IAS MAINS An IAS aspirant's Online notes Modern Indian History Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities,issues. Post Independence India Integration Reorganization Posted on January 7, 2014 by admin There were ~560 princely states at the time of Independence and Britishers have reinstated their status as it was before their Accession. They were given choice to remain independent or join dominion of Pakistan or India. The huge task of integration of maximum number of states to India was given to Iron Man Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel. He did the job with help of V P Menon. Following Episodes of Prdhanmantri enumerates the incidents in lucid way. Go through them for General Studies paper 1 mains post independence history portion. Episode 1 Menu Modern Indian History Archives | IAS MAINS http://www.iasmains.in/study_material/topics/general_studies_i/modern_indian_history[8/9/2014 4:31:14 AM] Story of Hyderabad and Junagarh Story of Kashmir Modern Indian History Archives | IAS MAINS http://www.iasmains.in/study_material/topics/general_studies_i/modern_indian_history[8/9/2014 4:31:14 AM] Story of Bombay and Madras State Reorganization ias 2014 integration of states post independence india Leave a comment Post Independence India Wars Posted on January 7, 2014 by admin Watch Following videos to understand what issues were involved and why India was forced to participate in the war. A question based on this came in 2013 mains examination. These episodes are in Hindi but who knows Hindi must watch these. These will be more effective than studying topics from books. India China war 1961 Modern Indian History Archives | IAS MAINS http://www.iasmains.in/study_material/topics/general_studies_i/modern_indian_history[8/9/2014 4:31:14 AM] India Pakistan War 1965 Lal Bahadur Shashtri India Pakistan War 1971 Bangladesh Independence Modern Indian History Archives | IAS MAINS http://www.iasmains.in/study_material/topics/general_studies_i/modern_indian_history[8/9/2014 4:31:14 AM] India Pakistan Kargil war 1999 ias 2014 indian history post independence india Leave a comment India in the Eighteenth Century Short Notes Posted on December 22, 2013 by admin
Bahadur Shah 1 (1707-12) Muzam succeeded Aurungzeb after latters death in 1707 He acquired the title of Bahadur Shah. Though he was quite old (65) and his rule quite short there are many significant achievements he made He reversed the narrow minded and antagonistic policies of Aurungzeb Modern Indian History Archives | IAS MAINS http://www.iasmains.in/study_material/topics/general_studies_i/modern_indian_history[8/9/2014 4:31:14 AM] Made agreements with Rajput states Granted sardeshmukhi tMarathas but not Chauth Released Shahuji (son of Sambhaji) from prison (who later fought with Tarabai) Tried to make peace with Guru Gobind Sahib by giving him a high Mansab. After Gurus death, Sikhs again revolted under the leadership of Banda Bahadur. This led to a prolonged war with the Sikhs. Made peace with Chhatarsal, the Bundela chief and Churaman, the Jat chief. State finances deteriorated Jahandar Shah (1712-13) Death of Bahadur Shah plunged the empire into a civil war A noted feature of this time was the prominence of the nobles Jahandar Shah, son of Bahadur Shah, ascended the throne in 1712 with help from Zulfikar Khan Was a weak ruler devoted only to pleasures Zulfikar Khan, his wazir, was virtually the head of the administration ZK abolished jizyah Peace with Rajputs: Jai Singh of Amber was made the Governor of Malwa. Ajit Singh of Marwar was made the Governor of Gujarat. Chauth and Sardeshmukh granted to Marathas. However, Mughals were to collect it and then hand it over to the Marathas. Continued the policy of suppression towards Banda Bahadur and Sikhs Ijarah: (revenue farming) the government began tcontract with revenue farmers and middlemen to pay the government a fixed amount of money while they were left free to collect whatever they could from the peasants Jahandhar Shah defeated in January 1713 by his nephew Farrukh Siyar at Agra Farrukh Siyar (1713-19) Owed his victory to Saiyid Brothers: Hussain Ali Khan Barahow and Abdullah Khan Abdullah Khan: Wazir, Hussain Ali: Mir Bakshi FS was an incapable ruler. Saiyid brothers were the real rulers. Saiyid Brothers 1. Known the Indian History as King Makers 2. adopted the policy of religious tolerance. Abolished jizyah (again?). 