Ingles IV PDF

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SECRETARA DE EDUCACIN
SUBSECRETARA DE EDUCACIN MEDIA SUPERIOR Y SUPERIOR
UNIVERSIDAD DIGITAL DEL ESTADO DE MXICO

AV. JOS MA. MORELOS PTE. NO. 905
TERCER PISO COLONIA LA MERCED
TOLUCA, ESTADO DE MXICO, C.P. 50080

Unidad I
1.1 ORACIONES REPORTADAS

Click on Supplementary video 1 to see more on this topic.
Click on Supplementary video 2 to see more on this topic.

..\Reported statement.wma Reported Statements.

We use them to express what other people said, using two verbs say and tell.

For example: Direct Speech

Robert: I will meet you in this caf tomorrow at seven,

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Reported Speech

Robert said he would meet me in that caf the next day at seven.
Robert told me he would meet me in that caf the next day at
seven.

Notice the type of changes that can occur when reporting.

1. Subject pronoun: I he
2. Object pronoun: you me
3. Reference to place: this that
4. Reference to time: tomorrow the next day
5. Tenses: will meet would meet

Note that we usually shift the tense back in time

Direct speech Reported speech
1. "I dont believe you". She said she didnt believe me.
2. "Im not happy". She said she wasnt happy.
3. "Im breaking up with you". She said she was breaking up with me.
4. "I wont see you again". She said she wouldnt see me again.
5. "I cant stand you!" She said she couldnt stand me.
6. "I havent seen him". She said she hadnt seen him.
7. "I didnt see him". She said she hadnt seen him.
8. "He was lying to me". She said he was lying to her.

Notes: Observe point 8. Past progressive, frequently doesnt change in reported speech.

Reporting an instruction is different. To report an instruction, we use ask, tell, or order

For example:

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Direct speech Reported speech
"Be polite with the customers", he said He told me to be polite with the customers
Dont talk so much, please", he said to me He asked me not to talk so much

1.2 PREGUNTA REPORTADA

supplementary video

Reported Questions.

We express reported questions with ask or want to know.
In reported questions, the verb goes in affirmative and the question mark is
omitted.
Verb tenses, pronouns and possessive adjectives, change (like in the statements
below).
When the direct question begins with a question word (who, where, when, what
etc.) the reported question begins with the same word

For example: Direct speech: Where do you live she asked me.

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Reported speech: she asked me where I lived.

When the direct question is a YES or a NO question, and begins with an auxiliary
verb, (do, is, are, am, did, etc) or a modal verb, (can, will, etc), the reported
question begins with if or whether.

For example: Direct speech: "Do you have a pet?He asked me.

Reported speech: He asked me if I had a pet.

He asked me whether I had a pet.

ACTIVIDAD DE APRENDIZAJE 1.1

1.3 PASADO PERFECTO

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For a complete review of perfect
tenses see supplementary video
lessons attached.

Past perfect is the combination of past tense of the verb to have which is Had and
the past participle of the main verb.

For example: Before Jacqueline got home it had rained.

The most common use of Past Perfect happens when there are two past actions and one
of them happened before the other.
In this situation the Past Perfect tense is used for the first past action and the Simple Past
is used for the most recent past action, or to talk about a past event in relation to another
past event which happened after it.

For example:

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Affirmative Negative Question
We had eaten in that
place
We hadnt eaten in that
place
Had we eaten in that
place?
Habamos comido en ese
lugar
No habamos comido en
ese lugar
Habamos comido en ese
lugar?

Note: All pronouns have the same structure.

This is often structured like:

Before Jacqueline got home, it had rained.

Structure:

Subject had Past participle 2
nd
clause
We had eaten by the time Richard arrived
Ruth had already bought the cake when you called her
Note: The clauses could change position

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By the time Richard arrived, we had eaten
When you called Ruth, she had already bought the cake

Also, Past Perfect is used to talk about how many times something was done in the Past
before another past action or event.

For example: By the time we landed, I had eaten six airline meals.

By the end of the cruise, they had visited 9 different countries.

In the next sentence, this tense is often structured as follows:

She was chosen because she had won 5 gold medals.
She was chosen because shed won 5 gold medals.

