Lecture9 120302

Advanced Photon Source
RF and Microwave Physics Fall 2002 ANL

L9/1
Lecture 9
Microwave
Network Analysis
December 3, 2002
L9/2
S-Parameter Measurement Technique
VVM: The vector voltmeter measures the magnitude of a
reference and test voltage and the difference in phase between the
voltages. Because it can measure phase, it allows us to directly
measure the S-parameters of a circuit
Unfortunately, the use of the directional couplers and test cables
connecting the measuring system to the vector voltmeter
introduces unknown attenuation and phase shift into the
measurements. These can be compensated for by making
additional calibration measurements.
L9/3
Signal Gen VVM
A B
N-BNC
N-BNC N-BNC
N-BNC
N-BNC N-BNC
BNC cable
BNC cable
DUT
20 dB 20 dB
Matched load
(HP 8657B)
(HP 8508A)
(HP 778D Dual Directional Coupler)
Reflection measurements: S
11
or S
22
L9/4
11
or S
22
From the setup, it is seen that the voltage at channel A of the VVM (A
D
) is
proportional to the amplitude of the voltage wave entering the device
under test (DUT) (a
D
1
). Similarly, the voltage at channel B (B
D
) is
proportional to the amplitude of the voltage wave reflected from DUT
(b
D
1
). Thus we can write
D
B
D
D
A
D
b K B
a K A
1
1
=
=
Where K
A
and K
B
are constants that depend on the connecting cables.
Since a
D
2
is zero because of the matched load at port 2, S11 is given by
A
D
B
D
D
D
K A
K B
a
b
S = =
1
1
11
L9/5
11
or S
22
To find K
A
and K
B
it is necessary to make a second measurement with a
known DUT. This is called a calibration measurement. If the DUT is
removed and replaced by a short circuit, the voltage at channel A (A
s
)
and channel B(B
s
) are given by
S
B
S
S
A
S
b K B
a K A
1
1
=
=
Where a
s
1
is the amplitude of the voltage wave entering the short and b
s
1
is the amplitude of the voltage wave reflected from the short. However,
for a short circuit the ratio of these amplitudes is 1 (reflection
coefficient of a short). Thus
1
1
1
= =
A
S
B
S
S
S
K A
K B
a
b
L9/6
11
or S
22
S
S
A
B
A
B
K
K
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
S
S
D
D
A
B
A
B
S
11
Note: since VVM displays quantities in terms of magnitude and
phase we can rewrite S
11
as
( )
=
S D
S
D
S
11
D D
D
D
A
B
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
S S
S
S
A
B
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
L9/7
Transmission measurements: S
12
or S
21
N-BNC
BNC cable
DUT

Generator Channel A Channel B
Matched load
Matched load
Matched load
The DUT is connected directly between two directional couplers.
Voltage at A of the VVM is proportional to the voltage wave incident on
the DUT while the voltage at B of the VVM is proportional to voltage
wave transmitted through the DUT.
L9/8
12
or S
21
D
B
D
D
A
D
b K B
a K A
2
1
=
=
A
D
B
D
D
D
K A
K B
a
b
S = =
1
2
21
To find out the constants a calibration measurement must be made.

Remove the DUT and connect both directional couplers directly
together. The Known DUT in this case is just a zero-length guide with a
transmission coefficient of unity. The measured voltages are:
E
B
E
E
A
E
b K B
a K A
2
1
=
=
1
1
2
= =
A
E
B
E
E
E
K A
K B
a
b
where
E
E
A
B
A
B
K
K
=
L9/9
12
or S
21
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
E
E
D
D
A
B
A
B
S
21
( ) E
T
T
S
D
E
D
=
21
D D
D
D
T
A
B
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
E E
E
E
T
A
B
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
where
L9/10
Scattering Parameters
Scattering Parameters (S-Parameters) plays a major
role is network analysis
This importance is derived from the fact that practical
system characterizations can no longer be
accomplished through simple open- or short-circuit
measurements, as is customarily in low-frequency
applications.
In the case of a short circuit with a wire; the wire
itself possesses an inductance that can be of substantial
magnitude at high frequency.
Also open circuit leads to capacitive loading at the
terminal.
L9/11
In either case, the open/short-circuit conditions
needed to determine Z-, Y-, h-, and ABCD-parameters
can no longer be guaranteed.
Moreover, when dealing with wave propagation
phenomena, it is not desirable to introduce a reflection
coefficient whose magnitude is unity.
For instance, the terminal discontinuity will cause
undesirable voltage and/or current wave reflections,
leading to oscillation that can result in the destruction
of the device.
With S-parameters, one has proper tool to
characterize the two-port network description of
practically all RF devices without harm to DUT.
L9/12
Definition of Scattering Parameters
S-parameters are power wave descriptors that permit
us to define the input-output relations of a network in
terms of incident and reflected power waves.