3. Pilgrim tax was abolished from a number of places 4. Marathas: Granted Shahuji swarajya and the right to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi of the six provinces of the Deccan Modern Indian History Archives | IAS MAINS http://www.iasmains.in/study_material/topics/general_studies_i/modern_indian_history[8/9/2014 4:31:14 AM] 5. They failed in their effort to contain rebellion because they were faced 6. with constant political rivalry, quarrels and conspiracies at the court. 7. Nobles headed by Nizam-ul-Mulk and Muhammad Amin Khan began to conspire against them 8. In 1719, the Saiyid Brothers killed and overthrew FS. 9. This was followed by placing, in quick succession, of twyoung princes who died of consumption 10. Murder of the emperor created a wave of revulsion against the SB. 11. They were looked down as namak haram 12. Now, they placed 18 year old Muhammad Shah as the emperor of India 13. In 1720, the nobles assassinated Hussain Ali Khan, the younger of the SB. 14. Abdullah Khan was also defeated at Agra
Muhammad Shah Rangeela (1719-1748) Weak-minded, frivolous and over-fond of a life of ease Neglected the affairs of the state Intrigued against his own ministers Naizam ul Mulk Qin Qulik Khan, the wazir, relinquished his office and founded the state of Hyderabad in 1724 His departure was symbolic of the flight of loyalty and virtue from the Empire Heriditary nawabs arose in Bengal, Hyderabad, Awadh and Punjab Marathas conquered Malwa, Gujarat and Bundelkhand 1738: Invasion of Nadir Shah Nadir Shahs Invasion (1738) Attracted to India by its fabulous wealth. Continual campaigns had made Persia bankrupt Also, the Mughal empire was weak. Didnt meet any resistance as the defense of the north-west frontier had been neglected for years The twarmies met at Karnal on 13th Feb 1739. Mughal army was summarily defeated. MS taken prisoner Massacre in Delhi in response to the killing of some of his soldiers Plunder of about 70 crore rupees. Carried away the Peacock throne and Koh-inoor MS ceded thim all the provinces of the Empire west of the river Indus Significance: Nadir Shahs invasion exposed the hidden weakness of the empire to the Maratha sardars and the foreign trading companies Ahmed Shah Abdali Modern Indian History Archives | IAS MAINS http://www.iasmains.in/study_material/topics/general_studies_i/modern_indian_history[8/9/2014 4:31:14 AM] One of the generals of Nadir Shah Repeatedly invaded and plundered India right down to Delhi and Mathura between 1748 and 1761. He invaded India five times. 1761: Third battle of Panipat. Defeat of Marathas. As a result of invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah, the Mughal empire ceased to be an all-India empire. By 1761 it was reduced merely to the Kingdom of Delhi Shah Alam II (1759- Ahmed Bahadur (1748-54) succeeded Muhammad Shah Ahmed Bahadur was succeeded by Alamgir II (1754-59) 1756: Abdali plundered Mathura Alamgir II was succeeded by Shah Jahan III Shah Jahan III succeeded by Shah Alam II in 1759 Shah Alam spent initial years wandering for he lived under the fear of his wazir In 1764, he joined forces with Mir Qasim of Bengal and Shuja-ud-Daula of Awadh in declaring a war upon the British East India company. This resulted in the Battle of Buxar Pensioned at Allahabad Returned to Delhi in 1772 under the protection of Marathas Decline of the Mughal Empire After 1759, Mughal empire ceased to be a military power. It continued from 1759 till 1857 only due to the powerful hold that the Mughal dynasty had on the minds of the people of India as a symbol of the political unity of the country In 1803, the British occupied Delhi From 1803 to 1857, the Mughal emperors merely served as a political front of the British. The most important consequence of the fall of the Mughal empire was that it paved way for the British to conquer India as there was no other Indian power strong enough to unite and hold India. Succession States These states arose as a result of the assertion of autonomy by governors of Mughal provinces with the decay of the central power Bengal, Awadh, Hyderabad Hyderabad and the Carnatic Founded by Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah in 1724 Modern Indian History Archives | IAS MAINS http://www.iasmains.in/study_material/topics/general_studies_i/modern_indian_history[8/9/2014 4:31:14 AM] Tolerant policy towards Hindus A Hindu, Puran Chand, was