 Delta, R ev. C8M
13. AR P A-BHL DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 58 D-lta, R ev. T O
1
?
1'. AR P A-BR L DOP IXX; Doppler R ecord of 58 Delta, R ev. 7558
15- AR P A-BR L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 58 Delta, R ev. 8^86
16. AR P A-BR L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 58 Delta, R ev. 86l5
17. AR P A-BR L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 58 Delta, R ev. 8085
18. AR P A-BR L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of
c
Delta, R ev. 8719
19. AR P A-BR L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 58 Delta, R ev. 872*
25- AR P A-BR L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 58 Delta, R ev. 9255
25. AR P A-BR L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 58 Delta, R ev. 9^66
26. AR P A-BR L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 58 Delta, R ev. 9'i72
29 . ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Dipplor Record of 5 8 Delta, Rev . 9 612
? 0 . ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 8 Delta, Rev . 9 716
3 1. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 8 Delta, Rev . 9 722
3 2. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 8 Delta, Rev . 9 8 26
3 3 . ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 8 Delta, Rev . 9 8 3 2
5
1
. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 8 Delta, Rev . 9 8 ' 2
3 5 - ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 8 Delta, Rev . 9 8 118
3 6. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 8 Delta, Rev . 9 9 0 5
3 7. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 8 Delta, Rev . 9 9 27
5 0 . ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 8 Delta, Rev . 9 9 3 7
3 9 . ARPA-3 RL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 8 Delta, Rev . 9 9 ' 3
l
i0. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 8 Delta, Rev . 9 9 5 9
' 1. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 8 Delta, Rev . 9 9 75
^ 2. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 8 Delta, Rev . 9 9 9 1
' 3 . ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 8 Delta, Rev . 10 0 0 1
' i
1
. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 8 Delta, Rev . 10 0 0 7
!
5 . ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 8 Delta, Rev . 10 0 23
US. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 9 Epsilon, Rev . 5 3
^ 7. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 9 Epsilon, Rev . 60
8 . ARPA-3 RL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 9 Epsilon, Rev . 121
' 9 . ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 9 Epsilon, Rev . 3 1' i
5 0 . ARPA-3 RL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 9 Epsilon, Rev . klk
5 1. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 9 Epsilon, Rev . U3 8
5 2. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 9 Epsilon, Rev . 5 3 2
5 5 . ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 9 Zeta, Rev . Ik
5
1
* . ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 9 Zeta, Rev . 15 0
5 5 - ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 9 Zeta, Rev . 2itl
5 6. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 9 Zeta, Rev . 5 5 6
5 7. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 9 Zeta, Rev . 8 5 5
5 8 . ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 9 Zeta, Rev . 8 71
5 9 . ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 9 Zeta, Rev . 8 8 7
60 . ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 9 Kappa, Rev . 18 3
61. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 5 9 Lambda, Rev . 9 6
62. AR P A-im DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 59 Larabda, R ev. l'i
65. AR P A-BR L DOP IJCX: Doppler R ecord of 59 Iûabdu, R ev. 278
6'! . AR P A-BR L ! >0P LCC Doppler R ecord of 59 La-abda, R ov. 685
65. AR P A>BR L OP LOC Doppler R ecord of 59 Iârabdu, R ev. 1205
66. AR P A-BR L DOP IJCC Doppler R ecord of 59 L uabda, R ev. 1516
67. AR P A-UR L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 6' Ga-aisa 1, R ev. 5 l 8
CQ. AR P A-BR L DDP LCC Doppler R ecord of 60 Gassaa 1, R ev. 'j
69. AIU'A-BHL DOP IÔC Doppler R ecord of 60 G a'na 1, R ev. '18
70. AJ^P A-HiL DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 60 Gar.-rA 1, R ev. 836
71. AR P A-3R L DOP I-OC' Doppler R ecord of 6 Gatana 1, R ev. 960
72. AR P A-BR L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 6< ; Gamma 2, R ev. 10l2
75. AR P A-ffilL DOP ! >0C Doppler R ecord of 60 Delta, R ev. JO
7".. AR P A-3R L DOP La* Doppler Hccord of 60 Delia, R ev. 6l
75- AR P A-HR L DOP I: Doppler R ecord of Co Delta, R ev. 117
76. AR P A-BR L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 60 Delta, R ev. 12^
77. AR P A-BR L DOP IJCC Doppler R ecord of 6c Delta, R ev. ll0
79. AR P A-HR L DOP LOC Doppier R ecord of 6C Delta, R ev. 165
8G. AR P A-3R L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 60 Delta, R ev. 172
81. AR P A-BR L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 60 Epsilon 1, R ev. p5
82. AR P A-BR L DOP LX Doppler R ecord of 6c Epullon 1, R ev. 99
85. AR P A-3R L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 60 Epsilon 1, R ev. 150
8^. AR P A-3R L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 6c Epsilon 1, R ev. 165
85. AR P A-3R L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 60 Epsilon 1, R ev. 386
86. AR P A-BR L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 60 Epsilon 1, R ev. 522
87. AR P A-.m DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 60 Epsilon 2, R ev. 106
89. AR P A-BR L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 6G Epsilon 2, R ev. ll*7
91. AR P A-BR L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 60 Epsilon 2, R ev. I9I+
92. AR P A-BR L DOP LX" Doppler R ecord of 60 Epsilon 2, R ev. 303
9^. AR P A-BR L DOP LOC Doppler R ecord of 60 Epsilon 2, R ev, 356
8
9 5 ARPA-BRL DOPIOC Doppler Record of 6o Epsilon 2, Rev . 61?
9 6. ARPA-BRL DOPLCX; Doppler Record of 60 Epoilon 3 , Rev . 28 o
9 7. AIU' A-BRL DOPIiX; Doppler Record of 60 Epsilon h, Rev . 28 0
S> 3 . ARPA-3 RL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 60 Epsilon 5 , Rev . 5 69
9 9 . ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 6 Epsilon 6, Rev . 265
10 0 . ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of 60 Epsilon 6, Rev . JOl
10 1. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of Unidentified Object
10 2. Ai\PA-3 RL DOPLOC Doppler Record of Unidentified Object
10 5 . ARPA-3 RL DOPLOC Doppler Record uf unidentified Object
lOit. ARPA-3 RL DOPLOC Doppler Record of Unidentified Object
10 5 . AHPA-3 RL DOPLOC Doppler Record of Unidentified Object
lOo. ARPA-3 RL DOPLOC Doppler Record of Unidentified Object
10 7. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of Unidentified Object
10 8 . ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of Unidentified Object
1C9 . ARPA-3 RL DOPLOC Doppler Record of Unidentified Object
110 . ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of Unidentified Object
111. ARPA-3 RL DOPLOC Doppler Record of Unidentified Object
112. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of Unidentified Object
115 . ARPA-3 RL DOPLOC Doppler Record of Unidentified Object
ll
1
. ARPA-BRL DOPLOC Doppler Record of Unidentified Object
115 . DOPLOC Power Ration, Center Antenna
Ho. DOPLOC Power Ratios, North Antenna
117. DOPLOC Power Ratios, South Antenna
118 . DOPLOC Power Ratios, Center, Nortn and South Antennas
119 . Doppler Record of Activ e Track of 5 8 Delta, Rev . 9 9 5 8
120 . Doppler Record of Activ e Track of 60 Epsilon 1, Rev . 26
121. Doppler Record of Activ e Track of 5 9 Epsilon, Rev . 7
122. Doppler Record of Activ e Track of 5 8 Delta, Rev . 10 0 0 7
125 . DOPLOC Frequency and Rate of Ch ange of Frequency as a
Function of Position in th e YZ-Plane
12h. Center Antenna Geometry
125 . Altitude and Ground Range Geometry in South Antenna
126. Satellite Inclination with Respect to Base Line
1 27 . Ground Range In North and S outh Antcnnaa
1 28. North and S outh Antenna Geoesetry
1 29. Power Factor vo Angular Pooltlon for an 8 x 7 6 Degree Antenna
1 0
I. ItfTRODUCTION
During the period 1 January 1 959 to 1 July i960, the Ballltlc
Research Laboratories, under funding from the Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA Order 8-58), operated a three-station, reflection Doppler
satellite tracking systoin, extending across the south-central United
S tates frcra Tennessee to Hew Mexico. This system, known as DOPLOC
(DOpplor Phase IXCk), provided a moons of detecting and tracking radlo-
sllent, or "dark" aatellltes.