To write the Past perfect of the previous sentences in a negative form we would write:

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By the time Richard arrived, we had not eaten.
By the time Richard arrived, we hadnt eaten.

When you called Ruth, she had not bought the cake yet.
When you called Ruth, she hadnt bought the cake yet.

Note: Already, cant be used in negative sentences.

For example: By the time we landed, I already hadnt eaten six airline meals.

When you called Ruth, she already hadnt bought the cake.

1.4 PASADO PERFECTO PROGRESIVO

Past Perfect Progressive.

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Taking into consideration the same two past events mentioned before and if we want to
know how long the first activity lasted, we would use Past Perfect Progressive.

Past Perfect Progressive is the combination of:

the past simple of the verb to have
the past participle of verb to be, and
the progressive form of the main verb.

For example:

Affirmative Negative Question
It had been raining It hadnt been raining Had it been raining

Note: Every pronoun (it) has the same structure.

For example: Before Jacqueline got home, it had been raining for 5 hours

It had been raining for 5 hours when Jacqueline got home.

When Past Perfect Progressive answers a how long question, it often uses the words
for and since.

For example: The boys were very tired because they had been playing for 5
hours.

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The boys were very tired because they had been playing since early
this morning.


1.5 VOZ PASIVA

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Passive.wma Passive voice.

We use the passive voice when the emphasis of a sentence is on the object rather
than on the subject or, when the person who performs an action, is not important
or known.

We form the passive voice with the verb to be and the past participle of the main
verb.

We can use the verb to get instead of the verb to be in everyday speech when we
talk about things that occur by accident or unexpectedly.

Changing from active to passive voice.

The object of the active sentence becomes the subject in the passive sentence.

The active verb remains in the same tense but changes into a passive form.

The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent and it is either introduced
with the preposition by or it is omitted.

Voice

ACTIVE

PASSIVE
Subject

My sister

The car
Verb

was driving

was being driven
Object

the car

by my sister

Tense Active Passive
Present Simple They repair watches here Watches are repaired here

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Present
Continuous
They are repairing my watch My watch is being repaired
Past Simple
They repaired my watch
yesterday.
My watch was repaired yesterday
Past Continuous
They were repairing my watch
when I arrived.
My watch was being repaired
when I arrived.
Future Simple
They will repair my watch
tomorrow.
My watch will be repaired
tomorrow.
Present Perfect They have repaired my watch. My watch has been repaired
Past Perfect They had repaired my watch.
My watch had been repaired by six
oclock
Future Perfect
They will have my watch repaired
by Tuesday
My watch will have been repaired
by Tuesday.

Note: When we want to find out who or what did something, the passive voice question
form should go as follows: Who / What............................by.

For example: Who was the Eiffel tower built by?

What was the shop destroyed by?

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1.6 PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS

Relative pronouns.

Relative pronouns Who, Which or That, can represent a subject or an object and they are
used in defining relative clauses to give essential information about a subject or an object.

They are followed by verbs and preceded by nouns.

For example: Henry Fords the man who invented the car.

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Who, refers to people, which, refers to things and that, can refer to people or things. It is
commonly used in conversational style.
Note: who, which or that, could be omitted when the verb after the relative pronoun,
has a different subject

For example: Thats the lady who you met at the party.

Thats the lady you met at the party.

That is the car that I want to buy

That is the car I want to buy


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Resumen

En esta unidad I has aprendido a expresar situaciones descritas por otra persona, eventos
del pasado y la duracin del primer evento, as como la descripcin de eventos donde el
objeto de la oracin es ms importante que el sujeto; y el uso de pronombres relativos.
La siguiente actividad ser resolver el examen de la unidad I como parte de la evaluacin
de esta unidad.

Unidad II

2.1 Uso del 1
er
y 2 Condicional

Click on Supplementary video to see more on this topic.

..\First Conditional explanation.wma

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Use of First and Second conditional.

We use the First Conditional to talk about events which are possible. The conditional
clause can refer to the present or future.

