February 9, 2014

Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

tEWAguide

To appear in the Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

Vol. 00, No. 00, February 2013, 113

Optimum Filter Synthesis Procedure For Ultra-Wideband Bandpass

Filter Using Step Impedance Resonator.
(Received 00 Month 201X; final version received 00 Month 201X)

This paper introduces an approach to the optimum design of ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter based on step impedance resonator (SIRs). We consider a SIR resonator with
parallel-coupled I/O line, where the filtering function can be easily derived based on conventional even-odd mode technique. It was shown that the number of transmission poles depends
on the length of low impedance section. The filtering function F () possesses a frequencydependent sine term in the denominator yielding a non-Chebyshev response. In order to
exhibit an optimum response in terms of selectivity from passband to stopband, technique of
quasi-Chebyshev function approximation to achieve equiripple in the passband was synthesized. The present work shows a simple and direct method that allows for a computation of
characteristic impedances to produce the equal-ripple bandpass filter with desired bandwidth
and ripple level. A prototype of 5 GHz has been fabricated to validate proposed synthesis.
Keywords: Ultra-wide band; Bandpass filter; Chebyshev polynomials; Step impedance
resonators;

1.

Introduction

UWB is an emerging research area possessing unique and attractive features for the
advancements in the field of wireless technology. A range of modern transmission systems,
for instance, medical and through-wall imaging, vehicular radar and handheld UWB
systems highly rely on UWB technology. In 2002, FCC allocated an unlicensed frequency
band (3.1 to 10.6 GHz) to UWB technologies. Hence, in order to avoid interference with
existing narrowband communications systems it is important that UWB devices use a
low transmit power spectral density. For this purpose FCC has provided strict limits
on spectral mask for all UWB systems. UWB filter is a design challenge due to the
requirements of having wide passband bandwidth, low insertion loss, flat group delay
and good out-band rejection performance [2].
Much research work has been conducted in the past where a number of designs have
been proposed and published for the development of UWB filters [1][13]. In [1], a novel
design is proposed by forming a multiple-mode resonator (MMR) and introducing a
quarter wavelengths parallel coupled line at the input and output port. A total of five
transmission poles have been taken into account. The first three resonant modes are
derived from MMR while the two additional resonant modes are introduced by g /4
parallel-coupled lines to get a wide dominant pass band. In [2], a simple and compact
UWB filter is proposed with a pair of shorted-coupled lines and 270 transversal transmission lines. UWB filter is created by the embedding a high pass filter (HPF) and
lowpass filter (LPF) with each other in [3]. The stepped-impedance LPF is deployed to
attenuate the upper-stop band while the quarter-wave short-circuited stub is utilized to
cut-down the lower stop band. However the above-mentioned UWB filters design rely on
ambiguous multi-mode property and EM simulation rather than exact synthesis theory.

February 9, 2014

Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

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In order to exhibit an optimum response in terms of selectivity from passband to

stopband, methods of Chebyshev function approximation to achieve equiripple in the
passband was developed in the past. In [4], a synthesis design of UWB is implemented
with hybrid microstrip line and slotline. The number of transmission poles is managed
by introducing m-section non-uniform transmission line in the centre of transmission
line MMR. Deeper rejection skirts and wider bandwidths are obtained with the help of
increased transmission poles. Parallel-coupled MMR resonator was synthesized and presented in [6] where the transfer function was mapped to Chebyshev-type transfer function.
However synthesis techniques discussed in [4][8] does not give optimum solutions and
there is no ideal theoretical model discussed. The results are somehow misleading as the
filtering function F () possesses a frequency-dependent sine term in the denominator
and hence an equiripple passband response is not achievable through a direct Chebyshev
mapping. For narrowband filters this frequency dependent denominator term can be neglected because the bandwidth is in close vicinity of center frequency. Whereas, for wider
bandwidths it can not be omitted.
The present work introduces an approach to the optimum design of UWB bandpass
filter based SIR type UWB filter. We consider a SIR resonator with parallel-coupled I/O
line where the transfer function can be easily derived based on the conventional evenodd mode technique as shown in section 2. In order to exhibit an optimum response in
terms of selectivity from passband to stopband, technique of quasi-Chebyshev function
approximation to achieve equiripple in the passband was synthesized and described in
section 2. The frequency-dependent sine term in the denominator of the filtering function
F () was compensated in order to exhibit a quasi-Chebyshev filtering response. Finally,
a simple method that allows for a computation of characteristic impedances to produce a
prescribed equal-ripple bandpass filter response with desired bandwidth and ripple level
was shown. The actual contribution of this work is to present the systematic procedure in
order to achieve optimum filter parameters for any type filtering functions. Ideal synthesis
model is always been appreciated by designers in order to get better understanding for
design procedure as well as good initial guess for final prototype design.