A transmitting station was located at Fort S ill, Oklahoma and
receiving statlono were located at White S ands Missile Range, Hew Mexico
end nt Forrest City, Arkansas. The stations were Initially manned on a
twenty-four hour, seven-day-per-week basis, as part of the nation-wide
satellite surveillance not. Following permission from ARPA to discontinue
routine twenty-four hour operation, the White S ands station was deactivated
and a basic eight-hour work day was adopted at the Fort S ill and Forrest
City stations on or about 1 October 1 959. The actual hours of operation
were chosen to adapt the work schedule to the times of most frequent
satellite passes.
The flexible schedule by which the field stations operated has
provided considerable data from known satellites, Unidentified Flying
Objects (UFO*s) and meteors. Many satellites and UFO's have been
successfully detected and tracked by the DOPLOC technique and their time
of crossing, altitude, east-vest positiun arid effective reflection cross
section determined from single pass data from a single receiving station.
Crossing time and position data was forwarded to S pace Track Control
Center for inclusion in their orbital prediction program.
1 1
II. DOPLOC S YS TEM DES CRIFTIOM
A. Equipment
The DOPLOC ayatm conelated of Q 50-kw contlnuoua wave, IC Mc/
transmitter locoted at Fort S ill, Oklahoma, which fed one of three
narrow-beoa, high-gain antennas. These high-gain antennas emitted
narrow, fan-shaped beams, one directed 20 degrees above the northern
horizon, one directed vertically and one directed 20 degrees above the
southern horizon (see Figure 1 ).
The signal reflected from a satellite passing through the trans-
mitter beam was received at one or both of the receiving stations. Each
receiving station had three high-gain antennas oriented to "see" the
space volume illuminated by the transmitter. The reflected Doppler
signal was fed through a receiver to a bani: of fixed audio frequency
filters known as the Automatic Lock-On (ALO) and, subsequently, to a
narrow band, phase-locked tracking filter. The appearance of a Doppler
signal in one of the fixed filters activated a control circuit which
pulled the tracking filter frequency over to the signal frequency and
caused a phase lock between the two. The trackl g filter then tracked
the Doppler signal frequency continuously as the satellite passed through
the antenna beam. Block diagrams of the DOPLOC receiving system and ALO
are shown In Figures 2, 3, I* and 5.
A satellite which crossed the base line Joining the transmitter and
receiver traversed each of the three overlapping, fan-shaped antenna beams
(see Figure 6). This resulted In three separate Doppler records, one for
each of the three antennas, separated in time by 50 - 60 seconds. The
length of the records varied, averaging about 7 seconds In the center
antenna and 1 5 - 25 seconds in the north and south antennas. The digital
Doppler data as a function of time were printed on paper tape and also
converted to binary form and punched into standard five-hole teletype
tape for transmission via commercial teletype to the BRL computer center,
where they were fed to the ORDV AC computer to obtain satellite orbital
1 2
parainetera. Figure ^ shows typical D0P1 ,0C data output and Figure 8
shows a typical orbital solution calculated using this type of data.
In addition to recording the digital data, recordings on paper charts
were inade of the Doppler analog frequency and signal strengt) with
respect to time. Reproductions of these records are presented In this
report.
B. Antenna Diinenslons and Orientation
The special high-gain antennas wore 6o feet long and 1 0 feet wide
with beam dljnensions of 8 x 7 6 degrees and a gain of 1 6 db over
Isotropie. Tliree of these antennas were Installed at each of the receiving
stations and at the transmitting station. The antenna installation at
the transmitting stution is shown in Figure 9.
When the D0PL0C satellite detection system assumed twenty-four hour
operational status in January 1 959, the transmitter at Fort S ill served
as the illuminator for both receiving stations. At that time, the high-
gain antennas were oriented in azimuth and elevation as shown in Figure
1 0. In the fall of 1 959, the receiving station at White S ands was de-
activated and it was decided to tilt the antennas at Fort S ill and Forrest
City to produce more favorable coverage. The reorientation of the
antennas to the configuration shown In Figure 1 1 was made In November 1 959.
A complete and detailed description of the DOPLOC satellite detection
and tracking system may be found In BRL Report No. 1 1 23, "The DOPLOC
Instrumentation S ystem for S atellite Tracking" (February 1 961 ).
1 5
III. FIELD DAT A
A. Satellite R eeorda
During the ld-oonth operation of the DOPLOC system, 1 1 1 refactions
were received, resulting from observations of 89 Individual satellite
passes. More than half of these reflections were received by the center
antenna alone, while the rest were observed by the north or south
antennas or various combinations of the three antennas.
Reproductions of OOPLOC Doppler reflection data are presented as
follows:
S putnik III (56 Delta), Figures 1 2 to U5J Discoverer V (59 Epsilon),
Figures U6 to 52; Discoverer V I (59 Zeta), Figures 55 to 59* Discoverer
V II (59 Kappa), Figure 60; Discoverer V III (59 Lambda), Figures 61 to 66;
Transit IB rocket (60 Gamma 1 ), Figures 67 to 7 1 ; Transit IB (60 Gamma 2),
Figure 7 2; Discoverer XI (60 Delta), Figures 7 3 to 80; S putnik IV (60
Epsilon 1 ), Figures 6l to 66; S putnik IV rocket (60 Epsilon 2), Figures
67 to 95; S putnik IV fragments (60 Epsilon 5, h, 3 and 6), Figures 96
to 1 00. A summary of these reflections arranged by satellite and antenna
is given in Table 1 , and a detailed explanation of each pass may be found
in Table 2.
B. Unidentified Flying Objects
A number of reflections were received and recorded which could not
be correlated with the predicted position of any known satellite. T hese
were termed Unidentified Flying Objects and reproductions of Ik of these
reflections are shown In Figures 101 to ll^, with a detailed listing in
T able 3.
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21
C. Peppier Recording
The typical forra in which DOPLOC data we recorded for eatellite
detection is shown in Figure 60, a record of Discoverer V II (59 Kappa).
An explanation of this record and the ALO device by which it was obtained
follows. The upper portion of the chart is an analog record of tracking
filter output frequency. The short, evealy spaced marks indicate the
successive frequencies at which the tracking filter is set while the
system is in the search mode. The tracking filter is stepped in 1 kc/s
intervals to maintain a frequency midway in the 1 kc/o spectrum to which
the comb filters are set. This minimizes the time required to pull the
tracking filter frequency to a nlgnal frequency detected in one of the
fixed filters. The comb filter bank consists of ten filters, each with
a 20 c/s bandwidth, spaced 1 00 c/ apart. The filter bank "looks" at a
1 kc/s frequency bund for 0 . 1 : ;ccond; then It Is switched up 1 kc/s by a
h eterodyne meth od and th is procc: i. > continues, until eith er the desired
frequency band h aa been cov ered or u signal is detected. Figure 60 shows
the tracking filter output wh en a 12 kc/s ccan is used. Th e ALO can also
be adjusted to acan a h kc/s range (see Figure 19 ) or a 2 kc/s range
(sec Figure 2h), or it may be manually positioned to a desired frequency
v alue. Manual operation is useful wh en attempting to lock the filter on
a signal being played buck from magnetic tape, wh ere th e initial Doppler
frequency is known with in a few cycles per second. Figures 13 and 22
are exumples of manual filter positioning.
Th e initiation of ph ase-locked tracking is accomplish ed quickly wh en
a signal frequency is detected in one of th e fixed filters. Th e control
circuit pulls th e tracking filter frequency ov er to th e receiv ed Doppler
signal frequency in about 10 milliseconds and with in 8 0 to 9 0 milliseconds
all transients h av e subsided and ph ase-locked tracking begins. Figure 60
sh ows th is transition from step scanning to continuous tracking at 1714: 5 8
Z time. Concurrently, th e digital counter and printer is started and th e
tijne period of 10 0 0 cycles of th e Doppler is printed at one second interv als
on paper tape. Simultaneously, th e period count is conv erted to binary forra
22
mid punched into five-hole teletype tape. The Doppler period count for
Revolution l) of 59 Kappa, which correopond to the Doppler frequency
analog record, is shown at the top left of Figure 60. The right five
digits constitute the count, while the left six digits represent Universal
Time in hours, minutes o d seconds. The Doppler frequency in cycles per
second is 1 0 times the reciprocal of the count. A Doppler frequency
record readable to 0. 1 c/s is obtained in this manner. If desired, the
Doppler frequency may also be printed dii'ectly in digital form (see
Figure 7 ).
