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1. The document discusses the emergence of Filipino nationalism in the late 19th century under Spanish rule. Key factors that contributed to this development included the opening of the Philippines to world commerce which introduced liberal ideas, the rise of a middle class who advocated for reforms, a brief period of liberal governance under Governor-General Dela Torre, racial discrimination by Spaniards that separated Filipinos' identity, the secularization controversy between Spanish and Filipino clergy that unified Filipinos, and the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 that implicated liberal Filipinos and further intensified nationalism.
1. The document discusses the emergence of Filipino nationalism in the late 19th century under Spanish rule. Key factors that contributed to this development included the opening of the Philippines to world commerce which introduced liberal ideas, the rise of a middle class who advocated for reforms, a brief period of liberal governance under Governor-General Dela Torre, racial discrimination by Spaniards that separated Filipinos' identity, the secularization controversy between Spanish and Filipino clergy that unified Filipinos, and the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 that implicated liberal Filipinos and further intensified nationalism.
1. The document discusses the emergence of Filipino nationalism in the late 19th century under Spanish rule. Key factors that contributed to this development included the opening of the Philippines to world commerce which introduced liberal ideas, the rise of a middle class who advocated for reforms, a brief period of liberal governance under Governor-General Dela Torre, racial discrimination by Spaniards that separated Filipinos' identity, the secularization controversy between Spanish and Filipino clergy that unified Filipinos, and the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 that implicated liberal Filipinos and further intensified nationalism.
TOPICS: 1. Unification of the Philippines Under Spanish Rule 2. Resistance to Spanish Rule 3. The Emergence of the Filipino Sense of Nationhood
Unification of the Philippines under Spanish Rule and Resistance to Spanish Rule
PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES UNIFICATION OF THE PHILIPPINES UNDER SPANISH RULE CAUSES OF NATIVES DISCONTENTMENT NATIVES RESPONSE TO THE CAUSES OF DISCONTENTMENT OUTCOME OF THE NATIVES STRUGGLES 1. Philippines was independent and have self- governing barangays, peopled by diverse tribes. 1. Spain gave the country its identity; 2. The natives were pacified with the use of the cross; 3. The reduccion plan was implemented, which required the natives to live in the area near the church; 4. The Spanish rule transformed the Filipinos to become law-abiding citizens; 5. The independence of the barangays was lost as a consequence of the relocation of the natives under the influence of the Church. 6. The Spains political system was introduced and so the natives came to be politically unified under the Spanish crown. 1. Implementati on of taxation without representatio n; 2. Polo Y Servicio; 3. Galleon Trade; 4. Indulto de Commercio; 5. Government Monopolies.
1. The natives revolted against the Spaniards due to following reasons: a. They want to regain their lost freedom; b. Resistance to Spanish- imposed institutions; c. Agrarian unrest; d. Desire to revert to their native religion.
1. Many revolts failed because of the following reasons: a. Sectional jealousies; b. Lack of communication; c. Absence of national leaderships; d. The people were not united; e. Revolts were fragmented, disorganized, and sporadic; f. The Spaniards used the divide and rule policy to rule the natives.
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The Emergence of the Filipino Sense of Nationhood The emergence of the Filipino sense of nationhood took place only during the last years of Spanish rule in the 1890s. The development of Filipino nationalism could be attributed to following factors: 1. The opening of the Philippines to World Commerce The opening of the Philippines to world commerce ended its economic isolation. The most significant effect of this development was the influx of liberal idea into the country. Many Filipinos came to know the ideas of John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau, and other political philosophers. Because of this, Filipino intellectuals started to wonder at the deplorable conditions of the country. They began to discuss issues on politics and started clamoring for reforms from the government.
2. The rise of Clase Media The rise of Middle Class or Clase Media paved the way for the rise of Filipino propagandists clamoring for change in the Philippines.
3. Liberal regime of Carlos Ma. Dela Torre Under this Governor-General, democracy and liberal philosophy was allowed in the country. He encouraged the aspirations of the reformists and abolished censorship of the press. He allowed freedom of speech and of the press as guaranteed by the Spanish Constitution.
4. Racial Discrimination The Spaniards considered the Filipinos an inferior race and sarcastically called them indios. Discrimination was prevalent in the universities and colleges, government offices, church, court of justice. This kind of attach against the Filipino race intensified the enmity between the Filipinos and Spaniards, especially the friars. Racial discrimination had led them to realize that the Spaniards and the Filipinos were two separate, distinct peoples.
5. Secularization Controversy Secularization of parishes was the transfer of the ministries established by the regular Spanish clergy to the Filipino seculars. The secularization controversy began as a religious issue on the right of the regular and secular priests to administer the parishes. This issue later became a racial controversy between the friars and the Filipino secular clergy, as the friars started demanding that the latter were not qualified to administer the parishes. The secularization controversy led to the unification of the Filipino clergy, which in effect, strengthened their sense of identity.
6. Cavite Mutiny of 1872 This mutiny was brought about by Izquierdos abolition of the exemption from tribute and forced labor, previously enjoyed by the soldiers and workers. The Spanish authorities took advantage of the situation by arresting liberal-minded Filipinos. Moreover, the Spaniards used to situation to implicate the three priests, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora, and Mariano Gomez who were all executed through garrote.
References: Rizal and the Development of Filipino Nationalism: A Textbook on the Life, Works, and Writings of our National hero By Carlito D. Garcia, et al. (Copyright 2011) pages 41 - 47