International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)

www.ijmer.com Vol. 2, Issue. 5, e!."#ct. 2$%2 !!"&'$2"&'$' I() 22*+"''*5

,ana-ar ,asa.araj
%
, Ronad ,asangouda
2
, Jangamshetti uresh./
&
%
tudent Mem0er IEEE,
2
Mem0er IEEE,
&
enior Mem0er IEEE
Abstract: The paper focuses on the issue of transmission
loss allocation and transmission loss minimization. To
meet the power demand it is essential to increase the
transmitted power by reducing transmission losses. This
can be achieved by adding Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS controllers. The annual! weighted average
transmission and distribution loss in "ndia is about #$%
#&'. To investigate the effect of the ()FC on the steady
state condition of the system! different models can be used.
The (nified )ower Flow Controller (()FC in*ection
model is incorporated in load flow by +ewton ,aphson
algorithm. -oss allocation is an important aspect in
determining the cost of transmission. .%bus loss allocation
techni/ue is used to achieve the same. Currents rather than
powers are emphasized in the allocation process. 0ptimal
location to place ()FC is identified based on active power
loss Sensitivity factors. The changes in the system are
studied to see the impact of the ()FC. The impact of
()FC is analyzed by using &%bus test system! "111 23%bus
and #$%bus test systems. The results conclude that
considerable amount of losses can be reduced. The
analysis is achieved through developing a program using
4AT-A5.
Index Terms: -FA (load flow analysis! ()FC (unified
power flow control! . bus Allocation! Sensitivity factors,
Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the !resent !ace of !ower s1stem, transmission s1stems
are 0eing re2uired to !ro.ide increased !ower transfer
ca!a0ilit1 to accommodate a much wider range of !ossi0le
generation !atterns. En.ironmental, right"of"wa1, and cost
!ro0lems are major hurdles for !ower transmission
networ- e3!ansion. /ence, there is an interest in 0etter
utili4ation of a.aila0le !ower s1stem ca!acities 01
installing 5678 controllers. 9ower s1stems toda1 are
highl1 com!le3 in nature. 8he re2uirements to !ro.ide a
sta0le, secure, controlled 2ualit1 of !ower are 0ecoming
.itall1 im!ortant with the ra!id growth in industrial area.
8o meet the demand in a !ower s1stem it is essential to
increase the transmitted !ower 01 reducing losses in the
transmission line. Moreo.er installation of new
transmission lines in a !ower s1stem leads to the
technological com!le3ities increased cost and dela1 in
construction. 7onsidering these factors it is necessar1 to
modif1 the e3isting transmission s1stem instead of
constructing new transmission lines.
II. UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER
(UPFC)
A .Circuit Arrangement of UPFC
8he :957 consists of two .oltage source con.erters,
which are connected 0ac- to 0ac- through a ;7 lin-. 8he
series .oltage con.erter is connected to the transmission
line 01 means of a series transformer and the shunt .oltage
con.erter 01 means of shunt transformer. 8he series
.oltage con.erter injects an 67 .oltage into the
transmission line with 7ontrolla0le magnitude and !hase
angle.
8he shunt con.erter can e3change acti.e and
reacti.e !owers with the s1stem, which ena0les the s1stem
to do shunt com!ensation inde!endentl1. 7on.erter 2
!ro.ides the main function of the :957 01 injecting an 67
.oltage with controlla0le magnitude and !hase angle in
series with the transmission line .ia a series transformer.
8he 0asic function of con.erter % is to su!!l1 or a0sor0 the
real !ower demand 01 con.erter 2 at the common ;7 lin-.
It can also generate or a0sor0 controlla0le reacti.e !ower
and !ro.ide inde!endent shunt reacti.e com!ensation for
the line. 7on.erter 2 su!!lies or a0sor0s locall1 the
re2uired reacti.e !ower and e3changes the acti.e !ower as
a result of the series injection .oltage <2=.
7on.erter 2 is used to generate a .oltage source at
the fundamental fre2uenc1 with .aria0le am!litude and
!hase angle, which is added to the ac transmission line 01
the series"connected 0oosting transformer. 8he in.erter
out!ut .oltage injected in series with line can 0e used for
direct .oltage control, series com!ensation, !hase shifter,
and their com0inations.
Fig.1. Schematic diagram of UPFC 1!.
7on.erter 2 is used to generate a .oltage source at the
fundamental fre2uenc1 with .aria0le am!litude and !hase
angle, which is added to the ac transmission line 01 the
series"connected 0oosting transformer. 8he in.erter out!ut
.oltage injected in series with line can 0e used for direct
.oltage control, series com!ensation, !hase shifter and
their com0inations. 8his .oltage source can internall1
generate or a0sor0 all the reacti.e !ower re2uired 01 the
different t1!e of controls a!!lied and transfers acti.e
!ower at its dc terminal.
B. UPFC injection model for poer flo studies.
Model for :957, which will 0e referred as :957 injection
model is deri.ed. 8his model is hel!ful in understanding
the im!act of the :957 on the !ower s1stem in the stead1
state. 5urther, the :957 injection model can easil1 0e
incor!orated in the stead1 state !ower flow model. 8he
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Tra"#mi##io" Lo## $i"imi%atio" &#i"g UPFC
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol. 2, Issue. 5, e!."#ct. 2$%2 !!"&'$2"&'$' I() 22*+"''*5
series .oltage source con.erter does the main function of
the :957 01 injecting .oltage in series with transmission
line <%=.eries connected .oltage source con.erter model)
u!!ose a series connected .oltage source is located
0etween nodes i and j in a !ower s1stem. 8he series
.oltage source con.erter can 0e modeled with an ideal
series .oltage Vs in series with a reactance @s as shown in
fig 0elow.
Fig.'.Re(re#e"tatio" of a #erie# co""ected )SC