D. S ignal S trength
The lower part of the chart in Figure 60 is a record of the AGO
voltage from the tracking filter. While in the search mode, the AGC is
shorted, giving the clean, otroight line at 2 mm deflection. When a
signal is defected, the AGC voltage first decreases due to an initial
threshold voltage of opposite polarity existing on the AGC line, which
causes a deflection toward zero on the chart. Then, as the signal
amplitude increases, the AGC voltage increases as shown by the scale
calibration. The chart is calibrated in power input level (in dbw) to
the receiver input terminals and also In relative signal In terms of the
signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver output, i. e. , in db below 1 :1 S /N
at the receiver output. With a 1 0 z/a bandwidth, the tracking filter can
track signals that are 26 db down in the noise from the 1 6 kc/s bandwidth
receiver.
The signal strength record of 59 Kappa in Figure 60 shows a maximum
signal of -1 61 dbw which is 2 db down in the noise at the receiver output.
The rather narrow, peaked signal response curve with the slight dip on the
leading portion is "signature" information indicating considerable attitude
change during the six second passage time through the antenna beam. The
peak cross section for this pass of 59 Kappa was calculated to be 226
square feet from this record. The rather detailed treatment of this one
pass of 59 Kappa has been given to illustrate the detailed nature, quantity,
and quality of the data that are provided by the DOPLOC satellite tracking
system from a single pass recorded by a s. lngle receiving station.
25
E. Multiple Antenna Recordu
Th e prev ious discussion of experimental results h as been largely
dev oted to data receiv ed by th e v ertically directed center antenna.
Figure 63 sh ows a similar Doppler record of a satellite signal receiv ed
by th e north antenna and later by th e center antenna. Th e Doppler
frequency h as a low v alue and is nearly constant during transit th rough
th e north antenna beam wh ich Is directed 20 degrees abov e th e h orizon.
During th is Interv al th e Doppler corresponds to th e flat portion of th e
"S" curv e. Th e region between th e satellite signal in th e north and th e
center antenna is of Interest In th is record since it represents a period
of unusually h igh spuriouo signal activ ity. Th e sh ort, steep slope lines
are typical of meteor h ead ech oes,"and are easily distinguish ed from th e
satellite record eith er by th eir steep slope or th eir v ery sh ort duration
AGO record (one second or less). Two of th e slopes are of opposite sign
to th ose of th e satellite record due to th e extremely h igh v elocity of
th e meteor, wh ich places th e Doppler frequency on th e opposite side of
th e h eterodyne frequency.
Optimum performance of th e DOPLOC system is sh own in Figure 8 0 ,
wh ich is a record of a satellite passing th rough th e th ree antenna beams
successiv ely. Th is record depicts th e step-scan frequency search , th e
lock-on, and th e continuous track sequence as th e satellite passed th rough
th e north antenna beam, th e center beam and th e south beam. It can be
seen th at th e k kc/s scan range is switch ed up as soon as th e satellite
signal h as ended in each antenna. Th is operation is performed manually
by th e operator wh o is v isually monitoring th e ALO output. Th is record
is of particular interest since it is th e last rev olution of i9 60 Delta
ov er th e North ern Hemisph ere. During th e latter part of th is rev olution,
th is satellite re-entered th e earth ' s atmosph ere ov er th e South ern
Hemisph ere.
F. Meteor' s
In addition to th e satellite Doppler frequency record in Figure 60 ,
oth er sh ort lines of about one second duration are ev ident In th e upper
portion of th e ch art Th ese are spurious responses due to strong noise
2k
pulsea or meteor head echoea. It is clgnlflcont to note that a spurious
frequency signal occurred Juat a few tenth. : of a second prior to the

satellite Doppler signal reception, yet the ALO was able to respond with
full sensitivity to the desired signal. S purious signals from meteors ore
identified by their short time duration and ateep slopes. S ignal reflec-
tions from meteor trails, which are large ionized columns moving at very
low velocities, are recorded as nearly constant frequency, called "flats",
which are close to or equal to the bias frequency.
G. S atelltto Trails
There is some indication that the passage of a satellite through
1 2 5
the lonaphere produces a cloud of Ionized particles in ita wake, ' ' '
causing a constant frequency reflection similar to the "flat" reflections
produced by meteor trails. The existence of such an ionized cloud is
further supported by data as shown in Figures 1 6 and 1 8, where a "flat" is
seen immediately following the Doppler reflection from 58 Delta. Other
constant frequency reflections appearing after a satellite pass may be seen
in Figures 26, 27 , 30, 66, 89, 92 and 1 00.
Figure 1 5 shows an interesting example of a satellite pass occurring
simultaneously with a "flat". Revolution 6586 of 58 Delta was detected three
seconds after the constant frequency reflection was observed. This example
demonstrates the ability of the DOPLOC system to detect and track a
satellite in the presence of a large, Interfering signal.
H. Predictions
S atellite predictions computed and distributed by S pace Track Control
Center were used to determine base line crossing times for known satellites.
Two chart speeds were used for the analog recordings; 2. 5 mm/second during
specifically selected search periods when a satellite was predicted to
cross the DOPLOC base line and 1 ram/second at all other times during
routine surveillance.
Not every satellite known to have passed between the transmitter and
receiver was detected, apparently because of Insufficient reflected signal
25
due to satellite attitude at the tljnc it traversed the antenna beam.
For the some rcaoon, any paases were detected by one or two antennas
but not by all three antennae. These one or two-antenna reflections
prove extremely usefuli however, when exaalned In conjunction with the
three-antenna data, in analysts and coasparison of cross sectional areas,
"signature", sat . lite attitude changes (spin and tumble) and
scintillation.
26
IV . RKFLECTION CROS S S CTIONS AW) POWER RATIOS
As previoucly stated, the Doppler frequency vs tljne data are
digitally recorded at the receiving station as the satellite passes
through the antenna beam. From these data, we may calculate the
Doppler slope (rate of change of Doppler frequency) and, subsequently,
the altitude and east-west position of the satellite as it crossed the
base line Joining the transmitter and receiver. Using these values
and the method described in Appendix I, we calculate the power ratio*
(ratio of calculated received power to measured received power) and the
apparent cross section observed for each satellite pass through each
antenna beam. Table h presents these values.
Before calculating the cross section and power ratio for a specific
satellite it is necessary to estimate the dimensions of the satellite and
calculate the power that would be radiated from an object of this size,
assuming It were located at a point in space corresponding to the
satellite position (altitude and east-west location). S ubsequently,
when the true measured power is determined using the actual received
signal amplitude reflected from the satellite, the ratio of calculated
power to measured power gives the power ratio. S ince all the reflected
power readings from one satellite are compared to the calculated value
for that satellite alone, we are permitted to examine the individual power
ratios as a composite group, regardless of the satellite from which they
were determined. In other words, a power ratio of 1 Indicates that the
measured power equals the calculated power, regardless of the physical
size of the satellite involved. Figures 1 1 5, 1 1 6, and 1 1 7 present the
power ratios measured in the center, north and south antennas, respectively,
and Figure 1 1 8 shows all the ratios, regardless of antenna.
* power raiiio vaxue of 1 Indicates that the measured power equals the
calculated power; a value of 1 0 indicates the measured power equals l/lO
of the calculated power.
27
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It la noted th at ' 5 $ of th e ratios itx Fleure 118 occur between 1 and 5 ,
and th at sligh tly more th an C$ are between 1 and 15 . Th is means th at
almost h alf of th e reflections possess a power v alue wh ich la 1/5 of th e
calculated v alue or larger, wh ile 8 out of 10 reflections are I/15 th e
calculated v alue or larger.
An Interesting situation exists In connection with th e cross sections
measured for 60 Delta (see Table h). Of th e eigh t pusses receiv ed, six
passes were th ree-untenna reflections, offering on excellent opportunity
for comparison of cross sections us measured by th e different antennas.
It is also noted th at, of th e six th ree-antenna passes, fiv e passes
exh ibited th e largest cross section in th e north untenna, and four passes
were almost equal to th e calculated v alue, as Indicated by th e power ratio
approach ing unity (Rev olutions 12' , li , 15 6, and 165 ). 0 clear cut ex-
planation can be presented for th is preponderance of large cross sections
In th e north antenna. All th e antennas wore Identiical ir. configuration,
dimensions and operating specifications, and ail were oriented with ref-
erence to a first-order geodetic surv ey. Subsequent to installation, a
signal generator was mounted ir. un airplane and a series of fligh ts were
made ov er th e antenna field at each station. In th is manner, th e radiation
patterns and antenna alignments were measured and determined to be optimum.
Th us, it would appear th at each of th e antennae sh ould "see" a satellite
in th e same way, and any v ariance in apparent size from one antenna to
anoth er would be purely random, dependent solely on such v ariables as
satellite altitude, east-west location, and attitude. Th e observ ed cross
sections for 60 Delta do not appear random, h owev er.
