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Algebraic
Problems
Math 1 T
SOLVED ALGEBRAIC
PROBLEMS
SOLVED ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM
I. Statement of the problem:

Jane spent $42 for shoes. This was $14
less than twice what she spent for a blouse.
How much was the blouse?

SOLVED ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM
II. Solution:
Let x be the answer to the question

2x 14 = 42.

2x = 42 + 14

2x = 56.

x = 56
2

= 28.

SOLVED ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM
Other examples:
- Age problem
- Mixture problem
- Distance problem
- Work problem




AGE PROBLEM
PROBLEM

Jam is twice as old as Jake.
The sum of their ages is 5
times Jakes age less 48.
How old are Jan and Jake?
AGE PROBLEM
UNSOLVED ALGEBRAIC
PROBLEMS
UNSOLVED ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM
Perfect Numbers

A perfect number is one which equals the
sum of its proper divisors.
6 is a perfect number since 6 is equal to the
sum of its divisors (1, 2, and 3).
6 = 1+ 2 + 3
Perfect numbers have been studied for a
long time. It is known that all even perfect
numbers are of the form
UNSOLVED ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM
Perfect Numbers

2
p
1 is prime. Primes of that form are called
Mersenne Primes. It can be shown that p
must be prime for 2
p
1 to be prime. As of
December 2002, 39 Mersenne Primes are
known. There are thus 39 known even
perfect numbers. The following questions
have not been answered to date:
UNSOLVED ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM
Perfect Numbers

The following questions have not been
answered to date:

Problem:
1. How many even perfect numbers are
there? More precisely, are there infinitely
many, or finitely many? In the latter case,
just how many are there?
2. Are there any odd perfect numbers?

UNSOLVED ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM
THE P VERSUS NP PROBLEM

The problem of deciding whether the
answer to the problem below can be quickly
checked can really take much longer to solve,
no matter how clever a program we write, is
considered one of the outstanding problems in
logic and computer science. It was formulated
by Stephen Cook in 1971.
UNSOLVED ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM
THE P VERSUS NP PROBLEM

It is Saturday evening and you arrive at a big
party. Feeling shy, you wonder how many people
you already know in the room? Your host proposes
that you must certainly know Rose, the lady in the
corner next to the dessert tray. In a fraction of a
second you are able to cast a glance and verify
that your host is correct. However, in the absence of
such a suggestion, you are obliged to make a tour of
the whole room, checking out each person one by
one, to see if there is anyone you recognize.
UNSOLVED ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM
THE P VERSUS NP PROBLEM

This is an example of the general
phenomenon that generating a solution to a
problem often takes far longer than verifying a given
solution is correct. Similarly, if someone tells you that
the number 13,717,421 can be written as the
product of two smaller numbers, you might not know
whether to believe him, but if he tells you that it can
be factored as 3607 times 3803 then you can easily
check that it is true using a hand calculator.

UNSOLVED ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM
THE P VERSUS NP PROBLEM

P is the general class of questions for which
some algorithms can provide an answer.

NP is the class of question for which answer
can be verified.
UNSOLVED ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM
THE P VERSUS NP PROBLEM

Informally, it asks whether any problem whose
solution can be quickly verified by a computer can
also be quickly solved by a computer.
Consider the subset sum problem, an
example of a problem that is easy to verify but
whose answer is somehow difficult to compute.
Given a set of integers, does some of nonempty
subset of them sum to 0? The answer can quickly be
verified through series of addition. However, there is
no known algorithm to find such a subset, hence this
problem is in NP(quickly checkable) but not
P(quickly solvable).
UNSOLVED ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM
HODGE CONJECTURE

The problem says that certain de Rham
cohomology classes are algebraic, that is, they
are sums of Poincare duals of the homology
classes of sub varieties. This is one of the Clay
Mathematics Institutes Millennium Prize
Problems with a prize of $1,000,000.00 for
whoever can prove or disprove the Hodge
Conjecture using some argument.
UNSOLVED ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM
RIEMANN HYPOTHESIS

A conjecture about the location of
nontrivial zeros of the Riemann Zeta Function
which states that all non trivial zeros have real
part . This hypothesis implies results about the
distribution of prime numbers that are in some
ways as good as possible. Along with suitable
generalizations, it is considered by some
mathematicians the most important unsolved
problem in pure Mathematics (Bombieri, 2000).
UNSOLVED ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM
YangMills Existence and Mass Gap

Prove that for any compact simple
gauge group G, a non-trivial quantum Yang
Mills theory exists on and has a mass gap > 0.

YangMills theory is the (non-Abelian)
quantum field theory underlying the Standard
Model of particle physics; is Euclidean 4-space;
the mass gap is the mass of the least massive
particle predicted by the theory.
UNSOLVED ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM
Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture

An open problem in the field of number theory.
Its status as one of the most challenging mathematical
questions has become widely recognized.

The conjecture relates arithmetic data associated to
an elliptic curve E over a number field K to the
behaviour of the Hasse-Weil L-function L(E, s) of E at s =
1. More specifically, it is conjectured that the rank of
the abelian group E(K) of points of E is the order of the
zero of L(E, s) at s = 1, and the first non-zero coefficient
in the Taylor expansion of L(E, s) at s = 1 is given by more
refined arithmetic data attached to E over K (Wiles
2006).
UNSOLVED ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM
NavierStokes Existence and Smoothness

Problem is concerned with the mathematical
properties of solutions to the NavierStokes
equations, one of the pillars of fluid mechanics (such
as with turbulence). These equations describe the
motion of a fluid (that is, a liquid or a gas) in space.
Solutions to the NavierStokes equations are used in
many practical applications. However, theoretical
understanding of the solutions to these equations is
incomplete. In particular, solutions of the Navier
Stokes equations often include turbulence, which
remains one of the greatest unsolved problems in
physics, despite its immense importance in science
and engineering.