2.

Determination of the characteristic impedances for the UWB filter

Shown in Fig. 1 is a single stage SIR type UWB filter with its equivalent circuit model [1].
The filter is composed of a cascade three transmission line sections where the middle line
section has lower characteristic impedance Z. This middle line is attached to two high
impedance quatre wavelength lines o . Input and output high impedance transmission
lines are coupled to these high impedance transmission lines at both sides where Zoo and
Zoe are the even-odd mode characteristic impedance of this coupled line section. Due
to its symmetrical property, an even-odd mode analysis can be adopted to derive the
overall transfer function of the filter. By analyzing the design it is found that, for all
transmission lines to be quatre wavelength long = o , four transmission poles can be
achieved in UWB passband. The length of middle section will determine the number of
transmission poles in the desire passband. To achieve five transmission poles = 2 o ,
for six transmission poles = 3 o and so on. In this work, fifth order SIR type UWB
filter topology is used to carry out the synthesis procedure.
If one poses the ultra-wide bandpass filter we require the design of the frequency
response characteristic of the filter satisfying the following conditions:
a) obtain the maximum number of transmission poles in the passband for optimum
selectivity,
b) exhibit the desired passband bandwidth,

February 9, 2014

Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

w2
w2

Input

tEWAguide

w1

Output

l2

l1
Z oo

o
Input

UE

UE

Z ,

Output

Z oe Z oo
2
Figure 1. SIR type UWB filter with its equivalent circuit model.

c) attain equal ripple behavior at the passband for optimum loss performance,
d) obtain the desired return loss determined by a prescribed ripple level factor .
Condition (a) enables us to determine the domain values of each coefficient in the filtering
function, and provides the selection of solutions which falls inside the domain. The value
of the parameters can be evaluated absolutely in accordance with the requirement set by
conditions (b)(d).
The transfer function of a shown UWB filter (1) has the form
|S21 ()|2 =

1
,
1 + F 2 ()

(1)

and due to unitary condition the reflection coefficient S11 () is related by the equation
|S11 ()|2 = 1 |S21 ()|2 .

(2)

For synthesis we choose = 2 o and hence the transfer function consists of a fifth-order
filtering function which is given by
F () =

A cos5 + B cos3 + C cos

,
sin

(3)

where A = 0 and the filter coefficients A, B and C are given by

(q 2 1)(q + z)2
,
zk 2
z 2 (2 q 2 ) + zq(3 2k2 q 2 ) + q 2 (1 2k2 )
,
B=
zk 2
k4 z 2 + zq(k2 1)
,
C=
zk2
A=

(4)
(5)
(6)

where z > 0 is the normalized characteristic impedance of middle-section transmission

line, q > 0 and k > 0 are the coupling coefficients. Due to the fact that
q=

zoe + zoo
2

and

k=

zoe zoo
,
2

(7)

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Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

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where zoe > zoo > 0 are the normalized even and odd-mode characteristic impedance of
coupled-line pair, so the coupling coefficients are bounded by q > k. There are variety
of numerical methods can be used to solve (4)(6) if the values A, B and C are known.
One popular method is the Newton type techniques. In Fig. 2, the reflection response is
plotted against frequency by using (2) and (3) with random selection of filter coefficients
(3)
(i)
where the reflection zeros are labeled as z and z , i = 1, 2 and the reflection poles
(j)
are pk , j = 1, 2.
|S11 |2
1

(3)

(2)

(1)
(1)

pk+

(2)

(2)

pk+

(1)

z z

z+

z+

(2)

(1)

pk pk

Figure 2. Reflection coefficient of the fifth order ultra-wide bandpass filter is plotted with random selection of
(3)
(i)
(j)
filter coefficients. The reflection zeros are labeled with z and z , i = 1, 2 and the poles are labeled with pk ,
j = 1, 2.

Clearly, not any values can be taken by the filter coefficients to generate the maximum
number of transmission poles in conjunction with the order-stage of the filter. It is customary to match the coefficients with the standard Chebyshev polynomial such that the
ripples level is equalized. However, this method fails in our case due to the presence of a
frequency dependent sine term in the denominator. In the following section we introduce
a method that produces the transmission and reflection responses of the filter satisfying
all the required conditions (a)(d) given above.