a
1
a
2
b
1
b
2
[S]
a
n
normalized incident power waves
b
n
normalized reflected power waves
L9/13
( ) ( ) 1
2
1

n n n
I Z V
Z
a
o
o
+ =
( ) ( ) 2
2
1

n n n
I Z V
Z
b
o
o
=
Index n refers either to port number 1 or 2. The
impedance Z
0
is the characteristic impedance of the
connecting lines on the input and output side of the
network.
L9/14
Inverting (1) leads to the following voltage and
current expressions:
( ) ( ) 3
n n n
b a Z V + =
o
( ) ( ) 4
1

n n n
b a
Z
I =
o
L9/15
Recall the equations for power:
{ } ( ) ( ) 5
2
1
2
1
2 2

n n n n n
b a I V P = =
*
Re
Isolating forward and backward traveling wave
components in (3) and (4), we see
( )
( ) 7
6

+
+
= =
= =
n
n
n
n
n
n
I Z
Z
V
b
I Z
Z
V
a
o
o
o
o
L9/16
We can now define S-parameters:
( ) 8
2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1

)
`
=
)
`
a
a
S S
S S
b
b
L9/17
( )
( )
( )
( ) 12
2
1
11
2
2
10
1
2
9
2
1
0
2
1
12
0
2
2
22
0
1
2
21
0
1
1
11
1
1
2
2

port at power wave Incident
port at powe wave d Transmitte

port at powe wave Refkected

port at powe wave d Transmitte

port at powe wave Refkected
= =
= =
= =
= =
=
=
=
=
a
a
a
a
a
b
S
a
b
S
a
b
S
a
b
S
L9/18
Observations:
a
2
=0, and a
1
=0 no power waves are returned to the
network at either port 2 or port 1.
However, these conditions can only be ensured when
the connecting transmission line are terminated into
their characteristic impedances.
Since the S-parameters are closely related to power
relations, we can express the normalized input and
output waves in terms of time averaged power.
The average power at port 1 is given by
( ) ( ) ( ) 13 1
2
1
1
2
1
2
11
2
1
2
2
1
1
S
Z
V
Z
V
P
in
= =
+ +
o o
L9/19
The reflection coefficient at the input side is
expressed in terms of S
11
under matched output
according:
( ) 14
11
0
1
1
1
1
2
S
a
b
V
V
a
in
= = =
=
+
This also allow us to redefine the VSWR at port 1 in

terms of S
11
as
( ) 15
1
1
11
11

S
S
VSWR
+
=
L9/20
We can identify the incident power in (13) and
express it in terms of a
1
:
( ) 16
2 2
1
2
1
2
1

a
P
Z
V
inc
= =
+
o
Maximal available power
from the generator
The total power at port 1 (under matched output
condition) expressed as a combination of incident and
reflected powers:
( ) ( ) ( ) 17 1
2 2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1 1

in refl inc
a
b a P P P = = + =
L9/21
If the reflected coefficient, or S
11
, is zero, all available
power from the source is delivered to port 1 of the
network. An identical analysis at port 2 gives
( ) ( ) ( ) 18 1
2 2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2

out
a
b a P = =
L9/22
Meaning of S-Parameters
S-parameters can only be determined under
conditions of perfect matching on the input or the
output side.
Z
L