his Dewan. Established an orderly administration in Deccan on the basis of the jagirdari system on the Mughal pattern He died in 1748 Nawab of Carnatic freed himself of the control of the Viceroy of the Deccan and made his office hereditary Saadutullah Khan of Carnatic made his nephew Dost Ali his successor Bengal 1700: Murshid Quli Khan made the Dewan of Bengal Freed himself of the central control Freed Bengal of major uprisings Three major uprisings during his time: Sitaram Ray, Udai Narayan and Ghulam Muhammad, and then by Shujat Khan, and finally by Najat Khan Carried out fresh revenue settlement. Introduced the system of revenue farming. Revenue farming led tthe increased distress of the farmers Laid the foundations of the new landed aristocracy in Bengal MQK died in 1727. Succeeded by Shuja-ud-din. 1739: Alivardi Khan killed and deposed Shuja-ud-dins son, Sarfaraz Khan, and made himself the Nawab All three Nawabs encouraged merchants, both Indian and foreign. Safety of roads and rivers. Thanas and Chowkies at regular intervals. Maintained strict control over the foreign trading companies They, however, did not firmly put down the increasing tendency of the English East India Company tuse military force, or to threaten its use, to get its demands accepted. They also neglected to build a strong army Awadh 1722: Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk Suppressed rebellions and disciplined the Zamindars Fresh revenue settlement in 1723 Did not discriminate between Hindus and Muslims. The highest post in his government was held by a Hindu, Maharaja Nawab Rai Died in 1739. Succeeded by Safdar Jung. SJs reign was an era of peace made an alliance with the Maratha sardars Carried out warfare against Rohelas and Bangash Pathans Organized an equitable system of justice Modern Indian History Archives | IAS MAINS http://www.iasmains.in/study_material/topics/general_studies_i/modern_indian_history[8/9/2014 4:31:14 AM] Distinct culture of Lucknow developed during his period Mysore Haidar Ali, in 1761, overthrew Nanjaraj and established his own authority over Mysore 1755: Established a modern arsenal at Dindigal with the help of French experts Conquered Bidnur, Sunda, Sera, Canara and Malabar He conquered Malabar because he wanted access tthe Indian Ocean First and Second Anglo-Mysore War 1782: Succeeded by Tipu Sultan TS was an innovator. Introduced a new calendar, a new system of coinage and new scales of weights and measures. Keen interest in French Revolution Planted a tree of liberty at Srirangapatnam and became a member of the Jacobin Club Made efforts to build a modern navy Mysore flourished economically under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan Sent missions to France, Turkey, Iran and Pegu Myanmar to develop foreign trade Some historians say that Tipu was a religious fanatic. But facts dont support this assertion. Kerala Divided into large number of feudal chiefs in the 18th century Four important states Calicut (under Zamorin), Chirakkal, Cochin and Travancore In 1729, Travancore rose to prominence under King Martanda Varma Conquered Quilon and Elayadam, and defeated the Dutch From 1766 Haidar Ali invaded Kerala and annexed northern Kerala up to Cochin Revival of Malyalam literature Trivandram became a famous centre of Sanskrit scholarship Rajput States Rajputana states continued to be divided as before Raja Sawai Jai Singh of Amber was the most outstanding ruler of the era Founded the city of Jaipur Made Jaipur a great seat of science and art Astronomer. Erected observatories at Jaipur, Ujjain, Varanasi, and Mathura Drew up a set of tables, entitled Zij Muhammadshahi, tenable people tmake astronomical observations Translated Euclids Elements of Geometry into Sanskrit Modern Indian History Archives | IAS MAINS http://www.iasmains.in/study_material/topics/general_studies_i/modern_indian_history[8/9/2014 4:31:14 AM] Social reformers. Reduce lavish marriage expenditures. Jats Jat peasants revolted in 1669 and 1688 Jat state of Bharatpur set up by Churaman and Badan Singh Reached its highest glory under Suraj Mal, whruled from 1756 to 1763 Sikhs Sikhsim transformed into a militant religion during Guru Hargobind (1606-45), the sixth guru. Guru Gobind Singh waged constant war against the armies of Aurangzeb and the hill rajas After Guru Gobind Singhs death (1708), leadership passed to Banda Singh (Banda Bahadur) He struggled