2.1

Identifying the ripple factor

The transfer function in (1) seems unconventional because of the missing ripple factor
which controls the size of the passband ripple. The ripple factor will take effect on the
response function only if the ripple factor is a function of the characteristic impedances.
In fact, the band-edge is always equal to 1 due to the existence of sine term in the
denominator of filtering function irrespective of whatever value of the filter coefficients
may have except all zero. Therefore, if the ripple factor is imposed in the response
function, it will only play the role of adjusting the size of ripple over passband. To
construct the ripple factor, the magnitude of the filtering function is normalized with
some convenient normalizing factor by utilizing the following form:
F ()

F ()
,
F ()

(8)

February 9, 2014

Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

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where is the normalizing frequency. There exist a factor, , which is identified as the
ripple factor and related to the passband return loss by
LR = 10 log10 (1 + 1/2 ) ,

(9)

In order to have the ratio to be bounded by

F ()
1,
F ()

(10)

it is natural to identify the normalizing frequency with respect to the ripple passband
(j)
bandwidth as the peak frequency, i.e., = pk . In this sense, the ripple size can be
adjusted if the ripple constant is chosen.
Now, we factorize the coefficients from filtering function and denoting
F () = A F (A) () = B F (B) () = C F (C) () ,

(11)

where the superscript in the filtering function indicates the coefficient as labeled is factored away. It then follows that
F (A) ()
F (B) ()
F (C) ()
F ()
=
=
=
,
F ()
F (A) ()
F (B) ()
F (C) ()

(12)

and thus, the ripple factor is identified as

= F () ,

(13)

irrespective of whichever coefficient happens to be factorized. This provides us with

freedom to choose any one of the filter coefficients prior to construction of the normalizing
factor. It is convenient for later purpose to choose
A=

F ()

(14)

where the label for the leading coefficient factorization in the superscript is dropped for
simplicity. Then the filtering function reads
cos5 + cos3 + cos
,
F () =
sin

(15)

where
B
,
A
C
= .
A

(16)
(17)

Therefore, one has

|S21 ()|2 =

1
.
2
2 F ()
1+
F 2 ()

(18)

February 9, 2014

Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

2.2

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The domain of and

With the setting given in (18), we now consider how condition (a) is satisfied. Since
the filtering function is of fifth order, five reflection zeros are expected to appear in the
reflection response if the values of the filter coefficients are appropriately chosen. It is
(3)
easy to see from (15) that one of the zeros of the filtering function located at z = /2
and the others are
(1)

(2)

z = arccos
z = arccos

1
+
2
1

2

(19)

(20)

1 2
,
4
1 2
.
4

In order to obtain maximal number of reflection zeros, all zeros must be real and different.
Therefore, is required to be negative whereas be positive, and satisfy the inequalities
2 4 > 0

(21)

and
0 <

2 4 < 2 .

(22)

This implies that

+ + 1 > 0.

(23)
(3)

The vanishing of would result in the zeros coincide with z and the vanishing of
would result in the zeros becoming complex and conjugate to each other. Thus, none of
the filter coefficients is allowed to vanish on the basis of condition (a). This condition
must hold for all and located in a bounded open region which is formed by the
inequalities (21), (23), < 0 and > 0. This region, which is labeled as D, is depicted
in Fig. 3.

1
D

Figure 3. In order to satisfy condition (a), the values and must be located in a bounded open region D
(shaded region).

February 9, 2014

Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

2.3

tEWAguide

Finding the values and

Now, we consider how to find the filter coefficients which generate the equal ripple of the
response with desired bandwidth. Denoting
G = 1 + 2

F 2 ()
,
F 2 ()

(24)

1
.
G

(25)

we have
|S11 ()|2 = 1

By Chain Rule, the ordinary differentiation of the reflection coefficient with respect to
yields
dF ()
d
1
F ()

|S11 ()|2 = 2 22
.
d
G
d
F 2 ()

(26)

The extremal frequencies can be found by setting (26) to zero. The extremal solution for
the vanishing 1/G corresponds to the reflection poles at = 0 and and the vanishing
F () corresponds to zeros. The passband peak frequencies correspond to the vanishing
of
4 cos6 + (2 5) cos4 3 cos2
dF ()
=
,
d
sin2

(27)

and this leads to solving the equation

cos6 +

1
5

2
4

1
3
cos4 cos2 = 0 .
4
4

(28)

The solutions of (28) are given by the standard cubic formula

(1)
cos pk

5
1
1
3
(+ + ) i
(+ ) ,
12 6
2
2
(29)

(2)
cos pk

5
1
1
3
(+ + ) + i
(+ ) ,
12 6
2
2
(30)

(3)

cos pk =

5
1
+ + + ,
12 6

(31)

where
=

b

2

b
2

a
+
3

1/3

(32)

February 9, 2014

Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

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where

3
1
( + 2)2
,
12
16
1
1
7
b=
( + 2)3 ( + )
.
108
4
32

a=

(33)
(34)

It is convenient to define a 3space, S R3 , within which the surface D lies. Since (29)
(31) are function of and only, they represent three surfaces in S. We denote these
3
surfaces, respectively, as (i) S, i = 1, 2, 3. We find that the range of a 25
48 , 16
125 35
, 864 for all (, ) D, and the discriminant takes non-positive values,
and b 864
b
2

a
3

< 0.