a
1
b
1 b
2
[S]
a
2=0
V
G1
Z
o
Z
o
Z
o
Measurement of S
11
and S
21
by matching the line impedance Z
o
at port 2 through a corresponding load impedance Z
L
=Z
o
L9/23
This configuration allows us to compute S
11
by finding
the input reflection coefficient:
( ) 19
11

o
o
Z Z
Z Z
S
in
in
in
+
= =
Taking the logarithm of the magnitude of S
11
gives us
the return loss in dB
( ) 20 20
11
S RL log =
L9/24
With port 2 properly terminated, we find
( ) ( )
( ) 21
2
0
1 1
2
0
1
2
21
2 2
2

= =
=
+ +
+
= =
V I
a
Z I Z V
Z V
a
b
S
o o
o
Since a
2
=0, we can set to zero the positive traveling
voltage and current waves at port 2.
Replacing V
1
by the generator voltage V
G1
minus the
voltage drop over the source impedance Z
o
, V
G1
-Z
o
I
1
gives
( ) 22
2 2
1
2
1
2
21

G G
V
V
V
V
S = =

L9/25
The forward power gain is
( ) 23
2
2
1
2
2
21

G
V
V
S G = =
o
If we reverse the measurement procedure and attach
a generator voltage V
G2
to port 2 and properly terminate
port 1, we can determine the remaining two S-
parameters, S
22
and S
12
.

a
1
=0
b
1
b
2
[S]
a
2
V
G2
Z
o
Z
o
Z
o
Z
o
L9/26
To compute S
22
we need to find the output reflection
coefficient
out
in a similar way for S
11
:
( ) 24
22

o
o
Z Z
Z Z
S
out
out
out
+
= =
( ) ( )
( ) 25
2
0
2 2
1
0
2
1
12
1 1
1

= =
=
+ +
+
= =
V I
a
Z I Z V
Z V
a
b
S
o o
o
( ) ( ) 27
2
26
2 2
2
2
1
2
12
2
1
2
1
12
G
or
G G
V
V
S G
V
V
V
V
S = = = =

Reverse power gain
L9/27
Determination of a T-network elements
Find the S-parameters and resistive elements for the 3-dB
attenuator network. Assume that the network is placed into a
transmission line section with a characteristic line
impedance of Z
o
=50
R
1
R
2
R
3
Port 1 Port 2
L9/28
An attenuator should be matched to the line impedance and
must meet the requirement S
11
= S
22
= 0.
R
1
R
2
R
3
Port 1
Port 2
50
Circuit for S
11
and S
21
( )
( )

R R
R R
R Z
in
=
+ +
+
+ = 50
50
50
2 3
2 3
1
Because of symmetry, it is clear
that R
1
=R
2
.
L9/29
We now investigate the voltage V
2
= V
-
2
at port 2 in
terms of V
1
=V
+
1
.
R
1
R
2
R
3
Port 1
Port 2
50
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
1
1
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 3
2
50
50
50
50
50
50
V
R
R
R R
R R
R R
R R
V
|
|
.
|
\
|
+

|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
=
L9/30
For a 3 dB attenuation, we require
12
1
2
1
2
21
707 0
2
1 2
S
V
V
V
V
S
G
= = = = = .
Setting the ratio of V
2
/V
1
to 0.707 and using the
input impedance expression, we can determine R
1
and R
3
= =
=
+
= =
4 141 2 2
58 8
1 2
1 2
3
2 1
.
.
o
o
Z R
Z R R
L9/31
Note: the choice of the resistor network ensures that at the
input and output ports an impedance of 50 is maintained.
This implies that this network can be inserted into a 50
transmission line section without causing undesired
reflections, resulting in an insertion loss.
L9/32
Chain Scattering Matrix
To extend the concept of the S-parameter
presentation to cascaded network, it is more efficient
to rewrite the power wave expressions arranged in
terms of input and output ports. This results in the
chain scattering matrix notation. That is,
( ) 28
2
2
22 21
12 11
1
1