%
i s i
6 6 6 = +
(%)
where

%
i
6
A .oltage 0ehind the series reactance.

s
6 A series source .oltage.

i
6 A .oltage at iBth node.
8he series .oltage source
s
6 is controlla0le in magnitude
and !hase

i
s i
6 r6 e

=
(2)
where r A series .oltage source co"efficient.
ma3
($ ) r r < <

A series .oltage source angle. ($ 2 ) < <

8he injection model is o0tained 01 re!lacing the e2ui.alent
circuit of series connected .oltage source as (ortonBs
e2ui.alent circuit as shown in fig.5 .8he current source,


s s s
" *b 6 =
(&)
Chere,
%D
s s
b 7 =
Fig.*. E+&i,a-e"t Norto".# circ&it of a #erie# co""ected
)SC.
8he !ower injected into the j
th
0us
E
( )
< =
sin( ) cos( )
*s * s
*
*s * s i
*s s i * i* s i * i*
S 6 "
S 6 *b r6 e
S b r6 6 *b r6 6

=
=
= + + +
(5)
Chere
i* i *
=
5rom a0o.e e2uations, the injection model of series
connected .oltage source can 0e sent as two de!endent
loads as shown in fig.*. In :957, the shunt connected
.oltage source (con.erter%) is used mainl1 to !ro.ide the
acti.e !ower, which is injected to the networ- .ia the series
connected .oltage source.
Fig./ .I"0ectio" mode- for a #erie# co""ected )SC.
Chen the losses are neglected <%=
% 2 conv conv
) ) =
8he a!!arent !ower su!!lied 01 the series .oltage source
con.erter is
%
E
E
2
< =
*
* i
conv s i* i
s
6 6
S 6 " re 6
*7

= =
(')
6fter sim!lification, the acti.e and reacti.e !ower su!!lied
01 con.erter 2 is
2
2
2 2 2
2
sin( ) sin( )
cos( ) cos( )
conv s i * i * s i
conv s i * i * s i s i
) rb 66 rb 6
8 rb 66 rb 6 r b 6