Conditional clause Main clause
If + Present Simple Will + simple verb form
If it rains, We will stay at home

The Conditional clause can go before or after the main clause and we use a comma at
the end of the conditional clause when it comes first.

For example: If you dont try harder, you will fail

You will fail if you dont try harder


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Note: In addition to the first conditional, there is another conditional called zero
conditional that expresses possible events that have present simple in both conditionals:
clause and main clause or result clause.

For example: If you heat water, it boils.

If water boils, it evaporates.

Other structures are possible, depending on what you want to say:

Conditional clause main clause
If + Present Simple
If you behave yourself
- modal verb
you can come.
If + Present Simple
If you don't work,
- be going to (future)
you're going to fail.
If + Present Simple
If you need anything,
- imperative
Ask for it.
If + Present Continuous
If we're leaving soon
- will
I will get my coat.

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If + Present Perfect
If I've finished
- will + infinitive.
I will be able to come.
If + Present Perfect
If you've finished,
- modal verb
you can go out.
Imperative
Eat less
- and /or + will
and you will get slim

Supplementary information about first conditional.


Second Conditional

We use the Second Conditional for improbable situations in the present or future:

Conditional clause main clause
If + Past Simple
If I had enough money,
would
I would retire

Instead of would, we can use other modal verbs:

For example: If I lost my job, I might go abroad for a while.

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Compare First and Second Conditionals:

For example: If I lose my job, I will find life very difficult.
(First Conditional --- there is a possibility)

If I lost my job, I would find life very difficult.
(Second Conditional --- there is no evidence)

2.2 USO DE WISH Y EL PASADO SIMPLE

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Wishes about the present

Vocabulary associated
Regret = lamentar, lamento

Note: Due to the fact that wish and hope express desire, it is convenient to know about
their uses and limitations so, I recommend the next videos for a deeper
knowledge

Wish + Past Simple or Could are used to describe situations that we would like to change
and to imagine situations differently.

For example:

wish + past simple/could
I wish + I had a car = deseo que tuviera un coche
I wish + I could go = deseo que pueda ir

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Note: In formal English, use were, for the verb to be.

I wish I were taller

In informal English, was, is acceptable

I wish I was taller

We use wish with Past Simple form (simple and continuous) to express regret about
present situations:

For example: - I wish I was taller = (Im not very tall)

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- I wish I was coming with you = (but I'm not)

- I wish you were more helpful = (you are not)

Note: I wish I were, can replace, I wish I was. For this reason, many people prefer to
use, I wish I were. It sounds more appropriate.

For example: I wish I were taller.

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We use wish with could to express a wish for a present situation to be different:

For example: I wish I could use a computer well.

I wish I could tell her about it.

Note: If you want to gain additional knowledge about this topic go to this link

Past Simple present I wish I knew the answer.

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(= I dont know it)

Past Simple present I wish I was / were better at sports.
(= I'm not)

Past Continuous present I wish I was / were going with you.
(= I'm not)

Could present I wish I could give you an answer.
(= I can't)

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Would future I wish you would be quiet.
(= Your talking irritates me.)

Past Perfect past I wish I had known you then.
(= but I didn't)

Could have past I wish I could have explained.
(= I wasn't able to)


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2.3 USO DE FUTURO PROGRESIVO

Future progressive
Future progressive is used to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted
by a shorter action in the future. Remember that, this could be a real activity interruption
or just an interruption in time.
For example: I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.

I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.

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Future progressive is used also to express that an action will be taking place in the future.

The future progressive is formed by adding will be to the ing form of the main verb.

For example: She will be coming to the office in a few minutes.

He will be driving a sport car into town.

Note: The future progressive tense is not as common as the other tenses, and it can,
sometimes, be replaced by simple future, present progressive or even simple present.

For example: Ill be leaving in a few minutes.

Ill leave in a few minutes.

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Future progressive has 2 different forms:
Future progressive with "Will" Future Progressive with "Be Going To "
will be + present participle
Example:
You will be waiting for her when her
plane arrives tonight.

Am / is / are + going to be + present
participle
Example:
You are going to be waiting for her when
her plane arrives tonight.
Im going to leave in a few minutes.