Furth er examination of th e data, specifically Table 5 wh ich presents
av erage v alues for all cross sections and power ratios, indicates th at in
th ree of th e four instances wh ere a comparison can be made between th e
th ree antennas for one satellite (5 8 Delta, 60 Delta, 60 Epsilon 1 and
60 Epsilon 2), th e largest av erage cross section is th at measured by th e
north antenna. Since i^ appears th at th e north antennas consistently
produced larger power and cross section v alues, we migh t conclude th at
th e north antennas were perfectly aligned, or possessed greater gain th an
eith er th e center or south antennas.
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A;; iioutx no we nukv Uil toni^ ttlv o uucunplloi , h owev er, wa ore
faced with controdlclory tiiita a obacrv ed for C Kpailon i. Table S
oh owa six ptt^ c;: of Ih U alelllte, Uu-ce meaeurcd by th e center anteiuja,
two by th e eoulh uud one by th e north . Kxcludlng th e north antenna pace
for th e icoacnt, th e fiv e rcaalAlne fkua ' cji ctCibluta h av e an av erage cross
section of 2j6. squai' c fv ^ -t and on uv uroge power ratio of 1. 8 . Th ese
v alues represent th e largest av erage cross section utid best av erage power
ratio of any satellite observ ed, yet th e one pass of th is satellite receiv ed
by th e north anunna Sias a crosa section th at Is tmaller th an th is av erage
by a factor of 12. Th e fact th at we observ ed th is one saail cross section
In th e north antenna la not significant, since a single observ ation cannot
be considered dtatlstlcaiiy oeanlngful. Howev er, it Is significant th at th e
av erage cross sections for tne fiv e passeu receiv ed by th e center and south
antennas are large, nearly -qul to th e calculated v alue. Wh y th ese two
antennas operated so excellently . n . : . ! an satellite lu a aatter of con-
jecture.
Referring again to Tab,. . - I, wc r. - tnat th e couth antenna produced
av erage cross scctiona tnat . ere larger In 5 out of V . ' nstar. ces th an th ose
observ ed by th e center antenna for th e aatx- uatelllte. Here agaljn, it
cost be pointed out th at 2 of th e 5 are based or. only one pass each (5 9
Epsilon and 5 9 Zeta), and r. j v alid conclusions can be drawn from sucn a
s-Tiall amount of daia.
5 1*
V . CROS S S BCTIOK "S IGMATURE" OBS ERV ATIOIIS
When the signal Btrength reflected fro a number of paoees of one
catelllto lc recorded In analog foj-n, the sitapc of the oboervcd croco
occtlon envelopea Ray appear very ouch alike, provided tliot the satellite
attitude renains reasonably constant fi-oa pass to pass and that propagation
conditions are similar. Under Ideal conditions, a particular satellite
nay consistently produce a unique "signature", thus perelttlng Identifi-
cation on this basis alone. Others may produce a wide variety of shapes,
which appear to possess nothing In coamon. A satellite with dimensions
omall compared with the wavelength will generate an approximately semi-
circular or semi-elliptical signal strength pattern that Is Independent of
physical configuration. S ignal strength changes due-to scintillation and
attitude change (spin and tumble) are usually present with large satellites
which produce a very complex received signal envelope configuration and
make "signature" Identification difficult.
In general, the DOPLOC records obtained by the center antenna are
charocterized by a short duration, syjcmetrlcal envelope that rises and
decays smoothly and possesses a rounded peak, with little or no oscillation
visible at any time. The average duration and signal strength of the 6?
center antenna measurements are 7 . 5 seconds and -l69. lt dbw. The north
and south antennas produced two general shapes; either a semi-circular
configuration with a smoothly changing signal level or a semi-rectangular
envelope with an abrupt rise and decay and a reasonably constant signal
level. Considerable variations, some quite large in amplitude, are
usually visible in both types. S ignals from the north and south antennas
were longer than those from the center antenna, since the beams were
directed 20 degrees above the horizon as opposed to the vertical center
beam. For the 22 observations in the north antenna the averages are
21 *. 8 seconds and -1 7 0. 4 dbw, while in the south antenna the averages
are 1 5. 7 seconds and -1 7 5-6 dbw. The overall averages for the kk
reflections are 20. 5 seconds and -1 7 2. 0 dbw. A discussion of several
specific "signatures" follows.
35
3 QPelta - A outstandliig example of "cignature" Is ev ident lo
Figure: : 3 7 and ' JO, wh ore a sh arp null la prominent on each record
approxlmtely 10 seconds after th e appearance of th e Doppler signal.
In both cases th e reflection Is In th e north antenna and th e length
of record peralts easy observ ation of th is ch aracteristic null. A
sev ere sl#ml dropout is ev ident In Figure 25 and, to a lesser extent,
in Figure 22. Th is any be on Indication of "aignature". Slallarly, a
ssall dip is seen in each of th e south antenna portluns of Figures 3 1,
3 5 , 3 6 and ^ 6, approximately 3 seconds prior to signal loss.
5 9 Epsilon - Th ere is no clear Haication of "signature", despite
th e prev alence of periodic ch ange in signal lev el, especially in Figures
^6, 5 0 and 5 2. Th is c tunge In signal anplltude is probably caused by
satellite attitude ch ange rath er th an by satellite configuration.
%> Zeta - A Bh orp spike is easily v leiblo on th e leading edge of
each of th e env elopes in Figures 5 3 , 5 5 , 5 0 and 5 9 - Th e latter two
records sh ow a periodic ch ange in signal strength , wh ereas none of th e
oth er 5 9 Zeta records possessed th is ch aracteristic. Th e v ariations in
Figures 5 8 and 5 9 are due to attitude ch ange, wh ich apparently coissenced
(or at least increased In frequency) late in th e orbital lifetime of 5 9
Zeta. Ev en as late as Rev olution 8 5 5 (Figure 5 7), th ere is no indication
of th is periodic nodulation. It is v ery ev ident, h owev er, in Rev olutions
8 71 and 8 77, th e last two DOPLOC observ ations of th is satellite before its
re-entry into th e earth ' s aunosph ere (estimated by Space Track Control
Center to h av e occurred between Rev olutions 96h and 9 66).
5 9 Kappa - Only one pass was receiv ed for th is satellite and it
sh ows no significant features.
5 9 Lambda - Th e v ery abrupt signal loss in th e middle of Rev olution 9 6
of 5 9 Lambda (Figure 6l) nay be "signature" information, th ough two factors
are present wh ich make th is assumption appear somewh at doubtful. First,
th ere is no ev idence of th is unique signal dropout on any of th e oth er
records of 5 9 Lambda. Secondly, and of greater linportance, is th e extremely
rapid signal decay. It is unlikely th at any motion or ph ysical configuration
of th e satellite could produce such a steep decay curv e. Th e aLnost instan-
taneous decay strongly suggests th at equipment failure or propagation ph enom-
ena, rath er th an satellite mov ement or sh ape, caused th is sudden loss of signal.
3 6
60 Conoa 1 - Anotlicr excellent example of "olgnature" in found
in Figures 69, 7 0, and 7 1 , vhere the Y-ohaped peak ia easily seen.
Fieiu*e 67 also chows traces of this shape, but the high altitude of
this pass (''0 ailes) severely attenuated the received signal and
prevented this characteristic frota being oore prominent. This pass
was the highest pass recorded by the DOPLOC system during its operation.
A further Identifying feature in these data for 60 Qaosa 1 appears to be
the signal losses shown in Figures 68, 69, and 7 0 which occurred in the
middle of the passes where the signal is normally at a maximum. On two
of these passes, the tracking filter lost lock completely, but the ALO was
able to lock-on again when the signal level increased.
60 Gaaaa 2 - Only one pass was recorded for this satellite and It
displays no uignificaot envelope shape.
60 Delta - Here we see a severe null in both Figure 7 8 (center) and
Figure 7 9 (north). Once again, the tracking filter lost lock during the
former pass but the ALO regained the signal automatically when it became
stronger. A hint of a similar null may be visible in both Figure 7 3 (south)
and Fi-ure 7 8 (south). It is worthwhile to point out that Revolution 6l
(Figure 7k) was received by the north and south antennas but not by the
center antenna. Perhaps the satellite was oriented In its maximum null-
producing attitude during the middle portion of this pass and, consequently,
this orientation reduced the reflected signal to a level lower than the
ALO threshold level and no lock was obtained. Repeated rerunning of the
magnetic tape of this pass in on attempt to lock the ALO on the Doppler
signal was without success. It appears that the center antenna portion of
Revolution 1 56 (Figure 7 8) may have been approaching this complete signal
fadeout condition also.
