haha fuck PATTERNS IN RESOURCE CONSUMPTION

(Part 4 of Core Theme Patterns and Change)

TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS
Carrying capacity
The number of people, other living organisms, or
crops that a region can support without
environmental degradation.
The worlds population will rise from 6.5 billion to
9.1 billion by 2050 according to UN in 2005.
51 countries (Germany, Italy, Japan and Russia)
will decrease in population in 45 years.
Earth: 2(US) - 40(Bangladesh) billion

Population predictions (a.k.a Population projections)
estimate of a future population involving mathematical
models based only on pre-existing data

Thomas Malthus
This guy who said were all gonna die
Malthusian catastrophe - there is a limit to
increase productivity, and when we hit that limit,
boom.
Population increases geometrically, but food
increases arithmetically, so were fucked.
We need Preventive/positive checks. famine, war
or decrease in birth. late marriage that sort.
But: Too simple, shortage of food is only one
explanation for disease, famine and war, we have
enough food, just cant distribute. did not foresee
technology, did not see 5th stage of DTM.

Paul Ehrlich
population explosion. lost bet.
Said: if US still had the 140 million ppl from WW2
then it would not have been dependent on foreign
oil.
Example, banana - fruit fly. population explode. but
crashes when banana runs out.

Esther Boserup
Population pressure is a stimulus to technological
change in agriculture.
Well make stuff when we need it.
Green Revolution
population pressure -> stimulus to technological
change
But: migration problem. overpopulation pressure ->
less sustainable.

Julian Simon
Sustainable development: sustainable for future generations,
long run

Conservation:

Waste reduction: broad term, minimize waste

Recycling:

Resource Substitution:

Green Revolution: rapid rise in crop production due to
Genetically modified crops.

OPEC - Oil Petroleum Exporting Countries(faggots): the
arabs basically, controls 85% of oil stock.

Kyoto Protocol 1997 - countries representives meet and
signed the protocol aiming to reduce greenhouse emissions.
Bet won - resources, support free market.

Malthusian (neo)
Modern Malthusian
Incorporates current resources as oil in prediction
Sub-Saharan Africas war, famine & diseased used
as example of Malthusian catastrophe
The newer version of were all gon die

Environmental impacts of oil use
Global Warming, land & freshwater pollution,
things die, they die, we die. eventually.

Types of energy sources: hydroelectric power, nuclear
power, solar power, wind power, tidal power, biomass
(Know advantages and disadvantages)

MODELS TO UNDERSTAND AND APPLY
Ecological footprint: a theoretical measurement of how much land and water a population requires to produce the resources
it consumes and to absorb its wastes under prevailing technology.

Limits to growth model (p 42 of IB study guide)

Oil costs about 100 dollars a barrel now and about 90 million barrels are used daily.

Peak Oil: the idea of which that when the maximum productivity of oil has been reached and it will decline.

Peak Grain:
4x more grain to sustain a meat and dairy based diet than one based on cereals
15x more water to produce 1kg of meat than 1 kg of grain.

The US hit its peak oil late in the 20th century.

CASE STUDIES

Oil consumption

Oil production

Arctic land grab (geopolitics)

Oil Vs environment- Ecuador or BP oil spill
Gulf coast BP oil spill (April 2010)
British Petroleums (BP) Deepwater Horizon rig exploded spewing crude oil into the ocean from the three
major cracks in the rig.
The oil slick can be seen from space and covers an area of 130 miles by 70 miles even though BP has
dumped 50,000 barrels of heavy mud on the leaks to help stop the flow of oil.
the cost of the spill for BP as of June 14, 2010 was $1.6 billion
If large marine animals are not affected directly as a result of the oil spill, their dietary needs will eventually
harm them as an indirect consequence of the oil spill. Plankton will likely ingest the oil and as one of the
lowest organisms on the food chain, the oil they ingest will find its way up to the top of the food chain; and
linchpins (organisms that act as the garbage collectors underwater) will fail to clean up the dead organisms
that will pile up on the ocean floor, therefore, depriving other creatures of nutrients that are by-products of
the disposal of the dead organisms (2010).


