I

Macrotribology

Bharat Bhushan

The Ohio State University

Francis E. Kennedy

Dartmouth College

Andras Z. Szeri

University of Delaware

1 Surface Physics in Tribology

Phillip B. Abel, John Ferrante

Introducti on Geometry of Surfaces Theoreti cal Consi derati ons Experi mental
Determinations of Surface Structure Chemical Analysis of Surfaces Surface Effects in
Tribology Concluding Remarks

2 Surface Roughness Analysis and Measurement Techniques

Bharat Bhushan

The Nature of Surfaces Analysis of Surface Roughness Measurement of Surface
Roughness Closure

3 Contact Between Solid Surfaces

John A. Williams, Rob S. Dwyer-Joyce

Introduction Hertzian Contacts Non-Hertzian Contacts Numerical Methods for
Contact Mechanics Experimental Methods for Contact Mechanics Further Aspects

4 Adhesion of Solids: Mechanical Aspects

Daniel Maugis

Introduction Fracture Mechanics and Adhesion of Solids Example: Contact and
Adherence of Spheres Liquid Bridges Adhesion of Rough Elastic Solids Application
to Friction Kinetics of Crack Propagation Adhesion of Metals Conclusion

5 Friction

Kenneth C. Ludema

Introducti on Quali tative Ranges of Fri cti on Early Concepts on the Causes of
Friction Adhesion, Welding, Bonding of the Three Major Classes of Solids The
Formation and Persistence of Friction Controlling Surface Films Experiments that
Demonstrate the Inuence of Films on Surfaces Mechanisms of Friction Measuring
Friction Test Machine Design and Machine Dynamics Tapping and Jiggling to Reduce
Friction Effects Equations and Models of Friction

6 Frictional Heating and Contact Temperatures

Francis E. Kennedy

Surface Temperatures and Their Signicance Surface Temperature Analysis Surface
Temperature Measurement

7 Wear Mechanisms

Koji Kato, Koshi Adachi

Introducti on Change of Wear Volume and Wear Surface Roughness wi th Sli di ng
Distance Ranges of Wear Rates and Varieties of Wear Surfaces Descriptive Key Terms
Survey of Wear Mechanisms Concluding Remarks
2001 by CRC Press LLC
8 Wear Debris Classication

William A. Glaeser

Introduction How Wear Debris Is Generated Collection of Wear Debris Diagnostics
with Wear Debris Conclusions

9 Wear Maps

Stephen M. Hsu, Ming C. Shen

Introduction Fundamental Wear Mechanisms of Materials Wear Prediction Wear
Mapping Wear Maps as a Classication System Wear Map Construction for Ceramics
Comparison of Materials Modeling Wear by Using Wear Maps Advantages and Limitations
of Current Wear Map Approach

10 Liquid Lubricants and Lubrication

Lois J. Gschwender, David C. Kramer, Brent
K. Lok, Shashi K. Sharma, Carl E. Snyder, Jr., M.L. Sztenderowicz

Introduction Lubricant Selection Criteria Conventional Lubricants The Evolution of
Base Oil Technology Synthetic Lubricants

11 Hydrodynamic and Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication

Andras Z. Szeri

Basic Equations Externally Pressurized Bearings Hydrodynamic Lubrication Dynamic
Properties of Lubricant Films Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication

12 Boundary Lubrication and Boundary Lubricating Films

Stephen M. Hsu,
Richard S. Gates

Introduction The Nature of Surfaces Lubricants and Their Reactions Concluding
Remarks

13 Friction and Wear Measurement Techniques

Niklas Axn, Sture Hogmark,
Staffan Jacobson

The Importance of Testing in Tribology Wear or Surface Damage Classication of
Tribotests Tribotest Planning Evaluation of Wear Processes Tribotests Selected
Examples Abrasive Wear Erosive Wear Wear in Sliding and Rolling Contacts Very
Mild Wear

14 Simulative Friction and Wear Testing

Peter J. Blau

Introduction Dening the Problem Selecting a Scale of Simulation Dening Field-
Compatible Metrics Selecting or Constructing the Test Apparatus Conducting Baseline
Testing Using Established Metrics and Rening Metrics as Needed. Case Studies
Conclusions

15 Friction and Wear Data Bank

A. William Ruff

Introduction Sources of Data Materials Found in Data Bank Data Bank Format

great deal of progress has been made in the past 100 years in the understanding of the funda-
mentals of tribological phenomena at the macroscopic scale. This section begins with a descrip-
tion of solid surfaces, their physical and chemical structures, and their important effect on
tribological behavior (Chapter 1). The topography of solid surfaces is treated in Chapter 2, which includes
the treatment of the characterization of surface roughness and details techniques for measuring surface
roughness at various scales. The deformation and stress that occur when two solid surfaces come into
contact and the geometry of contacts are considered for both smooth and rough surfaces in Chapter 3.
The fundamentals of adhesion between solid surfaces are presented in Chapter 4, along with a discussion
of the effects of surface roughness and the presence of a thin uid lm on the surface. An important
concern in sliding contacts is friction. The mechanisms of friction, its major consequences, and means
of measuring and controlling friction are covered in Chapter 5. Frictional heating of contacting surfaces,
one of the main consequences of friction, is treated in Chapter 6, along with means for determining the
surface temperatures that result from frictional heating.
Perhaps the most important effect of frictional sliding is wear of the sliding components. The subject
of wear is covered in three chapters. Chapter 7 presents a survey of the various mechanisms of wear of
metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites; Chapter 8 follows with the analysis of wear debris, partic-
ularly as a tool for machine diagnosis. An important tool for understanding and controlling wear is the
wear map; basic information about wear maps and their use is given in Chapter 9.
A
2001 by CRC Press LLC
The primary method for alleviating the detrimental effects of friction is to use lubrication. Chapter 10
presents the fundamentals of liquid lubricants and their use in the various regimes of lubrication. The
fundamentals of uid lm lubrication are accessible in Chapter 11; included are treatments of both
hydrostatic and hydrodynamic lubrication of conformal contacts, journal and thrust bearing congura-
tions in which the bearing surfaces are considered rigid, and elastohydrodynamic lubrication of coun-
terformal contacts, rolling element bearings and gears with deforming surfaces. Lubrication of surfaces
by boundary lms is treated in Chapter 12, which includes a discussion of the chemical and physical
phenomena occurring at the interface between lubricant and solid surface.
There are two chapters dealing with tribotesting methodology: friction and wear measurement meth-
ods are presented in Chapter 13, while in Chapter 14 tribotest program design considerations are dis-
cussed. The results of many years of tribotests for metals, ceramics, and polymers are compiled in the
friction and wear databank in Chapter 15.
The editors of Section I hope that this section will prove to be an effective means of transferring basic
tribology science and technology to practicing engineers and scientists in need of this information.
2001 by CRC Press LLC