60 Epsilon 1 - There does not appear to be any clear indication of
"signature" in these data. The record of revolution 1 50 (Figure 83)
exhibits a nine second signal loss in the middle of the pass. The absence
of signal dropout in the other records of 60 Epsilon 1 makes it difficult
to correlate these data with "signature" information. It may be noted
that data shown in Figure Qk was recorded at 1 mm/second which served to
57
condense the envelope. The 2. 5 eta/second chart tspeed would have
enlarged the envelope and produced a trace ulfiiilar to Figure 86.
^0 Kpullon 2 - The distinguishing feature here secas to be the
oscillations observed In the center antenna portions of Figures 68, 92
93 and 95. Reflections frora the majority of other satellites observed
In the center antenna an? scoolh. Again it Is noted tliat the chart
speed In Figures 92 and 95 Is 1 cs/second, vhllc In Figures 66, 69 and
95 It Is 2. 5 B/second. Had the fonser passes been recorded at 2. 5 Em/second,
the resulting envelope would be very similar to Figure 95
a0 :-:p;:ll0ii 5. k. 5 and ^ - It Is not possible to evaluate
Individually these data in terms of "signature", since only one or two
pasoej of each ssatellite arc avullabic and none jooms to possess any
distinguishing features. Intercomporison is not valid either, even
though they are ail fraênts from t> 0 Ep llon 1 (S putnik IV ), because
the physical configuration of the fragments is probably not the same ~ "
and, therefore, any imiiarity in envelope shape would be purely random.
58
V I. CROS S S ECTIOH MODULATIOII DUK TO ATTITDE CltAIKJE
Evidence of IXTUNJIC ul^nul nodulaiion such a alght W caused by
pin or tuablc-, la vlulble In the oaJorLty or i^nal strength records.
This cross section nodulutlan Is visible both In the records of ground-
originated reflected signals and In ihc records of signals which originate
froa a satelllte-bornc iraoâltter. For this discussion, we shall tern
the foraer aethod of satellite detection and observation
,,
J;asslve
,,
track-
ing, and the latter tsethod "active" tracking. Measurement and analysis
of signal strength sodulatlun observed with the two methods of tracking
are difficult for several reasons. Propagation variances alone ay in-
troduce periodic changes in observed signal strength which can be istaken
for modulation cauued by satellite attitude change. The relatively short
duration of the passive records recorded by the center antenna cake it
iopossiblc to deteralne a aadulatlon periodicity In this antenna of core
than a second or two. The passive records recorded by the north and
south antennas, though fewer in nicabcr, are of greater value in modulation
analysis since they are considerably longer in duration and penait measure-
ment of several cycles of a modulation possessing a period in the order of
1 cycle per 5 seconds or longer. Also, when active tracking records are
exa-alned, especially those taken on S putnik III and IV which transmitted on
a nominal frequency of 20 Mc/s, the Faraday effect must be considered.
This effect varies inversely with the reciprocal of the frequency squared.
Thus, it is definitely a prime factor in producing periodic signal modula-
tion at 20 Mc/s, considerably less a factor at 1 08 Mc/s (the DOPLCC reflec-
tion frequency), and virtually non-existent at still higher frequencies
such as the transmitting beacons in the Discoverer satellites. Fluctua-
tions in received signal, while not necessarily periodic, may also be caused
by changes in the amplitude of the transmitted signal or the gain of the
receiver. Within these limitations, an attempt has been made to analyze the
D0PL0C records for evidences of cross section modulation caused by satellite
attitude change.
Examination of passive and active records for 58 Delta (S putnik III)
and 60 Epsilon 1 (S putnik IV ) show signal strength nulls occurring in a
2;1 ratio, i. e. , two nulls are observed on the passive records for every
59
nuil on th e activ e recordo. Flcurto 29 (north ), JJ (uouth ) and 5 9
(north ) are records of pasalv e reflection fro 5 6 Delta and sh ow an
ov croG of 1 null per ,J econda, wh ile Flgm-e H9 , on activ e record
for 5 B Delta, display 1 null pt r 6 oecond. Slallarly, Figuren
OS (north ), 8 5 (couth ), and 8 5 , p lv o obaerv atlono of 60 Epsilon 1,
ase satellite (Figure 120 ) amua i null per J seconds. It Is ev ident
froa th ese data tl^ t th e ph ysical configuration of th e sateUlte
produces a four-lobed pattern wh en reflecting th e ground-originated
DOPLOC slcnal, wh ereas th e transslttlng antennas on th e satellite
radiale a tv o-lobed pattern for activ e tracking. As th e satellite
tumbles and spins, th ese radiation putu-rns produce th e 2: 1 ratio seen
la th e signal strength null frequency.
Ev idence of lailar periodic nullc is seen in th e records of 5 9
Epsilon (Discov erer V). Here, h owev er, th e passiv e to activ e ratio Is
8 : 1. Fleures UB (south ), 5 0 and $ 2 (couth ) are passiv e reflection
records of 5 9 Epsilon and display an av erage of i nuil per ^ seconds.
Each of two activ e records for 5 9 Epsiicn, one of wh ich Is sh own Ix,
Figure 121, sh ow i null per 2k seconds. Apparently, th e cylindrical
sh ape of th e Discov erer satellite creates a multl-lobed reflection
pattern, wh ile th e transmitting antenna radiates th e tv o-lobed pattern.
Th e v alidity of th is assumption regarding th e reflection pattern is
enh anced by th e fact th at th e length of th e cylinder (I9 . 2 feet) is
approxL-nately twice th e wav elength of th e DOPLOC frequency (9 . 1 feet).
Wh ere th e length of th e reflecting object is large compared to th e
wav elength , as in th is case, th e result Is a multl-lobed radiation
pattern.
It is worth wh ile to note th at a total of nine activ e records
taken on 5 9 Zeta and 60 Delta (Discov erer VI and XI) sh ow an av erage
of 1 null per 2k seconds, with indiv idual v alues ranging from 11 to
40 seconds. Th e agreement with th e null rate observ ed for 5 9 Epsilon
is striking.
Table 6 summarizes th e data discussed abov e and lists null rates
for sev eral oth er satellites as well.
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vii. scnrriLLATiOH
A nuaber of the DOPLOC rccorde of reflected olgnal otrength chow
trftcea of eclntiliatlon and Table 7 preoents a suscaai-y of the oost
proalneat ejtirapleo, grouped occordhig to pass tlao. The eotlmted
peok-to-peok aj itlllatlon In db is given for each pass, as well as
the antenna In which the reflection was received. A notation Is also
Bade concerning the season of the year In which the pass was recorded.
Certain qualitative features In the data are rather pronounced and
deserve oddltlonal coanent.
The existence of a diurnal cycle Is apparent, with the scintillation
oaplltude being greater at night than during the day. The average peak-
to-peak signal fade for 9 observations made at night Is 2. h db, while
for 20 dnytLce observations the average value Is only 1 . 1 db. Also,
the diurnal effect Is auch core pronounced In susaner than In winter,
evidenced by the fact that 8 of the 9 night passes occurred In the
months between March and October. A series of one-way radar transmission
tests conducted by the Bell Telephone Laboratories, at wavelengths rang-
ing from 30^cm to 1 ? m, revealed corresponding diurnal and seasonal
variations. S imilarly, tests carried out by Ross A. Hull, with the aid
of other radio amateurs, the U. S . Weather Bureau and Harvard University
In the 5 to 8 m wavelength region, yielded comparable results.
5
'
6
The data in Table 7 show that scintillation occurs more frequently
in the north and south antenna reflections than in the center antenna.
Considering the total number of reflections received by each antenna,
we find scintillation appearing in kft of the north antenna passes (1 0 of
22), klf of the south antenna passes (9 of 22) and only I556 of the center
antenna passes (1 0 of 67 ). The indication here is that the reflecting
and diffracting properties of the terrain and the irregularities of the
atmosphere near the earth's surface combine to produce interference
waves which, in turn, cause variation In signal strength. These
phenomena would heavily Influence reflections in the north and south
antennas, since they are beamed only 20 degrees above the horizon. The
k2
T IU-K 7
A-iimiX Am V 4 re- T IK 5 :
Pcf t S-l d -IV f t H
.
St eUt t
R cvat ul l on
*
Sct ALLUAt l OO h iss T Uuc
Bane R uat oer
Af t '-cf t R f i ! a 4b U. T . C. S. T .