with the Mughal army for 8 years Put to death in 1715 Banda Bahadur failed because Mughal centre was still strong Upper classes and castes of Punjab joined forces against him He could not integrate all the anti-Mughal forces because of his religious bigotry After the withdrawal of Abdali from Punjab, Sikhs were again resurgent Between 1765 and 1800 they brought the Punjab and Jammu under their control They were organized into 12 misls Ranjit Singh Chief of the Sukerchakia Misl Captured Lahore (1799) and Amritsar (1802) Conquered Kashmir, Peshawar and Multan Possessed the second best army in Asia Tolerant and liberal Fakir Azizuddin and Dewan Dina Nath were his important ministers known to step down from his throne to wipe the dust off the feet of Muslim mendicants with his long grey beard Negative point: He did not remove the threat of British. He only left it over this successors. And so, after his death, when his kingdom was torn by intense internal struggle, English conquered it. Marathas Maratha Families Modern Indian History Archives | IAS MAINS http://www.iasmains.in/study_material/topics/general_studies_i/modern_indian_history[8/9/2014 4:31:14 AM] Peshwa Pune Gaekwad Baroda Bhosle Nagpur Holkar Indore Scindia Gwalior The most powerful of the succession states Could not fill the political vacuum because Maratha Sardars lacked unity Lacked the outlook and programme which were necessary for founding an all-India empire Shahuji Son of Sambhaji Imprisoned by Aurungzeb Released in 1707 Civil war between Shahu and his aunt Tarabai whruled in the name of her infant son Shivaji II The conflict gave rise to a new era of Maratha leadership, the era of Peshwa leadership Balaji Vishwnath 1713: Peshwa of King Shahu Induced Zulfikar Khan to grant the chauth and sardeshmukhi of the Deccan Helped the Saiyid brothers in overthrowing Farukh Siyar Maratha sardars were becoming individually strong but collectively weak Died in 1720. Succeeded by his son Baji RaI Baji Rao I the greatest extent of guerrilla tactics after Shivaji Vast areas ceded by the Mughals Marathas won control over Malwa, Gujarat and parts of Bundelkhand Rivalry with Nizam ul Mulk Compelled the Nizam tgrant chauth and sardeshmukhi of the Deccan provinces 1733: Campaign against Sidis of Janjira and the Portuguese (Salsette and Bassein) Died in 1740 Captured territories but failed tlay the foundations of an empire Succeeded by Balaji Baji Rao(Nana Saheb) Balaji Baji Rao(1740-61) Shahu died in 1749. Peshwas became the de facto rulers Shifted the capital to Poona Captured Orissa Mysore forced to pay tributes In 1752, helped Imad-ul-Mulk tbecome the wazir Brought Punjab under their control and expelled the agent of Ahmad Shah Abdali Modern Indian History Archives | IAS MAINS http://www.iasmains.in/study_material/topics/general_studies_i/modern_indian_history[8/9/2014 4:31:14 AM] This led AS Abdali to come to India to settle accounts with Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat Third Battle of Panipat ASA formed an alliance with Najib-ud-daulah of Rohilkhand and Shuja-ud-daulah of Awadh.
general studies history ias 2014 indian history Leave a comment India After Gandhi ebook Posted on June 3, 2013 by admin In general studies paper I, India after independence is added in syllabus. India after Gandhi is very good book to understand sequence of events after attaining independence. The best thing about this book is that it is very interesting to read. Also for net savvy and e-gadget freaks it is best book as it is available in form of ebook at around 220 Rupees on flipkart. If someone wants it for free, he can also get it after a little googling. It is in .mobi and .ebub format, so you need some special reader like fbreader to read it. I will recommend ethics to absorb in your personality and buy the book instead of downloading it from net for free but anyway I leave it to your judgement. I do not want to be part of any unethical practice so I will not give free download link here. Please google for it yourself. Leave a comment Evolution of Indian Constitution Modern Indian History Archives | IAS MAINS http://www.iasmains.in/study_material/topics/general_studies_i/modern_indian_history[8/9/2014 4:31:14 AM] Posted on March 24, 2013 by admin Government of India Act, 1858: It was first statute passed by British Parliament for governance of India under direct rule of the British Government. It