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Physics 211: Lecture 1

“Mechanics for Physicists and Engineers”


Agenda for Today
z Course information and advice (how does the course work?)
¾ Class plus WWW
z Scope of this course
z Measurement and Units
¾ Fundamental units
¾ Systems of units
¾ Converting between systems of units
¾ Dimensional Analysis
z 1-D Kinematics (review)
¾ Average & instantaneous velocity and acceleration
¾ Motion with constant acceleration
Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 1
Course Info & Advice
z See info on the World Wide Web (heavily used in Physics 211)
¾ Go to http://www.physics.uiuc.edu and follow “courses” link to the
Physics 211 homepage

z Course has several components:


¾ Lecture: (me talking, demos and you asking questions)
¾ Discussion sections (tutorials, problem solving, quizzes)
¾ Homework sets, Web based
¾ Labs: (group exploration of physical phenomena)
¾ What happens if you miss a lab or discussion section…
– can’t make up since sections are full (EX or zero)
– What if you are excused?? (What you need to do.)
– See notes on course web page

z The first few weeks of the course should be review, hence the pace is
fast. It is important for you to keep up!
z Then, watch out….

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 2


Lecture Organization
z Three main components:
¾ Lecturer discusses class material
» Follows lecture notes very closely
» Modified lecture notes posted each day…

¾ Lecturer does as many demos as possible


» If you see it, you gotta believe it!

» Look for the symbol

¾ Students work in groups on conceptual


“Active Learning” problems
» Usually three per lecture

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 3


How Grades are Calculated
z Your final grade for Physics 211 will be based upon
your total score on all the components of the
course.
z The total score is the sum of your scores on the
final exam (300 pts), three exams (100 pts each),
labs (200 pts total), and homeworks/quizzes (200
pts total). Adds to 1000
z Based on our experience from previous semesters,
rough guidelines for letter grades (minimum score)
this semester will be:
¾A+(950), A(920), A-(900),
¾B+(880), B(860), B-(835),
¾C+(810), C(780), C-(750),
¾D+(720), D(690), D-(610),
¾and F(<610).
Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 4
a bit more on grades

z 10 labs (zero through 9) for 200 points (very important)

z [9 quizzes + 14 HW(A+B) + ΣPretests] – 4 lowest for 200 pts


» Where are the quizzes? In section
» Where are the homework problems? On the web (8am Tu)
» Where are the pretests? On the web (8am Tu)

z 3 midterm exams (100 pts each) for 300 pts

z One big final exam worth 300 pts

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 5


Grades, etc.
z Notice that we do NOT use the common 90/80/70/60
breakdown for letter grades. The reason for this is
that for some parts of the course the average score is
typically very high.
z For example, there is no reason you should not be able
to score 100% on your web based homework
assignments.
z Students also tend to do very well on labs and quizzes.
z This means that you cannot compensate for low
examination grades by getting high homework/quiz/lab
grades.
z On the other hand, you can seriously lower your
final grade with low homework/quiz/lab
grades. (this is important)

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 6


Grades, etc.
z Example: suppose you keep up with things and
get 95% on labs and HW/Disc.
z This amounts to 380 points out of the 1000

z What do you need on your exams, then?


z To get an A- (900) you need 520/600 = 0.87
z To get a B- (835) you need 455/600 = 0.76
z To get a C- (750) you need 370/600 = 0.62

z This assumes you get 95% on your non-exam


scores. You all can do this!

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 7


Scope of Physics 211

z Classical Mechanics:

¾ Mechanics: How and why things work


¾ Classical:
» Not too fast (v << c) relativity (325)
» Not too small (d >> atom) quantum mechanics (214, etc)

z Most everyday situations can be described in these classical terms.


¾ Path of baseball
¾ Orbit of planets
¾ etc...

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 8


Course outline
(everything follows from Newton’s Laws)
z Basic tools (8 lectures)
» 1st midterm

z How forces control linear motion (8 lectures)


» 2nd midterm

z Angular motion (7 lectures)


» 3rd midterm

z Vibrations (5 lectures)
» added to final

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 9


Fundamental Units

z How we measure things!


z All things in classical mechanics can be expressed in terms
of the fundamental units:

¾ Length L
¾ Mass M
¾ Time T

z For example:
¾ Speed has units of L / T (i.e. miles per hour).
¾ Force has units of ML / T2 etc... (as you will learn).

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 10


Units...

z SI (Système International) Units:


¾ mks: L = meters (m), M = kilograms (kg), T = seconds (s)
¾ cgs: L = centimeters (cm), M = grams (gm), T = seconds (s)

z British Units:
¾ Inches, feet, miles, pounds, slugs...

z We will use mostly SI units, but you may run across some
problems using British units. You should know how to convert
back & forth.