)
`
=
)
`
a
b
T T
T T
b
a
It is immediately seen that cascading of two dual-
port networks becomes a simple multiplication.
L9/33
A
a
1
A
b
1
A
a
2
A
b
2
B
b
1
B
b
2
B
a
2
B
a
1
| |
A
T | |
B
T
Port 1
Port 2
Cascading of two networks A and B
L9/34
If network A is described by
( ) 29
2
2
22 21
12 11
1
1

)
`
=
)
`
A
A
A A
A A
A
A
a
b
T T
T T
b
a
And network B by
( ) 30
2
2
22 21
12 11
1
1

)
`
=
)
`
B
B
B B
B B
B
B
a
b
T T
T T
b
a
L9/35
( ) 31
1
1
2
2

)
`
=
)
`
B
B
A
A
b
a
a
b
Thus, for the combined system, we conclude
( ) 31
2
2
22 21
12 11
22 21
12 11
1
1

)
`
=
)
`
B
B
B B
B B
A A
A A
A
A
a
b
T T
T T
T T
T T
b
a
L9/36
The conversion from S-matrix to the chain matrix
notation is similar as described before.
( ) 32
1
21 1 21
1
0
2
1
11
2

S a S
a
b
a
T
a
= = =
=
( ) 33
21
22
12

S
S
T =
( ) 34
21
11
21

S
S
T =
( )
( ) 35
21 21
21 12 22 11
22

-
S
S
S
S S S S
T

=

=
L9/37
Conversely, when the chain scattering parameters are
given and we need to convert to S-parameters, we find
the following relations:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 39
38
1
37
36
11
12
22
11
21
11 11
21 12 22 11
12
11
21
2 11
2 21
0
2
1
11
2

T
T
S
T
S
T
T
T
T T T T
S
T
T
b T
b T
a
b
S
a
=
=
=
= = =
=
L9/38
Conversion between Z- and S-Parameters
To find the conversion between the S-parameters and the
Z-parameters, let us begin with defining S-parameters
relation in matrix notation
{ } | |{ } ( ) 40 a S b =
Multiplying by gives
o
Z
{ } { } | |{ } | |{ } ( ) 41
+
= = = V S a S Z V b Z
o o
Adding to both sides results in
{ } { } a Z V
o
=
+
{ } | |{ } { } | | | | ( ){ } ( ) 42
+ + +
+ = + = V E S V V S V
L9/39
To compare this form with the impedance expression
{ } | |{ } I Z V =
We have to express {V
+
} in term of {I}. Subtract
[S}{V
+
} from both sides of
{ } { } a Z V
o
=
+
{ } | |{ } { } { } ( ) { } ( ) 43 I Z b a Z V S V
o o
= =
+ +
{ } | | | | ( ) { } ( ) 44
1
I S E Z V

+
=
o
L9/40
Substituting (44) into (42) yields
{ } | | | | ( ){ } | | | | ( ) | | | | ( ) { } ( ) 45
1
I S E E S Z V E S V

+
+ = + =
o
or
| | | | | | ( ) | | | | ( ) ( ) 46
1

+ = S E E S Z Z
o
Explicitly
( )( )
( ) 47
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11 21
12 22
12 21 22 11
22 21
12 11
1
22 21
12 11
22 21
12 11
22 21
12 11

(
+
+
=
(
+
+
=
(

S S
S S
S S S S
S S
S S
Z
S S
S S
S S
S S
Z
Z Z
Z Z
o
o
L9/41
ABCD parameter representation
Very useful when cascading networks

i
`
2
i
``
1
v
`
2
v
``
1
i
``
2
v
``
2
+
-
-
+
(

D C
B A
(

D C
B A
Port 1 Port 2
)
`

=
)
`

2
2
1
1
i D C
B A
D C
B A
i

-
i
`
1
i
`
2
i
``
1
i
``
2
v
`
1
v
`
2
v
``
1
v
``
2
+
+
+
- -
-
i
`
1
i
`
2
i
``
1
i
``
2
v
`
1
v
`
2
v
``
1
v
``
2
+
+
+
- -