was dominated by principle of absolute imperial control without any popular participation. Subsequent sequence of statutes till writing of our constitution is one of gradual relaxation of imperial control and evolution of responsible government. According to this act, there would be a Secretary of State(SoS) on India, assisted by 15 member Council of India, who would exercise power of crown over India. SoS was responsible to British Parliament and governed India through Governor General(GG) assisted by executive council. Essential features of system introduced by this act were centralized administration, No separation of function ie. civil, military, executive and legislative all powers in GG, absolute control on Indian administration by SoS and totally bureaucratic system unconcerned of public opinion in India. Indian Councils Act, 1861: GGs executive council, which so far included exclusively officials, was expanded to include a few non-official members while transacting legislative business as Legislative council. These non official members were to be nominated and had limited mandate. They could only consider proposals placed before it by GG and could not criticize act or conduct of officials. Same kind of provisions were made in Act of 1861 for Legislative Council in provinces. Indian Council Act, 1892: Two important relaxations were made in this act 1. Though majority of officials were retained, non official members henceforth were nominated by Bengal Chambers of Commerce and Provincial Legislative Council, whereas the non-officials of Provincial legislative council were nominated by local bodies like municipalities, district boards and universities. Modern Indian History Archives | IAS MAINS http://www.iasmains.in/study_material/topics/general_studies_i/modern_indian_history[8/9/2014 4:31:14 AM] 2. Council could discuss budget and raise questions to executive. Morley Minto Reform, Indian Council Act, 1909: Majority of non-official members were introduced in provincial legislative council by including elected non-official members in council whereas majority of official retained in Central Legislative council. Legislative councils were also given power to pass resolutions on the budget and other important public matters save some specified subjects such as foreign affairs, military or Indian States. Separate representation for Muslim community was introduced thus sowing seed of partition. Motagu-Chelmsford Reform, 1919: Dyarchy in Provinces: Subjects of Administration were divided in two categories- Central and Provincial, Provincial were further subdivided into transferred and reserved. Elected members in provincial council were raised to 70%. Transferred subjects were to be governed by Governor on the aid and advice of Council of Ministers thus laid down a responsible government in narrow sphere of transferred subjects. Relaxation of central control over provinces was done through division of subjects in Central and provincial. Thus provinces can formulate their own budgets to raise revenue and spend it to run administration of such subjects. It should be noted that Provinces got power by way of delegation from the Center and the central legislature retained power to legislate for the whole of India relating to any subject. Therefor it should be mistaken for federal distribution of power. Bicameral Indian legislature was also introduced. 60 members 34 of which elected in upper house aka Council of State and 144 members of which 104 were to be elected in lower house aka Legislative Assembly. The electorates were however arranged on a communal and sectional basis, developing tendency of separatism further. There were many shortcomings in this Act such as it was GG and not courts who had authority to decide whether particular subject was central or provincial or without prior consent of GG , legislature could not take up for consideration any bill relating to a number of subjects, finance was set as reserved subjects therefore many progressive measures taken by provincial government were not effective for want of funds, ICS Modern Indian History Archives | IAS MAINS http://www.iasmains.in/study_material/topics/general_studies_i/modern_indian_history[8/9/2014 4:31:14 AM] were responsible to SoS and not to ministers, overriding powers of governors, no provision for collective responsibilities of ministers etc. Working of Dyarchy system in