Both forms are interchangeable with little difference in meaning, but we are going to
focus our attention on the first one.
2.4 USO DE FUTURO PERFECTO


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Future Perfect
Perfect future is used when we want to say that something has not yet happened but its
planned to happen in the future.
Future perfect is formed with the expression will have and the past participle of the main
verb.
For example:
Affirmative By this time tomorrow, I will have arrived
Negative By this time tomorrow, I wont have arrived yet
Question Will you have arrived by this time tomorrow?
All pronouns follow the same rule.
For example: Tomorrow, Jim will start playing at 2 pm and stop at 5 pm.
At 5:30, Jim will have stopped playing.

Time expressions.
Future perfect uses adverbs with specific times in the future. The ending time at which
the action will be completed.
By the time / tomorrow / by this time / next week / by the year 2020
Adverbs indicating a completion date: Before / until / till.

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2.5 PALABRAS O FRASES PUENTE

Linking words and phrases
Additional vocabulary linking words

Besides ademas
Since puesto que
Although aunque
In addition ademas
Moreover ms aun
In summary en resumen
Too tambin
In spite of Despite = a pesar de
However sin embargo
Besides ademas
In addition ademas
Therefore por lo tanto
So asi es que

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In summary en resumen
To conclude para concluir
In conclusion en conclusion

Linking words or linking phrases are used to join clauses and sentences for different
purposes:
Rules of usage:
To contrast two expressions, we can use:
although, despite, and but.

To express why we do something or why something happened, we can use:
because, so and since.

After although, because and so we use a subject + verb:

Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday
We didn't go out because it was raining.
He thinks everybody should speak English so he refuses to learn foreign
languages.

After in spite of or despite, we use a noun, a pronoun (this / that / what, etc.) or -ing:

Despite the rain, we enjoyed our holiday.
She wasn't well, but despite of this, she went to work.
Despite what I said yesterday, I still love you.
I didn't get the job despite having all the necessary qualifications.

After because of, we use a noun.

For example: We didnt go out because of the rain

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Compare in spite of and because of:

For example: We went out despite the rain.

We didn't go out because of the rain.

I stayed at home because it was raining.

It was raining, so I stayed at home. (Use a comma before so)
You can also reverse the order of the sentences with because, and since:
Because it was raining, I stayed at home.
Note: This is not possible with so.

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Resumen
En esta unidad II hemos aprendido a expresar situaciones condicionadas posibles e
improbables en presente y el futuro, eventos consecutivos en el futuro y frases puente
con diferentes propsitos. La siguiente actividad ser ejecutar el examen de la unidad II
como parte de la evaluacin de esta unidad.

UNIDAD III

3.1 USO DE RDENES O INSTRUCCIONES REPORTADAS.


First Conditional explanation.wma

To report instructions we use the verbs:
ask, tell or order + direct object + (not) + infinitive.

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Direct speech Be polite with the customers
Reported speech He told me to be polite with the customers
Direct speech Dont talk so much, please, he said to me
Reported speech He asked me not to talk so much

3.2 USO DE PETICIONES REPORTADAS.


Reported Request.
To report requests, in reported speech we use ask.
Direct speech Will you help me to set the table please? Janet said
Reported speech Janet asked me to help her to set the table.
Direct speech Will you do me a favor? Mary said to me.
Reported speech Mary asked me to do her a favor.

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3.3 USO DEL SEGUNDO Y TERCER CONDICIONAL.


2
nd
conditional
Use of 2
nd
and 3
rd
conditionals
Its often called the imaginary conditional and its formed like we saw before, by the past
simple in the first clause followed by a comma and the modal verbs: would / could /
might; and the base form in the result clause.
For example: If I had money I would go to Acapulco.

Basic form:

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if clause main clause
Simple Past
would + infinitive
or
could + infinitive
or
might + infinitive
Examples:
If I studied, I would pass the exams.
If I studied, I could pass the exams.
If I studied, I might pass the exams.

The if-clause, can be placed at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.
If I studied, I would pass the exams.
I would pass the exams if I studied

3
rd
Conditional
Its called the past conditional because it refers only to past situations with hypothetical
results.
Its formed by the use of past perfect in the if clause followed by a comma, and would
have + past participle
For example: If I had had money I would have gone to Acapulco.