L9/42
ABCD parameter representation
ABCD very useful for T.L.

l
i
1
i
2
v
1
v
2
Z
0
,
( ) ( )
( )
( )
(
(

=
(
l
l
l l
cos
sin
sin cos
o
o
Z
j
jZ
D C
B A

Z
0
, l
R
L L
C

Z
0
, l
R
L L
C

Input matching
Network
Feedback loop
Output matching
Network
L9/43
Signal Flow Computations
Complicated networks can be efficiently analyzed in a manner identical
to signals and systems and control.
Z
0
a
b
Z
L
a
b
ij
a
i
b
j
in general
L9/44
Signal Flow Graphs
Basic Rules:
Well follow certain rules when we build up a network flow graph.
1. Each variable, a1, a2, b1, and b2 will be designated as a node.
2. Each of the S-parameters will be a branch.
3. Branches enter dependent variable nodes, and emanate from the independent
variable nodes.
4. In our S-parameter equations, the reflected waves b1 and b2 are the dependent
variables and the incident waves a1 and a2 are the independent variables.
5. Each node is equal to the sum of the branches entering it.
L9/45
Signal Flow Graphs
Lets apply these rules to the two S-parameters equations
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
a S a S b
a S a S b
+ =
+ =
First equation has three nodes: b
1
, a
1
, and a
2
. b
1
is a dependent node and is
connected to a
1
through the branch S
11
and to node a
2
through the branch S
12
.
The second equation is similar.
a
1
a
2
b
1
S
11
S
22
a
1
b
2
a
2
S
22
S
21
L9/46
Signal Flow Graphs
Complete Flow Graph for 2-Port
a
1
a
2
b
1
S
11
S
12
S
21
S
11
b
2
The relationship between the traveling waves is now easily seen. We have a
1
incident on the
network. Part of it transmits through the network to become part of b
2
. Part of it is reflected to
become part of b
1
. Meanwhile, the a
2
wave entering port two is transmitted through the network to
become part of b
1
as well as being reflected from port two as part of b
2
. By merely following the
arrows, we can tell whats going on in the network. This technique will be all the more useful as we
cascade networks or add feedback paths.
L9/47
Arrangement for Signal Flow Analysis

V
G
Z
G
Z
0
Z
L
b
a
b
I
G
b a

b
s
b
S

L
G
G
s
V
Z Z
Z
b
o
o
+
=
b
s
a
b
S

L
L9/48
Analysis of Most Common Circuit

V
S
Z
S
Z
0
Z
L
b
1

Z
0
[S]
b
2
b
s
a
1
a
2
S

L

b
s
S

L
a
1
a
2 b
1
b
2
S
11
S
22
S
21
S
12
b
s
a
1
S L
L
s
S
S S
S
b
a
|
|
.
|
\
|

+
22
21 12
11
1
1
1
1

L9/49

S
S S
S
a
b
L
L
in

+ = =
22
21 12
11
1
1
1
a
1

b
s
S
b
1
S
11
L
L
S
S S

22
21 12
1

b
s
S
b
1
a
1
L
L
S
S S
S

+
22
21 12
11
1
Note: Only = 0 ensures that S
11
can be measured.
L

L9/50
Scattering Matrix
The scattered-wave amplitudes are linearly related to the incident wave
amplitudes. Consider the N port junction
V
+
1
V
-
1
V
+
2
V
-
2
V
+
3
V
-
3
V
+
4
V
-
4
V
+
N
V
-
N
Port 1
Port 2
Port 3
Port 4
Port N
Port 5
V
+
5
V
-
5
If the only incident wave is V
+
1
then
+
=
1 11 1
V S V
11
S
is the reflection coefficient
The total voltage is port 1 is
+
+ =
1 1 1
V V V
Waves will also be scattered out of other
ports. We will have
N n V S V
n n n
,... , , 4 3 2
1
= =
+