60 Bpsl ioo 2
3 0) -
. '.
03 5 5
2 1 5 5
60 Del i :-: -
2 . 0 tjteB oa?a
& Epat l ^J C 2
:. , n
) .o
uiAS
0CA2
kJ Dr't 9937 :;
2 . 0 tiO. 1 (M 2
5 8 t vl ia 5 -9 ) 7
: :. "
<&* 0CA2
f
If cl l A
f v. " - ' . -. '>V
C05 2
5 0 Del l
;.
i. 7'-'-
woo
& :. . . 2 i-; 2 . 5
crf 2 i 01 2 1
5 8 It ol l f c
. -. . .
:. >. 0&. 9 C2 b9
Smpuf l
s
s
s
8
U
s
I
:
J
60 Ej-d l l oa 2 J t y
2 . 0 1 ) 2 6 Wx, s
5 3 Dcl u 87%
: '. . 1 ) 5 6
075 8
w
cOEpsil on 5 01 : :
IbCO coo s
i Dcl :n 87> . .
. . . > < A 9> w
W LDaM a . :-
. . ^ ',
C^CA V
^ Del l 871 9
: . . 1 5 3 0 W
V
5 8 Bel l 9 9 5 9
n
1 . 0
1 5 UJ 0^8 s
^8 Del l
' n
:. 1 60) 1 00) s
V 6 Del l
e6bj c
1 . 0 1 61 *7 1 0i7 H
\
5 ? r. eui . '-
s . .
1 65 0 -''>-
w \
J K pnl l oi. 2 :/. . ;
:. 1 73 ) 1 1 ) )
s *
60 Del l 61 :: 1 . 5
1 605 1 2 0) s
5 Dcl t >&*8 s 1 . 5
1 81 2 1 2 1 2 s
5 8 Del l }6J 2 -
2 . 0 1 81 5 ia) s
60 Dcl Ui
J O :;
2 . 0 iBJ iO 1 2 1 *0 s
5 8 Del t a 9 72 2 ;: 1 . 5
2 C1 . 5 l l t i. 5
s
5 Del t a ejac :
1 . 0 2 1 ) 6 1 5 3 6
w
6C Epoil on 2 61 7 c
2 . 0 2 2 1 8 1 61 8 s
5 8 Del t
9 61 2 l i
1 . 0 2 2 1 9 1 61 9
s
5 9 Lonbd a 685
3
2 . 0 001 6 1 81 6 w
S - south , C - center, II - north
W - Winter (Nov ember - February)
* S - summer (March - October)
' O
greater leugth of the observationa by the north and south ontemma
Bay aliso contribute to the more frequent obaervations of signal fade
In thejti antennas.
Fro an examination of a number of active tracking records made
at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, there appears to be more
gclntlllatlon present In these active records than In the passive
reflection records. Figure 1 22 ohovs a Doppler record of 58 Delta
obtained at Aberdeen by tracking the 20 Kc/s satelllte-borne transmitter.
Peak-to-peak signal variations for this record are approximately 6 db,
roughly twice as large aa any variations noted In the passive records!
This satellite was probably experiencing severe buffeting when this
recording was made, since re-entry occurred only JO revolutions later.
These drastic oscillations may have increased the scintillation amplitude
to some extent, since records taken earlier in the lifetime of 58 Delta
chow signal fade in the order of 5-i. db. Then too, the very slight
Doppler frequency shift during this
Fa3s
indicates that the satellite
was at a great distance from the station and that the inclination of
the line of sight to the horizontal was small. Thus, as mentioned
previously with respect to scintillation in the north and south antennas,
interference waves may have contributed to the increased amplitude of
the signal variations.
HAROLD T. LOOTENS
kk
REFEREIKES
1 . J. D. Ki-uu, "Evi enco yf S utclllte-Inducc- Ionisation Effccto
Between Heaslphercs"^ Proe. BE, ' , 1 91 3-1 91 ^, (i960).
2. J. D. KTAUS , R. C. ':ii; r . ,'. y, D. J. S checr and y. R. Crone,
"observations of Ionisation Induced by Artlflcal Earth S atellltea'',
Mature, 1 5, 520-521 , (i960).
5. R oberts and Kirchner, QST , r> . jft, (1959) .
'. J. C. SchellIng, C. R . Bwi'ow, ond S. 3. Ferrell, "Ultra-Bhort-
wave P ropogatlon", P roc. IR E, 21, Ii27, (1933) ; C. R . Burrows, A.
Declno, and L. E. Hunt, "liritra-short-wave P ropagation over Land! *,
Ibid, 33, 1507, (1935) ; and "Stability of T wo-seter Waves", Ibid,
26, 516, (1938) ; C. R . Burrows, A. B. Cs-awford, and V . W. Kusford,
"Ultra-short-wave T ranaalsslon over a 59-slle Optical P ath", Ibid
28, 3 0, (i9'iO) .
5. R . A. Bull, QST , 19, 3, (1935) > ond 21, 16, (1937) .
6. A. W. Friend, P roc. IR E, 33, 3^8, (li^) .
ii5
Arraron i
CALCUUTIOJf OF PCWKR RATIO ;jkD CHSS SECTIOH
Center Antenna - As prcv loucly stated, th o Dopjilor frequency v s
tlKO inta arc digitally recorded at th - receiv ing station aa th o
satellite pasties th rough tncl: of th e tlu' ce antenim beasa. Frea tJje
dUTltttl Doppler daUt wo calculate th e Dopplcr slope (j-ate of cJ' ^ jjge
of Dappler frequency) Knuv lng th e Doppler frt-quv ney and slope and
assualng clrcultu* aotlou, U 1^ - possible to obtain th e altitude and
east-v est location of th e atollltc a;; it crosses th e base line Join-
ing th e trar. scltter uad receiv er, with th e aid of a ch art of th e type
prer-er. tcd in Figure 12> . Constant coatoui' ILnta h av e been coaputcd
and druv n Tor th e Dopplcr frequency und th e tlae deriv ativ e of th e
frequency (th e elope) In th e v ertlcul plane conUiinlns both th e
transieittcr and receiv er. Th - oor. toura v ary v lth : : ut< ;llit or-
bital inclination, so th ai tev orai cliarta u. v: reqv ;ired for orbits of
v arious inclinations. 'tazh cJiart i. v alid, h owev er, only for data
receiv ed in th e center bens: . Giv er, u Doj. plcr frequency of 3 0 0 cps and
a slope of 9 0 crs at, x. ':. > : ;. l. i. ,. i: . t oV th e record, ue locate th e cui' v es
representing th ese v nluej 01. the ch art and, ut tiieir intersection,
read an altitude of l/{nile. i and a sub-satellite point on th e base
line located jJ5
u
ftiies east of Fort ;-: iii. Hav ing determined th ese
distances, a sketch sinilar to Ficare 12' is prepared to assist in
cow. pleting th e power and CIJ: ;: ; . . v ction calculations.
liortli rtnd .
c
J-. > uth Ant' -. ' -. -. ' -i- - Th e ^ c-unietry and calculations necessary
to locate th e point, of int : . > . otii: : of a satellite in th e north or south
antenna, and Its correspof. aln,: ground ranjjc froiii Fort Siil, v ary some-
wh at from th e meth od described for th e center antenna. In th ese antennas,
th e Intersection point and its corresponding distance east or west of
Fort Sill are function: ; of satellite altitude, and th e inclination of
th e orbital plane and bur,. . - line with respect to th e equator. For purposes
hi
of thlo vUccusaion, uc oluUl confine ouraclvc to the ::outh antenmi.
Calcukitlono in tho nox-th nntennti are ;;iilar. Figxu-o 125 (jlvos a
cmrhlc m-caentatlon of the cectjetry involved.