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Form
if clause main clause
Past Perfect
would + have + past participle
or
could + have + past participle
or
might + have + past participle
Examples
If I had studied, I would have passed the exams.
If I had studied, I could have passed the exams.
If I had studied, I might have passed the exams.
The if-clause can be placed at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.
If I had studied, I would have passed the exams.
I would have passed the exams if I had studied.

3.4 USO DE CLAUSULAS DE PROPOSITO

Associated vocabulary.

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Clauses of purpose
To + infinitive = para I brought my car to travel to Acapulco
For + ing form = para She uses a blender for making a sauce
In order to = para I went to the bank in order to get money
So as to = para
She attended an engineering course so as to
become an engineer.
So that + can / will =
asi que + / puede tener / tendra
Robert has moved to the countryside so that he
can have / will have a more relaxed life.
So that + could / would = para que
+ pueda
Robert bought a sailboat so that he could sail
around the world

Clauses of purpose.
Clauses of purpose are used to explain why someone does something or, in other words,
we often use an infinitive to talk about a persons purpose. They are introduced with the
following expressions:

TO + INFINITIVE
The most common type of purpose clause is a to-infinitive clause. Explanation
For example: Sarah went to the computer lab to print out her research report.

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Negative Infinitives are normally formed by putting not before the infinitive.
For example: I decided to invite them. (Affirmative)

I decided not to invite them. (Negative)

You were silly not to have locked the car.
(Incorrect: You were silly to not have locked the car.)

We can also use In order to or So as to
For example: She came to the city so as to look for work.

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So as to and in order to are more commonly used before verbs like: be, have, know, etc.
For example: He raised his voice so as to be heard.

He got up early in order to have enough time to pack.

In formal writing, in order to and so as to are often used.
For example: The company conducted a detailed survey in order to gauge its
clients views.

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Before a negative infinitive, we normally use so as or in order.
For example: I am leaving now so as not to be late.
(Incorrect: I am leaving now not to be late.)

SO THAT + CAN / WILL
In formal writing, you can also introduce a purpose clause with so that or in order that.
These finite purpose clauses usually contain a modal.
For example: Dr Chan adjusted the overhead projector so that the students would
be able to see the chart more clearly.

The difference between so and so that is that, in the expression so that, that, was
deliberately done by someone to get a specific result.

Clauses, detailed description

TO-INFINITIVE

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I called my brother to tell him the good news.

In order to / so as to + infinitive (formal)
I went to the bank in order to apply for a loan.

She attended a catering course so as to become a chef.

So that + can / will (present or future reference).
Tommy has moved to the countryside so that he can have a more relaxed life.

SO THAT + COULD / WOULD
So that + could / would (past reference).

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Sophia bought a sailing boat so that she could sail around the world.

The lecturer finished his lecture five minutes early so that the students could come
and ask him questions.

WITH A VIEW TO
With a view to + ing form
He wrote a letter of complaint with a view to sending it to the manager.

FOR
For is used to express the purpose of something or its function.
For + noun.
He came around for a cup of coffee.

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For + ing form
She uses a blender for making juice.

AS, BECAUSE AND SINCE
As, Because and Since are used when you want to explain why something occurs.
'Since' means the same as because. 'Since' tends to be used in more informal spoken
English.

For example: Since he loves music so much, he decided to go to a conservatory.

As, means the same as because. 'As', tends to be used in more formal, written English.

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For example: As the test is difficult, you better get some sleep.

As she wanted to practice her spoken English, Carrie, regularly, took
part in the ELCs Big Mouth Corner.

Mark joined the English Drama Club because he wanted to improve
his intonation.

Note: Dont use so in sentences beginning with as, because or since.
Resumen

En esta unidad III hemos aprendido a reportar instrucciones y peticiones que otra persona
dijo antes, a expresar situaciones, condicionales imaginarias o hipotticas y clausulas para
expresar las razones de las acciones de alguna persona. La siguiente actividad ser
ejecutar el examen de la unidad II como parte de la evaluacin de esta unidad.

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