provinces proved to be disaster and could not satisfy Indian aspirations and led to Non Co-operation movement. Simon Commission: Simon commission was appointed in 1927 by British government to inquire into and report on working of the Act of 1919. There was no Indian representative in the commission and this fact invited wrath from masses of country in form of processions, marches, protest, petitions, boycott of first Round table conference organised to discuss Simon commission report that was submitted in 1930. A white paper was prepared on the result of this conference, which was examined by a J oint Select Committee of British Parliament and Government of India bill was drafted in accordance with the recommendation of J oint select committee and passes with certain amendments as Government of India Act, 1935. Government of India Act, 1935: Main features of this act were: In all previous GoI acts government of India was unitary but first time in GoI Act, 1935, A federal structure of government was prescribed. But Indian rulers of states never gave their consent and therefore federation as envisaged in act was never realized. Certain degree of autonomy was provided to provinces this time and provinces were no longer delegation of Central government but were autonomous units of administration. Legislative powers were divided between provinces and centre. Now governor was not subordinate of Governor General and was required to act on aid and advice of CoM. Governor was to govern on behalf of the Crown. Though in certain matters, governor has power of discretion and exercise of his individual judgement and not to act on advice of CoM. A system of Dyarchy at center was placed. Function of GG were divided in two groups. Administration of defense foreign relations, ecclesiastical affairs and of tribal areas, was to be made by GG in his discretion with help counsellors appointed by him who were not reponsible to legislature. Modern Indian History Archives | IAS MAINS http://www.iasmains.in/study_material/topics/general_studies_i/modern_indian_history[8/9/2014 4:31:14 AM] In All other matters, GG was to act on adivce of CoM who were responsible to Legislature. But even in this regard, GG had power to act against advice if he felt any of his special responsibilities was involved. But in reality no counsellors nor any CoM were appointed under Act, the old executive council provided by 1919 act continued to advice GG until the Indian Independence Act,1947. Central legislature was bicameral, legislature of some of provinces were bicameral and some were uni-cameral. There were few limitations on Central legislature as follows A bill passed by Central Legislature was subject to veto by crown and Governor. GG was empowered to prevent discussion or suspend proceeding in legislature if he felt it would affect his special responsibilities. GG could pass permanent acts at any time for discharge of special responsibilites and promulgate ordinances at any matter during recess of legislature. No bill or amendment could be introduced in legislature without GGs previous consent wrt certain matters. Though Indian states did not join the Federation, the federal provisions were in fact applied as between center and provinces. The division of legislative subjects between center and provinces proposed in this act were kept more less same in Our present Constitution. Subjects were divided in 3 categories- Federal(External affairs, military, coinage, census etc), provincial(Police, education, provincial public services etc) and Concurrent(Criminal laws and procedures, Marriage and divorce, Arbitration etc). In case of repugnancy in the Concurrent field, Federal law will prevail over provincial law to the extent of repugnancy. Dominion status was not conferred by GoI Act, 1935 Cripps Mission Demand for constituting Constituent assembly for framing their own constitution by Indian people were made by J awahar Lal Nehru in 1938. In 1940, British Coalition government recognized the principle that Indians should themselves frame a new Modern Indian History Archives | IAS MAINS http://www.iasmains.in/study_material/topics/general_studies_i/modern_indian_history[8/9/2014 4:31:14 AM] Constitution for autonomous India and in March 1942, Cripps was sent with draft declaration that provided A constituent assembly be elected to frame Indian constitution and India will be given Dominion