T he uoutl: oatenna is elevated 20 degreoo above the horizon and
oriented In aslcuth ua oh^vn in Figure 11. T he altitude of the satellite
Intersection point In the center antenna Is taken aa the height of the
jwtnt of intersection in the south antenna pattern. T he curvature of the
earth la Ignored here slaee It la negligible over UR - relatively short
distance Involved. R eferring to Figure 125, we calculate X, the perpen-
dicular distance fro tne base llr.e to the point or Intersection of the
satellite In the south antenna, using the trlgonoaictrlc function
: :
air. 20
Subsequently, th e perpendicular distance '{, fror, th e 20 degree
plane of th e south antenna zo th e 9 0 degree plane of th e center antenna
is deterr. Lied by
Y--
v ,an < r0
Th e next step Is to calculate ^ th e angle at wh ich th e satellite
crosces th e base line. If we let i ^ qual th e orbital inclination at
th e equator and l' th e orbital Inclination at any North Latitude 0 , th en
cos 1' =
/ COS i
COS 0
Solv ing for 1' giv es th e angle at wh ich th e satellite crosses th e
particular North Latitude 0 . Th e Forrest City - Fort Sill base line is
a segment of a great circle wh ich is not parallel to th e equator; h ence
as sh own in Figure 126, th e satellite crosses th e base line at an angle
different from i', th e difference being equal to th e inclination of th e
base line to th e equator. Th e base line is inclined 3 degrees to th e
equator so, for a north -south pass 3 degrees must be added to i' , wh ile
for a south -north pass j, degrees is subtracted from i' to obtain Q .
ii8
Finally, knowing 3 and Y, the distance d noved along the base
line In Figure l. '~ y can be determined by the trlgonooetrlc relation
tan . ^ *
I a
This value d oust be added to or subtracted free r (the ground
range from Fort 31 1 1 as deteralned Tor satellite intersection In the
center antenna), depending on the pass direction and the antenna In-
volved. As shown In Figure i:f[, Vor a north-south pass, ground range
In the north antenna Is equal to r - d, while for the saae pass in the
south antenna the ground range Is r d.
Having thus determined the distance from the base line to the
satellite Intersection point in the 20 degree plane and the corresponding
ground range from Fort S ill, a sketch is prepared as shown in Figure 1 28
to aid in coopleting the calculutions.
Power 6nd Crotis S ection Caleulations
Having determined satellite altitude (or the perpendicular distance
from the base line to the point of intersection In the 20 degree plane),
as well as the ground range east or west of Fort S ill, and knowing that
the distance between the transmitter and receiver Is ^35 miles, the distances
R and R
2
and the angles a and con be computed using standard trigonometric
functions (refer to Figures 1 21 and 1 28). The azimuth angles of the trans-
mitting and receiving antennas are known (see Figure 1 1 ); hence the angles 7
and 6 can be determined and, from the curve presented In Figure 1 29, the
factors F-, and F , which are decimal representations for the angles 7 and 5,
are obtained. It Is now possible to proceed with the computation of the cal-
culated power P
n
, the measured power received P, , the power ratio P
D
/Pw,
and the apparent cross section of the reflecting object 5~ ^ .
The calculated power In watts that would be radiated from an object
of known dimensions at a given distance from the transmitter and receiver
is determined first. For example, a length of 20 feet and a radius of
2. 5 feet is assumed for the Discoverer satellite. The maximum reflection
h9
croats section that an object huvlnn the o dlaenalons would preaent ia
calculuted by nuln^ the foraulu
where X. at 106 ^te/s la 9.1 feet. Solving for ZU volue of 690 oquare
feet la obtained for the Discoverer aatelllte. Adalttedly, thla proceso
la an approxlcatlon, since accm-ale deteralnatlon of21 dependent upon
r and / being huge coapared to X. Slallur eatksatea of phyalcol dlaenalona
were aade for Sputnik IH and IV and for T ranalt I, and the reeultlng valuea
of C^re used In the calculations pertaining to thoae sateUltea.
Using the basic ruiar equation,
. ''T 'V
(i
l
t
rF
T
F
B
g (I)
r
i) ' ' 5 5
R
('' ) ^(R .r (R ^r
the value of21 and the following DOP LOC syHtea conatonta are Ineerted:
P = power transalttod - 10 Jew
G G = antenna gain In power kO
X 9.1 feet
T hus, equation (1) becomes
. 1-66 x to
8
F
T
P
R
5 (2)
(R J- {R^f
wh ere R^ und R are expressed in feet or
- ^V
0
'
6

r
T
F
B
(5,
(R^ (R
2
)
2
wh ere R and R are expressed in miles.
Next, equation (5 ) is solv ed for P
R
to detennine th e power in watts
th at would be radiated from an object of th is size if it were located at
th e point in space occupied by th e satellite.
To detennine th e measured receiv ed power in watts, th e peak of th e
receiv ed signal recorded in db below unity S/N at receiv er output is con-
v erted to a v oltage ratio X.
Tlldenour^ L. , "Radar System Engineering", M3 T Radiation Laboratory
Series No, 1, p. 66. (l^ T).
5 0
X = log" (max db)
If E
1
Is th e receiv ed algnal for a 1: 1 s/jl ratio at th e receiv er out-
put (wh ich for th e DOPLOC oystcm U 0 . 0 ? mlcrov olt) and E
2
Is th e meaoured
receiv ed algnal v oltage, th e eaaured power in watto io
P
H
. < = /
R
wh ere R, th e antenna resltance, is equal to 5 0 oh ma. Th e power ratio,
P
R^
P
M
cx
P
reoeo

the
relation between calculated and measured power.
To calculate th e cross section corresponding to th e peak signal
receiv ed, equation (1) Is used to solv e for JT-
After substituting P
M
for P
H
, equation (1) may be rearranged to giv e
5 . ' 9 x 10 "
9
F
7
. P
R
Solv ing for 23 giv es th e apparent cross section of th e reflecting object
In square feet.
5 1
APPEHDK n
BRL-DOPLOC REPORTS
No. 1
BRI. Meao Report Ho. 10 5 5 - October I9 5
"Doppler Signals and Antenna Orientation for a Doppler Syetea"
by L. P . Bolglano, Jr.
COfiT IDEJIT IAL
Ho. 2
BR L Hcxo R eport No . 1185 - January 1959
Flr.st Sc l-Aanual T echnical Smmoary R eport
P urijd 1 July 1958 - 31 Docesjber I958
by L. G. dcDey, V . W. R ichard, A. H. Hodge, R . B. P atton, C L. Adans
(EML 39-60) CO.'fFIDrffriAL
Ho. 3
BRI, Tech Hote Ho. 1265 - June I9 5 9
"Orbital Data Handling and Preotntatlon"
by R. E. A. Putrma
UNCLASSIFIED
Ho. h
BRL Tech Hote Ho. 1266 - July I9 5 9
"An Approach to th e Doppler Dark Satellite Detection Problem"
by L. G. deBey
COHFIDEHTIAL
Ho. 5
BRL Meao Report Ho. 1220 - July 19 5 9
Second Serai-Annual Tech nical Suraraary Report
Period 1 January - 3 0 June I9 5 9
by L. G. deBey, V. W. Rich ard and R. B. Patton
Ho. 6
BRL Tech Hote Ho. I278 - September I9 5 9
"Synch ronization of Tracking Antennas"
by R. E. A. Putnam
(BML 20 8 -5 9 ) COHFIDEHTIAL
UNCIASSIFEED
Ho. 7
BRL Memo Report Ho. 123 7 - September I9 5 9
"A Meth od of Solution for th e Determination of Satellite Orbital Parameters
from DOPLOC Measurements"
by R. B. Patton, Jr.
UHCIASSIFIED
nui
lUDOP lJDC R hitiiCf^ (continued)
No. S
mi Neno R eport No. 1093 - Morch I960
"T he Dyiuuaic Cliorftctcrlotlcs of P Juuse-Lock R eeelvero"
by Dr. Keats P ullen
tniCLASiJIP IED
Ko. 9
"Station Geccsetry Studies for the DOP LOC Syotea"
3t! inford R esearch Institute
lîCL/^ IFIED
Uo. 10
Final Rvport, Part B, S tanford Ruearch Institute - July I960
"DOPLOC S yatca S tudies"
by H. . S churfcan, H. Rothaan, H. Guthart, T. Horlta
UTiCLAS S IFIED
No. 1 1
Phllco Corporation - U May i960
"Poly^tatlon Doppler S yatea"
No. 1 2
UNCLAS S IFIED
S pace S cience Laboratory, General electric Co. - October i960
"Orbit Determination of a Non-Tranamlttlng S atellite Ualng'Doppler
Tracking Data"
by Dr. Paul 3. Richards
UNCLAS S IFIED
No. 1 3
Final Technical Report - University of Delaware - June 1 5, i960
"Quantua Mechanical Analysis of Radio Frequency Radiation"
by L. P. Bolgiano, Jr. and W. M. Gottschalk
UNCLAS S IFIED
Ho. I k
Final Report F/1 57 , Columbia University - February 1 1 , i960
"Nummary of the Preliminary S tudy of the Applicability of the Ordir
S ystem Techniques to the Tracking of Passive S atellites"
UNCLAS S IFIED
^
BKUDCP LOC R EP OR T S (continued)
No. 15
HRL Report lio, 1 1 1 0 - June i9 60
"Precision Frequeney Kcasureaent of Jtolay Doppler S ignal
1
by W. A. Ikan
UIJCIJUÎFISD
Uo. l6
T hird T echnical iJuraitiry R eport - P eriod July 1959 through June 30, i960
2R L y. va. 0 R eport lio. 126?
by A. L. 0. deBey
UltCl^SSIFIKD
Jio. I?