= +
= + + +
(F)
8he reacti.e !ower deli.ered or a0sor0ed 01 con.erter % is
inde!endentl1 controlla0le 01 :957 and can 0e modelled
as a se!arate controlla0le shunt reacti.e source. In .iew of
a0o.e, it is assumed that
%
$
conv
8 = . 8he :957 injection
model is constructed from the series connected .oltage
source model with the addition of a !ower e2ui.alent to
%
$
conv
) * + to node i.
Fig.1 . Com(-ete UPFC mode-.
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International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol. 2, Issue. 5, e!."#ct. 2$%2 !!"&'$2"&'$' I() 22*+"''*5
8hus, the com!lete :957 injection model is shown in
fig.F.
2
cos( )
si s i shunt
8 rb 6 8 = +
cos( )
s* s i * i*
8 rb 66 = +
sin( )
sin( )
si s i * i*
s* s i * i*
) rb 66
) rb 66


= +
= +
(>)
III. $ethodo-og2
6.Incorporation of UPFC in !eton "ap#son Poer
flo algorit#m:
8he te!s to Incor!orate :957 in (ewton"Ra!hson
6lgorithm are as follows
Read the s1stem in!ut dataG line data, 0us data, generator
and load data.
5ormation of admittance matri3 HIB 0us of the
transmission line 0etween the 0us i and j.
7om0ining the :957 !ower e2uations with networ-
e2uation, the con.entional !ower flow e2uation is gi.en
as)
(+)
8he con.entional jaco0ian matri3 are formed. ;ue to the
inclusion of :957 the dimensions of the jaco0ian matri3
is increased.
In this ste!, the jaco0ian matri3 is modified and !ower
e2uations are mismatched. 8he ,us 0ar .oltages are
u!dated at each iteration and con.ergence is chec-ed. If
con.ergence is not achie.ed in the ne3t ste! the
algorithm goes 0ac- to the ste! 5 and the jaco0ian matri3
is modified and the !ower e2uations are mismatched
until con.ergence is attained.
If the con.ergence achie.ed in earlier ste!, the out!ut
load flow is calculated for 9J 0us that includes the ,us
0ar .oltages, generation, transmission line flow and
losses.
B. $ensiti%it& anal&sis of total acti%e poer loss
6 method 0ased on the sensiti.it1 of the total s1stem acti.e
!ower loss with res!ect to the control .aria0les of the
5678 de.ice :957 is considered. 5or :957 !laced
0etween 0uses i and 0us j, the considered control !arameter
is the injected series .oltage of controlla0le magnitude and
its !hase angle. 8he acti.e !ower loss sensiti.it1 factor
with res!ect to these control .aria0les ma1 0e gi.en as,
loss sensiti.it1 with res!ect to control !arameter of :957
!laced 0etween 0uses i and 0us j<&=.
(%$)
6nd this can 0e deduced from the a0o.e e2uation as,
(%%)
8hus from the a0o.e e2uation the sensiti.it1 factors with
res!ect to acti.e !ower loss are o0tained.
C. '(Bus loss allocation met#od
8he goal of the K%0us loss allocation method, is to ta-e a
sol.ed !ower flow and s1stematicall1 distri0ute the s1stem
transmission losses, among the networ- 0uses. 8he loss
com!onent, L- is the fraction of the s1stem losses allocated
to the net real !ower injection at 0us M<*=. 8he K"0us loss
allocation algorithm is as follows
ol.e load flowG get 0us .oltage .ector V and total
!ower loss.
#0tain 0us current .ector I from V and com!le3 !ower
injection.
A (9iNjJi) (%2)
#0tain the .ector RI.
RI A Re OKP I.
RI A Re OK <Re (I)=P N Re OK <Im (I)=P (%&)
7alculate the com!onent of total loss due to current
injection I- at the jth 0us.