Reducing consumption of one resource at a local level or at a national level- Sweden 2020 (Substituting)






QUESTIONS TO PREPARE

1. Population has exceeded the carrying capacity of the world. Discuss this statement.

2. With specific reference to one named resource, describe and explain the changes in the spatial pattern of production
over time.

3. With specific reference to one named resource, describe and explain the changes in the spatial pattern of consumption
over time.]

4. Geopolitical issues associated with oil production and consumption
The arctic. Has about 20% of the world's undiscovered oil, hard to reach. Dont know who owns it.

5. Examine the reasons for the increasing use of renewable energy resources. (or other alternatives to oil)
Increasing use of renewable resources are because of the negative effects oil has.
Oil is finite. Peak oil has been reached. Dependence on oil is dangerous, US-OPEC. Causes issues between countries.

6. Examine the methods adopted to reduce the consumption of one or more named resources.


Patterns of resource consumption

Evaluate the ecological footprint as a measure of the relationship between population size and resource consumption. Identify
international variations in its size. Discuss the two opposing views (neo-Malthusian and anti-Malthusian) of the relationship
between population size and resource consumption.

Changing patterns of energy consumption

Examine the global patterns and trends in the production and consumption of oil. Examine the geopolitical and environmental
impacts of these changes in patterns and trends. Examine the changing importance of other energy sources.

Conservation strategies

Discuss the reduction of resource consumption by conservation, waste reduction, recycling and substitution. Evaluate a
strategy at a local or national scale aimed at reducing the consumption of one resource.






Textbook Notes
Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan holds 13% worlds arable land, but only have 6% of worlds grain. Due to civil
unrest and poor technology. Yields could possibly be trebled if high-tech framing were applied.
Farming takes 70% of global water demand.
Qatar - most on natural gas.
Buying bottled water - thousands of miles away. Isnt really clean water either. San Franciscans pristine Sierra
snowmelt - tap water.
US on water bottles - 1 year uses 47 million gallons of oil, enough to take 100,000 cars off road
> 1 billion plastic water bottles end up in Californias trash - takes 1,000 years to biodegrade. bottled water could
pollute future water supply.
Dumping polluted toxic water, e.g. in Ecuadoran Amazon by Chevron. of 18 billion gallons. 428 comfirmed death.
Chinas economic boom of 7-9% per year means a lot of demand on electronics. GDP 8.7% rise.
Chinas use of coal, oil, wind and other sources of power more than doubled in the past decade to reach equivalent of
2.26 billion tonnes of oil in 2009. As opposed to 2.17 iin US.
Coral Reefs: Net worth is 100 Billion annually






Swedish Essay Plan:
Intro:
Sweden wants to achieve oil free by 2020
In the 1970s around 77 % of all energy in Sweden was generated by oil however, in 2003 this figure had decreased to
32 percent.

1. Uses waste from forests to make biomass (bark, shavings) becomes biofuel
Ethanol is derived from corn, sugarcane, and waste products
Trying to develop cars that utilizes green sources of energy such as ethanol and other biofuels derived from
plants such as wood shavings, bark, saw dust.
Sweden working with Saab and Volvo to develop cars that run on ethanol
Positives: green
Negatives: expensive


2. Creation of more sustainable jobs
Jobs are more sustainable because renewable energy never (technically) runs out so people in the industry
will always have jobs
For example, in the bioenergy industry, every one terawatt hour of biofuel will create between 250 and 300
new jobs.
Thousands of jobs will be created when considering manufacturing, and exporting
Positives:
Negatives:
So an increase to 50 terrawatt hours would provide the Swedish population with 24,000 jobs.

3. Water and wind plants installed on the coastline


4. Giving incentives to the public to use oil-free products
Only 8 % of the population uses oil in the heating system compared to the previous 85%
Subsidies are offered for using ethanol-based fuel They made the price of ethanol-based fuel cheaper than
oil even though the real price is 40% higher

There are many who doubt the achievability of Swedens goal to end the dependency on oil. One example is the chief
executive of Swedens largest ethanol factor (Agroetanol), Kenneth Werling. He says, I dont think this is realistic, but it is a
good ambition. Maybe we can build a society that is less dependent on oil, and that is good in itself.