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 11


Converting between different systems of units

z Useful Conversion factors:


¾ 1 inch = 2.54 cm
¾1 m = 3.28 ft
¾ 1 mile = 5280 ft
¾ 1 mile = 1.61 km

z Example: convert miles per hour to meters per second:

mi mi ft 1 m 1 hr m
1 =1 × 5280 × × = 0.447
hr hr mi 3.28 ft 3600 s s

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 12


Dimensional Analysis
z This is a very important tool to check your work
¾ It’s also very easy!

z Example:
Doing a problem you get the answer distance
d = vt 2 (velocity x time2)

Units on left side = L


Units on right side = L / T x T2 = L x T

z Left units and right units don’t match, so answer must be


wrong!!

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 13


Lecture 1, Act 1
Dimensional Analysis

z The period P of a swinging pendulum depends only on


the length of the pendulum d and the acceleration of
gravity g.
¾ Which of the following formulas for P could be
correct ?

d d
(a) P = 2π (dg)2 (b) P = 2π (c) P = 2π
g g

Given: d has units of length (L) and g has units of (L / T 2).

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 14


Lecture 1, Act 1
Solution
z Realize that the left hand side P has units of time (T )
z Try the first equation

2
(a) ⎛⎜ L ⋅
L ⎞ L4
⎟ = 4 ≠T Not Right !!
⎝ T2⎠ T

d d
(a) P = 2 π (dg ) (b) P = 2 π (c) P = 2 π
2
g g

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 15


Lecture 1, Act 1
Solution
z Try the second equation

L
(b) = T2 ≠ T
L Not Right !!
T2

d d
(a) P = 2 π (dg ) (b) P = 2 π (c) P = 2 π
2
g g

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 16


Lecture 1, Act 1
Solution
z Try the third equation

L
(c) = T2 =T This has the correct units!!
L
T2 This must be the answer!!

d d
(a) P = 2 π (dg ) (b) P = 2 π (c) P = 2 π
2
g g

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 17


Motion in 1 dimension
z In 1-D, we usually write position as x(t).

z Since it’s in 1-D, all we need to indicate direction is + or −.

Î Displacement in a time ∆t = t2 - t1 is
∆x = x(t2) - x(t1) = x2 - x1

x
x2 some particle’s trajectory
∆x in 1-D
x1

t1 t2 t
∆t
Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 18
1-D kinematics

z Velocity v is the “rate of change of position”


z Average velocity vav in the time ∆ t = t2 - t1 is:

x( t 2 ) − x( t1 ) ∆x
v av ≡ =
t 2 − t1 ∆t

x
x2 trajectory
∆x
Vav = slope of line connecting x1 and x2.
x1

t1 t2 t
∆t

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 19


1-D kinematics...

z Consider limit t1 t2
z Instantaneous velocity v is defined as:

dx( t )
v( t ) =
dt

x so v(t2) = slope of line tangent to path at t2.


x2
∆x
x1

t1 t2 t
∆t

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 20


1-D kinematics...

z Acceleration a is the “rate of change of velocity”


z Average acceleration aav in the time ∆t = t2 - t1 is:

v ( t 2 ) − v ( t1 ) ∆v
aav ≡ =
t 2 − t1 ∆t

z And instantaneous acceleration a is defined as:

dv ( t ) d 2 x( t )
a( t ) = =
dt dt 2

dx( t )
using v ( t ) =
dt

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 21


Recap
z If the position x is known as a function of time, then we can
find both velocity v and acceleration a as a function of time!

x
x = x( t )
dx
v = v
t
dt
dv d 2x
a = =
dt dt 2
t
a

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 22


More 1-D kinematics

z We saw that v = dx / dt
z In “calculus” language we would write dx = v dt, which we
can integrate to obtain:
t2
x ( t 2 ) − x ( t1 ) = ∫ v ( t )dt
t1
z Graphically, this is adding up lots of small rectangles:

v(t) + +...+
= displacement

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 23


1-D Motion with constant acceleration
1
z
n
Math 220: ∫ t dt = t n +1 + const
n +1
dv
z Also recall that a =
dt
z If a is constant, we can integrate this using the above rule
to find:
v = ∫ a dt = a ∫ dt = at + v 0

dx
z Similarly, since v = we can integrate again to get:
dt
1
x = ∫ v dt = ∫ ( at + v 0 )dt = at 2 + v 0 t + x0
2

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 24


Recap
z So for constant acceleration we find: Ramp
w/ lights

1
x = x0 + v 0 t + at 2
2 t
v
v = v 0 + at
a = const
t
a

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 25


Lecture 1, Act 2
Motion in One Dimension
z When throwing a ball straight up, which of the following is
true about its velocity v and its acceleration a at the
highest point in its path?