L9/51
Scattering Matrix
If all ports have incident wave then
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
+
+
+
N
NN N N N
N
N
N
V
V
V
S S S S
S S S S
S S S S
V
V
V
...
...
... ... ... ... ...
...
...
...
2
1
3 2 1
2 23 22 21
1 13 12 11
2
1
or
| | | || |
+
= V S V
| | S
is called the scattering matrix ( ) j k V for
v
v
S
k
j
i
ij
= =
+
+
0
L9/52
Scattering Matrix
If we choose the equivalent Z
0
equal to 1 then the incident power is
given by
2
2
1
+
n
V
and the scattering will be symmetrical. With this choice
+ +
+ = + = I I I V V V ,
( )
( ) I V V
I V V
and
=
+ =
+
2
1
2
1
L9/53
Scattering Matrix
V
+
and V
-
are the variables in the scattering matrix formulation; but they
are linear combination of V and I.
Other normalization are
o
Z
V
=
o
Z
I
i =
Just as in the impedance matrix there are several properties of the
scattering matrix we want to consider.
1. A shift of the reference planes
2. S matrix for reciprocal devices
3. S matrix for the lossless devices
L9/54
Scattering Matrix
Shift in the reference planes
Consider the following network, where t
n
is the original location of the
reference plane, and t
n
in the new location of the reference plane.

n
t
n
t
l
n
The electrical length between and is
.

n
t
n
t
n n
l =
n
n
j
nn
j
mn
e S
e n m S

2
by lied be multip must
by lied be multip must
Why is this a
factor of 2?
L9/55
Scattering Matrix
n
n
j
n n
j
n n
e V V
e V V

+ +
=
| |
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=

N N
j
j
j
nn N N
N
N
j
j
j
e
e
e
S S S
S S S
S S S
e
e
e
S

.
.

.
.

2
1
2
1
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
...
... ... ... ...
...
...
L9/56
Scattering Matrix
Consider a 22 scattering matrix where two reference planes
are shifted.
| |
| |
| |
(

2 2 1
2 1 1
2 2 1
2 1 1
2
1
2
1
2
22 12
21
2
11
22 21
12 11
22 21
12 11
0
0
0
0
j j j
j j j
j j j
j j j
j
j
j
j
e S e e S
e e S e S
S
e S e e S
e e S e S
S
e
e
S S
S S
e
e
S
L9/57
Scattering Matrix
Proof of Symmetry of Scattering Matrix
For a reciprocal junction S
mn
= S
nm
mn provided that Z
0
=1

2
2
1
+
=
n
V P
for all modes.
( ) 1 = =
= + =
+
+ +
o
Z V V I
I I I and V V V
n n n
n n n n n n

| | | | | |
+
+ = V V V
| || |
| || | | || |
+
=
=
V Z V Z
I Z

L9/58
Scattering Matrix
Defining the unit matrix
| |
(
(
(
(
=
1 0
1
0 1

.
u
| | | | | || | | || |
+ +
= + V Z V Z V V
| | | | ( )| | | | | | ( )| |
+
= + V U Z V U Z
Rearrange and factor
or
| | | | | | ( ) | | | | ( )| |
+
+ = V U Z U Z V
1
| | | || |
+
= V S V
but | | | | | | ( ) | | | | ( ) U Z U Z S + =
1
L9/59
Scattering Matrix
Loss-less Junction
The total power leaving a junction must be equal to the total power entering
the junction power.
2
1
2
1

=
=
+
=

N
n
n
N
n
n
V V
so that
+
=
=
i
N
i
ni n
V S V
1
but
2
1 1
2
1

=

=
+
=
+
=
N
n
n
N
n
i
N
i
ni
V V S
L9/60
Scattering Matrix
Loss-less Junction
V
+
n
are all independent incident voltages, so we choose V
+
n
=0 except
for n=i
.
*
i S S S
V V S
V V S
ni
N
n
ni
N
n
ni
n
N
n
i ni
N
n
n
N
n
i
N
i
ni
=
=