In the 1970s around 77 % of all energy in Sweden was generated by oil however, in 2003 this figure had decreased to 32
percent.

Nuclear - energy

The Swedish Petroleum Institute states that only 8 percent of the households in the country uses oil based heating systems
compared to previously 85 percent.

"The UK has Europe's best wind, wave and tidal resources yet it continues to miss out on its economic potential," said
Jonathan Johns, head of renewable energy at Ernst & Young.

. In 2003, 26% of all the energy consumed came from renewable sources - the EU average is 6%. Only 32% of the energy
came from oil - down from 77% in 1970. sawdust bark for energy



Book Notes




Toffys Notes:

Essay plan #1 - Alternative Energy
1. COAL
Is another fossil fuel that is also non-renewable
Advantages:
Easy to burn and produces a lot of energy when burned
inexpensive and abundant
Disadvantages:
Limited supply of coal
Large amount of CO2 emissions
Coal mining is detrimental for not only the miners, but also the environment
2. NUCLEAR
was becoming more popular with the higher price of oil/gas, however this has become less attractive since
the Fukushima incident
Advantages:
High energy density- great deal of energy is released from a small mass or uranium
Reserves of uranium are large compared to oil
Disadvantages:
Radioactive waste is produced

3. SOLAR:
Advantages:
clean production, and no harmful by-products
source is free
not affected by supply and demand
Disadvantages
only used in the day
source is unreliable

Essay Plan #2 - Reducing Consumption

1) Government Policies
SWEDEN
2) Alternate Sources
SOLAR/WIND/TIDAL
3) Population changes
Population can use resource substitution




Term Definition Your example (school, home,
Bangkok)
Resource
consumption
The amount of resources that are used in a process or system, or by an
individual, a community, an organisation or an entire society/nation.
We consume oil with our golf
carts/cars
Conservatio
n
The act or process of conserving, preserving or restoring
something from loss, damage, or neglect; this often refers to the
protection, preservation, management, or restoration of wildlife and of
natural resources such as forests, soil, and water.
- Turning AC, tv, lights, etc off
when leaving your room
Waste
reduction
This refers to using less energy, for example turning off lights when
they are not needed, or using only the amount of water needed when
boiling a kettle.
Recycling @ isb. BYOB.
Recycling Refers to the processing of industrial and household waste (e.g.
paper, glass, some metals/plastics) so that materials can be reused.
This saves scarce raw materials and helps reduce pollution. The UK
for example, has long lagged behind the other EU countries with this
method, mainly because there are many more landfill sites which are
cheaper to use. The UK has a target to increase the use of this method
to 33% by 2015
Recycling boxes next to the
printers at school
Reuse This is the multiple use of a product by returning it to the
manufacturer or processor each time. This is generally considered to
be more energy and resource efficient than recycling.
Using reusable water bottles
Biodigester at school
Substitution Refers to using one resource rather than another. The use of
renewable energy resources rather than non-renewable energy sources
would be an example of this, and one of the incentives for doing this
is the environmental advantages this would bring.
http://eex.gov.au/opportunity/subst
itution/

Landfill This is the burying of waste in the ground, and then covering over the
filled pit with soil and other material. This is cheap to do but it is not
always healthy and sites where this can be done will eventually run
out. Most of the buried waste is domestic waste but a small amount of
hazardous waste is allowed on most sites.
Landfill. nuff said. filling lands
and stuff

Fly tipping This is when people or companies dump waste and old equipment.
It is an increasing problem because (1) the cost of landfill has
Koh Samui, one of the roads is
piled up with rubbish.
increased; (2)people have more goods (e.g. TVs, computers and
refrigerators, classified as hazardous and therefore subject to
restrictions of how they can be disposed of (sometimes with additional
costs incurred); (3) the introduction of strict new EU regulations mean
that a high proportion of new products must be recycled this can be
costly to manufacturers and purchasers.