(a) Both v = 0 and a = 0.

(b) v ≠ 0, but a = 0. y

(c) v = 0, but a ≠ 0.

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 26


Lecture 1, Act 2
Solution
z Going up the ball has positive velocity, while coming down
it has negative velocity. At the top the velocity is
momentarily zero.
x
z Since the velocity is
continually changing there must
t
be some acceleration. v
¾ In fact the acceleration is caused t
by gravity (g = 9.81 m/s2).
¾ (more on gravity in a few lectures) a

z The answer is (c) v = 0, but a ≠ 0. t

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 27


Useful Formula: 1-D motion with
constant acceleration
dv d 2 x 1 2
= =a v = v0 + at x = x0 + v 0 t + at
dt dt 2

v − v0
z Solving for t: t=
a

⎛ v − v0 ⎞ 1 ⎛ v − v0 ⎞
2
z Plugging in for t: x = x0 + v 0 ⎜ ⎟ + a⎜ ⎟
⎝ a ⎠ 2 ⎝ a ⎠

v 2 − v 0 = 2 a( x − x0 )
2

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 28


Recap:
z For constant acceleration:

1
x = x0 + v 0 t + at 2
2
v = v 0 + at
a = const

z From which we know:

v 2 − v 02 = 2a(x − x0 )
1
v av = (v 0 + v)
2

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 29


Recap:

This is just
z For constant acceleration: Washers

1
x = x0 + v 0 t + at 2

for constant
2
v = v 0 + at
a = const

acceleration!
z From which we know:

v 2 − v 02 = 2a(x − x0 )
1
v av = (v 0 + v)
2

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 30


Recap:
z For constant acceleration:
Washers

1 2
x = x0 + v0t + at
2

z If we want to know where an object is at equal


time intervals let tn=nt1 If it’s at rest at t=0

1 2 2
xn = x0 + v0 nt1 + an t1
2
Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 31
Problem 1

z A car is traveling with an initial velocity v0. At t = 0, the


driver puts on the brakes, which slows the car at a rate of
ab

vo
ab
x = 0, t = 0

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 32


Problem 1...

z A car is traveling with an initial velocity v0. At t = 0, the


driver puts on the brakes, which slows the car at a rate of
ab. At what time tf does the car stop, and how much farther
xf does it travel?

v0
ab
x = 0, t = 0
v=0

x = xf , t = tf

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 33


Problem 1...

z Above, we derived: v = v0 + at

z Realize that a = -ab

z Also realizing that v = 0 at t = tf :


find 0 = v0 - ab tf or

tf = v0 /ab

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 34


Problem 1...

z To find stopping distance we use:

v 2 − v 02 = 2a(x − x0 )

z In this case v = vf = 0, x0 = 0 and x = xf

− v 0 = 2 ( − ab ) x f
2

2
v
xf = 0
2 ab

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 35


Problem 1...
2
v0 1 v0
z So we found that tf = , xf =
ab 2 ab

z Suppose that vo = 65 mi/hr = 29 m/s


z Suppose also that ab = g = 9.81 m/s2

¾ Find that tf = 3 s and xf = 43 m

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 36


Problem Solving Tips:
z Read Carefully!
¾ Before you start work on a problem, read the problem
statement thoroughly. Make sure you understand what
information is given, what is asked for, and the meaning of
all the terms used in stating the problem.
z Using what you are given, set up the algebra for the problem and
solve for your answer algebraically
¾ Invent symbols for quantities you know as needed
¾ Don’t plug in numbers until the end
z Watch your units !
¾ Always check the units of your answer, and carry the units
along with your formula during the calculation.
z Understand the limits !
¾ Many equations we use are special cases of more general
laws. Understanding how they are derived will help you
recognize their limitations (for example, constant
acceleration).
Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 37
Recap of today’s lecture
z Scope of this course
z Measurement and Units (Chapter 1)
¾ Systems of units (Text: 1-1)
¾ Converting between systems of units (Text: 1-2)
¾ Dimensional Analysis (Text: 1-3)
z 1-D Kinematics (Chapter 2)
¾ Average & instantaneous velocity
and acceleration (Text: 2-1, 2-2)
¾ Motion with constant acceleration (Text: 2-3)
z Example car problem
z Look at Text problems Chapter 2: # 21, 22, 30, 36, 37

Physics 211: Lecture 1, Pg 38

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