Columbia Univ ersity Tech . Report Uo. T-l/1 57 - Auguat 1 , 1 959
"Th e Th eory of Ph ase S ynchronlxutlon of Osclllutor v lth Application
to th e DOPLOC Tracking Filter"
by ? : . Krelndler
UHCLASSIFIL' D
Uo. 16
BRL Tech I. ' ote Uo. 15 ^ 5 - Auguat i9 60
"DOPLCC Receiv er for Use with Circulating Mczory Filter"
by K. Patterson
UNCLASSIFIED
No. 19
BRL Tech Note Uo. I'&k - October i9 60
"Puremetrlc Pre-Amplifier Reaulta"
by K. Patterson
UNCLASSIFIED
No. 20
BRL Tech Note No. 15 67 - December i9 60
"Data Generation and Handling for Scanning DOPLCC Syatem"
by Ralph E. A. Putnam
UNCLASSIFIED
No. 21
BRL Report No. 1123 - January I9 6I
"Th e DOPLOC Instrumentation System for Satellite Tracking"
by C. L. Adams
UNCLASSIFIED
5 5
jgUDOPLOC gÔMS (continued)
Ho. ^2
BRL Kec Repoi-t H o. IjJ^) - arch 1 961
"DOPLOC Obaervatlono of Reflection Croaa S ection of S utellltea"
by H. T. Lootena "iâ
UNCLAS S IFIED
In Prcpftratlon
"DOPLOC Cosb Filter" by R. V ltek
"DOPLOC Orbit Determination Methoda" by R. Putton, Jr.
"Final S uwory Report on the BRL-DOPLOC Project" by Dr. A. H. Hodge
56
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0OPLOC FREQUENCY AND RATE OF CHANGE
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(FOR 80 INCLINATION)
Fig. 123
SATELLITE
FO RREST
C ITY
A 2 4-. AZIMUTH ANGLE O F TRANSMITTING ANTENNA.
B-2 5 - AZIMUTH ANGLE O F REC EIVING ANTENNA.
R, SLANT RANGE FRO M TRANSMITTER TO SATELLITE.
Ra SLANT RANGE FRO M REC EIVER TO SATELLITE.
y- ANGLE THAT R, MAKES WITH C ENTER O F TRANSMITTING ANTENNA BEAM.
8 -- ANGLE THAT R
2
MAKES WITH C ENTER O F REC EIVING ANTENNA BE A M.
a ANGLE THAT R, MAKES WITH BASE LINE.
- ANGLE THAT R
2
MAKES WITH BASE LINE.
Z ALTITUDE O F SATELLITE IN C ENTER ANTENNA.
GR GRO UND RANGE FRO M FO RT SILL.
FI G. 1 2 4 - CE N T E R A N T E N N A GE OME T R Y
]. 8o
SO UTH-NO RTH PASS
HOR I ZON
Z = SATELLITE HEIGHT IN C ENTER AND NO RTH O R SO UTH A N T E N N A S.
X = PERPENDIC ULAR DISTANC E BETWEEN BASE LINE AND SATELLITE
INTERSEC TIO N PO INT IN NO RTH O R SO UTH A N T E N N A S.
Y = PERPENDIC ULAR DISTANC E BETWEEN 2 0 PLANE AND 9 0 PLANE.
AC = r = GRO UND RANGE IN C ENTER ANTENNA
BC = d = DISTANC E MO VED ALO NG BASE LINE.
AB = GRO UND RANGE IN SO UTH .ANTENNA.
01 = ANGLE BETWEEN SUB - SATELLITE TRAC E AND BASE LINE. ,
FI G. 1 2 5 - A LT I T U D E A N D GR OU N D R A N GE
GE OME T R Y I N SOU T H A N T E N N A
ll
SATELLITE
PATH
B\ (l '-S
0
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N . LA T I T U D E ^
E QU A T CX
SOU T H - N OR T H P A SS
9 i (i
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N . LA T I T U D E ^
EQUATO R
N OR T H - SOU T H P A SS
SATELLITE
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j
1
= OR BI T A L I N CLI N A T I ON A T N OR T H LA T I T U D E *.
9\ ' A N GLE BE T WE E N SU B - SA T E LLI T E T R A CE A N D BA SE LI N E
FI G. 1 2 6 - SA T E LLI T E I N CLI N A T I ON WI T H
R E SP E CT T O BA SE LI N E
182
FOR T
SI LL
N OR T H A N T E N N A
SO UTH A N T E N N A
FOR R E ST
CI T Y
N OR T H - SOU T H P A SS
GR OU N D R A N GE (GR )
I N N OR T H A N T E N N A f-d
!N SOU T H A N T E N N A = r + d
WHE R E r = GR I N CE N T E R
A N T E N N A A N D I S E A ST OF
FOR T SI LL. A N D D = D I ST A N CE
MOVE D A LON G BA SE LI N E .
FO RT
SILL
N OR T H A N T E N N A
r
FO RREST
0
C ITY
SO UTH A N T E N I I A
SOU T H-N OR T H P A SS
GR OU N D R A N GE (GR )
I N N OR T H A N T E N N A = r + d
I N SOU T H A N T E N N A = r -d
WHE R E r GR I N CE N T E R
A N T E N N A A N D I S E A ST OF
FOR T SI LL, A N D D = D I ST A N CE
MOVE D A LON G BA SE LI N E .
FI G. 1 2 7 - GR OU N D R A N GE I N N OR T H A N D SOU T H A N T E N N A S
185
SA T E LLI T E
FOR T
SI LL
FOR R E ST
CI T Y
A 2 4 A ZI MU T H A N GLE OF T R A N SMI T T I N G A N T E N N A .
8 = 2 5= A ZI MU T H A N GLE OF R E CE I VI N G A N T E N N A .
R | SLA N T R A N GE FR OM T R A N SMI T T E R T O SA T E LLI T E .
R 2 = SLA N T R A N GE FR OM R E CE I VE R T O SA T E LLI T E .
y A N GLE T HA T R , MA KE S WI T H CE N T E R OF T R A N SMI T T I N G A N T E N N A BE A M.
8 = A N GLE T HA T R
2
MA KE S WI T H CE N T E R OF R E CE I VI N G A N T E N N A BE A M.
a
s
A N GLE T HA T R , MA KE S WI T H BA SE LI N E .
- - A N GLE T HA T R
2
MA KE S WI T H BA SE LI N E .
Y = P E R P E N D I CU LA R D I ST A N CE BE T WE E N SA T E LLI T E I N T E R SE CT I ON
P OI N T I N 2 0 P LA N E A N D 9 0 P LA N E .
GR = GR OU N D R A N GE FR OM FOR T SI LL.
FIG. 1 28 - NORTH AND S OUTH ANTENNA GEOMETRY
1 84
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10
Oi'tionlnation
Chief of Ordnance
AT T If: OR DT B - Bal Sec
Departsaont of the krmy
Washington 25, D. C.
Commanding Officer
Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories
AT T N: T echnical Information Office
Branch 012
Commander
Armed Services T echnical
Information Agency
AT T N: T IP CR
Arlington Hall Station
Arlington 12, V irginia
Commander
Air R esearch & Development Command
Andrews Air Force Ease
AT T N: R DT S
Commander
Air Force Command & Control
Development Division
Air R esearch & Development Command
U. S. Air Force
L. 0. Kanscom Field
Bedford, hJassachusetts
Commander
Air Prov ing Ground Center
ATTN: PGTRI
Eglin Air Force Base, Florida
No. Of
Conies
Organisation
Commanding Officer
U. S. Army Communications Agency
Th e Pentagon
Wash ington 25 , D. C.
Commanding Officer
Wh ite Sands Annex - 3 RL
Wh ite Sands Missile Range
New Mexico
Commanding General
Array Ballistic Missile Agency
ATTN: Dr. C. A. Lundquist
Dr. F. A. Speer
Redstone Arsenal, Alabama
Director
Advanced R esearch P rojects Agency
Department of Defense
Director
Adv anced Research Projects Agency
ATTN: IDA - Mr. R. Jacobson
Department of Defense
Director
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
15 20 K Street
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DOPLOC Observations of Reflection Cross Sections of Satellites

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