. (%*)
I). SI$UL3TION RESULTS
8he simulation is carried out for IEEE %* and &$ 0us
s1stems.
A. $imulation result for I)))(*+ bus s&stem.
Ta4-e .1.)o-tage (rofi-e 5 di#tri4&tio" of acti,e (o6er
Lo## co#t 6itho&t UPFC.
8a0le % de!icts the .oltage, !hase angle and distri0ution of
acti.e !ower loss cost in the s1stem 0efore incor!orating
:957 in the s1stem. ,efore incor!orating :957 in the
s1stem, the total real !ower loss in the s1stem is %&.52F2
MC. 8he generator %( i.e, at ,us"%) with a0out >5Q of the
total generation alwa1s gets allocated with highest cost,
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7&# N&m4er
)o-tage
((.&.)
3"g-e
(degree)
Di#tri4&ti
o" of
acti,e
(o6er -o##
i" 89hr
Di#tri4&ti
o"
of acti,e
(o6er -o##
i" 9hr
% %.$'$$ $.$$$ &>> %+*$$
2 %.$&5$ "*.>5>+ F &5$
& $.++22 "%2.'+'& %** F2$$
* %.$$2' "%$.2&'5 *5 225$
5 %.$$>2 ">.F&'& * 2$$
' %.$'%$ "%*.&>*% ' &$$
F %.$&%& "%&.&'%F $ $
> %.$&%& "%&.&F%% $ $
+ %.$&5F "%*.+>25 2F %&5$
%$ %.$&F% "%5.2'%& + *5$
%% %.$*F% "%*.++** & %5$
%2 %.$5%% "%5.&>2' ' &$$
%& %.$*F% "%5.5%+$ %5 F5$
%* %.$2++ "%'.*2F$ 22 %%$$
:11 **;<=>
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol. 2, Issue. 5, e!."#ct. 2$%2 !!"&'$2"&'$' I() 22*+"''*5
which is !ro!ortional to the highest loss ta-ing !lace in that
,us"%(slac- 0us generator).
ince, the sensiti.it1 factors are calculated with res!ect to
the acti.e !ower loss in the s1stem the sensiti.it1 factor at
that ,us"% will 0e reasona0l1 high as it can 0e seen in the
8a0le 2.8he sensiti.it1 factors from the 8a0le 2 indicate
that the line"*, line"5, and line"%$ are selected as the 0est
lines for locating :957 0ased on their highest sensiti.it1
factors.
Ta4-e.'. Se"#iti,it2 factor#?
Ta4-e .*.Com(ari#o"# of ,o-tage a"d (ha#e a"g-e (rofi-e
6ith UPFC.
8a0le & shows the com!arisons of .oltage and !hase angle
!rofiles after incor!orating :957 in the line"*, line"5 and
line"%$. 5rom the 8a0le & it can 0e seen that the .oltage
and !hase angles has 0een im!ro.ed considera0l1 0etter in
the selected line"*, line"5 and line"%$ than com!ared to
without :957 results as shown in 8a0le %
8he 8a0le * shows the com!arisons of loss allocation costs
at each 0us for the three lines namel1 line"*, line"5 and
line"%$. #n 7om!arison, it is found that the s1stem losses
ha.e considera0l1 reduced. 8hus, !lacing :957 in line"*
gi.es efficient and 0etter results than in other lines. 8he
reduction in losses is $.&&$* MCDhr its res!ecti.e cost
reduction is %F RDhr <&=.
Ta4-e./.Com(ari#o"# of Lo## mi"imi%atio" a"d Lo##
a--ocatio" 6ith UPFC
).
CONCLUSION
7#(7L:I#(. 8he transmission losses are reduced
satisfactoril1. :957 is o!timall1 !laced using acti.e !ower
loss sensiti.it1 factors which were calculated after
!erforming the load flow anal1sis. :957Bs role in loss
minimi4ation and its influence for loss allocation is
.erified. Minimi4ation of !ower losses can 0e achie.ed
with out generation scheduling. ,1 controlling the angle
and magnitude of injected .oltage, !ower flow through
transmission line can 0e controlled.
REFRENCES
<%= Loss minimi4ation 01 incor!oration of :957 in load
flow studies, s... ra.i -umar and s. i.a nagaraju.
International journal of electrical and !ower
engineering .ol%(&))&2%"&2F.