= =
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
1
1 1
2
2
2
1
2
1 1
2
1
| | 1
2
1
2 1
=
(
(
(
(
*
*
*
...
...
Ni
i
i
Ni i i
S
S
S
S S S
L9/61
Scattering Matrix
Loss-less 2 Port Junction
For this case [S] is unitary
mp np
N
n
nm
S S =
=
*
1
or
0
1
1
22 12 12 11
22 11
12 12 22 22
12 12 11 11
= +
=
= +
= +
* *
* *
* *
S S S S
S S
S S S S
S S S S
The magnitude of the input and output ports are equal in magnitude. Also
2
11 12
1 S S =
L9/62
Scattering Matrix
If we know then we can obtain and .
11
S
12
S
22
S
Note: The fraction of power reflected at terminal t, is
2
11
S
P
P
inc
refl
=
So that the insertion loss due to reflection is
( )
12
2
11
20
1 10
S IL
S IL
log
log
=
=
L9/63
Scattering Matrix
Example: two-port network
l
1
l
2
t
1
t
2
Assume TE
10
modes at t
1
and t
2
Equivalent Circuit

V
+
2
+
1
V
Z
1
Z
2
Z
3
1
I
2
I
Port 1
Port 2
Apply KVL:
1 3 2 3 2 2 2
2 3 1 3 1 1 1
I Z I Z I Z V
I Z I Z I Z V
+ + =
+ + =
L9/64
Scattering Matrix
If
12 22 2
12 11 1
0
2
1
12 3
1
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
I
V
Z Z
I
=
=
= =
=
Then we have
2 12 2 22 2
2 12 1 11 1
I Z I Z V
I Z I Z V
+ =
+ =
and
| | | || | I Z V =
12 11
Z Z
12 22
Z Z
12
Z
L9/65
Scattering Matrix
This can be transformed into an admittance matrix
(
=
(
2
1
22 12
12 11
2
1
V
V
Y Y
Y Y
I
I
12 11
Y Y
12 22
Y Y
12
Y
L9/66
Scattering Matrix
Traveling Wave:
( ) ( ) ( ) x V x V x V
Ae V Ae V
x x
+
+
+ =
= = ,
Similarly for current:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
o o
Z
x V
Z
x V
x I x I x I
+
+
= =
Reflection Coefficient:
( )
( )
( ) x V
x V
x
+
=
L9/67
Scattering Matrix
Introduce normalized variables:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x I Z x Z x V x
o o
= = i ,
So that
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x a x x b x b x a x x b x a x = = + = i
and
This defines a single port network. What about 2-port?
2-port
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
a S a S b
a S a S b
+ =
+ =
L9/68
Scattering Matrix
Each reflected wave (b
1
,b
2
) has two contributions: one from the incident wave at
the same port and another from the incident wave at the other port.
How to calculate S-parameters?
0
1
1
11
2
=
=
a
a
b
S
0 1
2
1
12
=
=
a
a
b
S
0
1
2
21
2
=
=
a
a
b
S
0
2
2
22
1
=
=
a
a
b
S
Input reflected coefficient with output matched.
Reverse transmission coefficient with input matched.
Transmission coefficient with output matched.
Output reflected coefficient with input matched.
L9/69
Scattering Matrix
Generalized Scattering Matrix:
We define it via [b]=[S][a]. S-matrix depends on the choice of normalized
impedance. Usually 50 , but can be anything and can even be complex!
Calculating S
ij
:
i i
i i
i i i
i i i
n k i k a
i
i
ij
Z Z
Z Z
I Z V
I Z V
a
b
S
k
,
*
,
*
,
*
,
,... , ,
o
o
o
o
+
=
+
= =
= = 1 0
Which is input reflected coefficient with all other ports matched.
n k i k a
i
ki
k
a
bk
S
,... , , 1 0 = =
=
is equal to transducer power gain from i to k with ports other than i matched.

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Advanced Photon Source

RF and Microwave Physics Fall 2002 ANL

To find out the constants a calibration measurement must be made.

This also allow us to redefine the VSWR at port 1 in

Advanced Photon Source

Advanced Photon Source

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