status. There should be one India Union comprising all unions and Indian states Any province which was not ready to accept the constitution would be free to retains its constitutional position and can enter into separate constitutional arrangements. As expected Cripps proposals were rejected by Muslim League protesting concept of one Indian union and one constituent assembly. Cabinet Mission Cabinet delegation was sent to reach an agreement on constitutional question among Congress and Muslim league. Though it rejected Muslim leagues demand for a separate constituent assembly and a separate state for Muslims, the scheme which they recommended involved virtual acceptance of the principle underlying the claim of Muslim league. Main features were There will union of India comprising both Indian provinces and states and having exclusive jurisdiction over external affairs, military and communication. All residuary power will belong to states and provinces. Any question raising a major communal issue would require its decision a majority of representatives of two major communities present and voting as well as a majority of all the members present and voting. The provinces will be free to form groups with executive and legislatures and each group would be competent to determine the provincial subjects which would be taken by the group organisation. It also recommended scheme for electing constituent assembly as follows Each province and each state or group of states were allottes the total number of seats proportional to their representative population roughly in the ration of one to a million. As a result, the provinces were to elect 292 members while Indian states were allotted a minimum of 93 seats. Seats in each province were divided in three main communities- muslim and sikh and general, in proportion to their population. Modern Indian History Archives | IAS MAINS http://www.iasmains.in/study_material/topics/general_studies_i/modern_indian_history[8/9/2014 4:31:14 AM] Members in each community in the provincial Legislative assembly elected their own representatives by the method of proportional representation with single transferable vote. The method of selection in the case of representatives of Indian states was to be determined by consultation. Mountbatten Plan Congress and League reached at an agreement over partitioning two problem provinces of Punjab and Bengal so as to form absolute Hindu and Muslim majority blocks. The actual decision to partition however was left to the vote of members of Legislative assemblies of these two provinces, meeting in two parts, according to a plan known as Mountbatten Plan. One part representing muslim majority districts and the other the rest of the province. The members of each part will be empowered to vote whether or not the province should be partitioned. If a simple majority of either Part decided in favor of partition, division will take place. If partition were decided upon, each part of legislative assembly would decide whether it would join the existing or a new and separate Constituent Assembly. Indian Independence Act, 1947 It declared that India ceased to be a Dependency and the suzerainty of Crown over Indian states with effect from 15 August, 1947. Office of Secretary of State of India was abolished. Crown was not longer source of authority of neither India nor Pakistan. Governor Generals of 2 dominions and Provincial governors to act as constitutional heads. There was not longer executive council or Consellors as envisaged in GoI Act, 1935. The words in his discretion and individual judgement were removed from GoI Act, 1935, wherever they occurred in act. Thus GG and Governors of provinces lost their extra ordinary powers of legislation so as to compete with legislature. The central legislature ceased to exist on 15 August 1947. Newly formed constituted Constituent assembly was to also function as Central legislature of dominion until new legislature was constituted under new constitution. Modern Indian History Archives | IAS MAINS http://www.iasmains.in/study_material/topics/general_studies_i/modern_indian_history[8/9/2014 4:31:14 AM] Constitution as formulated by Constituent assembly was signed by President of Assembly on November 26, 1949 and was declared as passed. Source : Introduction to Constitution of India by DD Basu- Chapter 1 and 2.
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