<2= tead1 tate 6nal1sis of :nified 9ower 5low
7ontroller) Mathematical Modeling and imulation
tudies 6.M. Vural, tudent Mem0er, IEEE, and M.
8uma1.
<&= #!timal location of unified !ower flow controller
(:957) in (igerian Srid 1stem, Mar- (du0u-a
(wohu, International journal of electrical and 9ower
Engineering, medwell journals,2$%$.
<*= 6.J 7onejo et al,TK ,us Loss 6llocation,T IEEE
8rans.9ower 1st., .ol %' no.%,!!.%$5"%%$, fe0,2$$%.
<5= tud1 and Effects of :957 and its 7ontrol 1stem
for 9ower 5low 7ontrol and Voltage Injection in a
9ower 1stem, Vi0hor Su!ta D International Journal
www.ijmer.com 2% ? 9age
7&#
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(degree)
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International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol. 2, Issue. 5, e!."#ct. 2$%2 !!"&'$2"&'$' I() 22*+"''*5
of Engineering cience and 8echnolog1 Vol. 2(F),
2$%$, 255>"25''.
<'= 6nal1sis and Modeling of :(I5IE; 9#CER
5L#C 7#(8R#LLER) Modification of
(EC8#("R69/#( 6lgorithm and user"defined
modeling a!!roach for 9#CER 5L#C 8:;IE,
M. 8uma1 and 6. M. Vural, #cto0er 2$$* 8he
6ra0ian Journal for cience and Engineering, Volume
2+, (um0er 2,.
<F= L.S1ug1i, U6 unified !ower flow control conce!t for
fle3i0le 67 transmission s1stems,T 9roc.
Inst.Elect.Eng. .ol. &+, no. *, !!. &2&V&&%, Jul. %++2.
<>= 6 unified !ower flow controller conce!t for fle3i0le
67 transmission s1stems,T in 9roc. 5th Int. 7onf.
67 ;7 8ransmission, London, :.M., e!. %FV2$,
%++% .ol. %+V2'.
7IOBR3PCD
7a#a,ara0 7a"Ear. was 0orn in Marnata-a, India on %F
5e0ruar1%+>>. /E o0tained ,.E (Electrical) from
Visweshwaraiah techhnological :ni.ersit1,
Marnata-a.,India. /e is currentl1 !ersuing M.8ech ;egree
in 9ower and Energ1 1stems in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, ,asa.eshwar Engineering 7ollege, ,agal-ot,
India.
7a#a"go&d.F.Ro"ad Cas 0orn in ,adami, Marnata-a,
India on 22 Jul1 %+>'. /e o0tained ,.E (Electrical and
Electronics) from Vis.eswaraih 8echnological :ni.ersit1,
,elgaum, Marnata-a India in 2$$> and M.8ech (9ower and
Energ1 1stem) from ,asa.eshwar Engineering 7ollege,
,agal-ot, Marnata-a, India in 2$%$. /is areas of interest
include 9ower Electronics, 9ower s1stem and Renewa0le
Energ1 ources. 9resentl1 he is wor-ing as facult1 in the
;e!artment of Electrical W Electronics Engineering at
,asa.eshwar Engineering 7ollege, ,agal-ot, India.
Dr. S&re#h. C. Fa"gam#hetti? (X>>, MX+$, MX+F) was
0orn in ,ija!ur, Marnata-a, India on Ma1 2>, %+'&. /e
o0tained his ,.E (Electrical) degree from Marnata-a
:ni.ersit1 ;harwad in %+>5 and M.8ech. (9ower 1stems)
W 9h.; (Cind Energ1 1stems) from II8 Mharag!ur in
%+>+ W 2$$$ res!ecti.el1.
/is areas of interest include Cind"olar Energ1 1stems,
Energ1 7onser.ation, 7om!uter 6!!lications to 9ower
1stem and 5678 /e won the Y#utstanding IEEE
tudent ,ranch 7ounsellorY award for the 1ear %++'(R%$)
and 2$%$ (IEEE ,angalore ection) at ,asa.eshwar
Engineering 7ollege, ,agal-ot, Marnata-a, India. /e was
5ul0right"(ehru Visiting Lecture 5ellow at Michigan
8echnological :ni.ersit1, /oughton MI :6 during 5all
2$%%. /e is wor-ing as 9rofessor in the de!artment of EWE
at ,asa.eshwar Engineering 7ollege, ,agal-ot.
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