(35)

This result implies that + and are complex and conjugate to each other since cube
root is the holomorphic function, i.e.,

+ = .

(36)

Equations (29)(31) can then be written as

(1)

5
1

12 6

Re(+ ) +

(2)

5
1

12 6

Re(+ )

(3)

5
1

12 6

+ 2 Re(+ ) .

cos pk =
cos pk =
cos pk =

3 Im(+ ) ,

(37)

3 Im(+ ) ,

(38)

(39)

It is convenient to express the real and imaginary part of + in polar form

Re(+ ) =

a
cos arg(+ ) ,
3

(40)

Im(+ ) =

a
sin arg(+ ) .
3

(41)

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Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

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With this form, we have

(1)

cos pk =

5
1
2
12 6

a
cos arg(+ ) +
,
3
3
(42)

(2)

cos pk =

5
1
2
12 6

,
cos arg(+ )
3
3
(43)

(3)

cos pk =

5
1
+2
12 6

a
cos arg(+ ) .
3

(44)

The argument of the cube root with positive sign in (32) has points living in the first and
second quadrant of complex plane, so that arg(+ ) (0, 31 ) and thus the cosine-terms
under the square root up to the coefficient in (42)(44) has the range ( 21 , 12 ), ( 21 , 1) and
( 21 , 1), respectively. This implies that the surface (1) lies above (2) over the domain D
(1)

(2)

and thus pk+ > pk+ which is in agreement with the location of peak frequencies as
depicted in Fig. 2. Since is negative in D and from the range stated in above, it is easy
(3)
to see from (44) that cos pk = 0. By partial derivative of (28) with respect to and
, one finds that
(3)

(3)

3 2 cos2 pk cos pk

(3)

cos pk

(3)

(3)

24 cos4 pk + 4(2 5) cos2 pk 6

,
(45)

(3)

cos pk

1
(3)
24 cos4 pk

(3)

(3)

+ 4(2 5) cos2 pk 6 cos pk

(46)

do not vanish and thus there is no local maxima/minima on the surface (3) . The surface
(3) near points (, ) = (0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 1) are bounded below by 1.12, 1, 1, respec(3)
tively. This leads to the assertion that cos pk > 1 for all (, ) D. Therefore, the
(3)

(3)

real values of pk+ and pk do not exist.

) D be the point for which the peaks level is equalized inside the
Now, let (,
passband. Due to the symmetry of the response, it is sufficient to consider the first and
second peaks where the reflection coefficients have the same value,
(1)

S11 (pk+ )

(2)

= S11 (pk+ ) .

(47)

Since the filtering function oscillates with frequency, (47) reduced to the filtering functions which are related by
(1)
(2)
F (pk+ ) = F (pk+ ) .

(48)

This equation contains two unknown parameters, for the determination of which we need
another simultaneous equation which can be obtained by equating the response at low

February 9, 2014

Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

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cut-off frequency, L , and the value at peak frequency, i.e.,

(1)
F (L ) = F (pk+ ) .

(49)

The solution of the nonlinear system of equations (48) and (49) can easily be evaluated
using Newton Raphsons method [14], which involves of simultaneous zeroing
(2)

(1)

F1 (, ) = F (pk+ ) + F (pk+ ) ,

(50)

(1)

(51)

n+1 = n J1 ,

(52)

F2 (, ) = F (pk+ ) + F (L ) .
We compute the sequence defined as

where
=
n =

F1 (n , n )
F2 (n , n )
n
n

(53)
(54)

and J is the Jacobian matrix

F F
1
1

J=
F F ,
2

(55)

evaluated at n and n . Using (27), (45) and (46) with the first and second frequency
peaks in place, the elements of matrix J are given by
F1
=

F1
=

(i)

cos3 pk+
(i)

i=1
2

sin pk+

(56)

(i)

cos pk+
(i)

i=1

sin pk+

(57)

(1)

cos3 pk+ cos3 L

F2
=
,
+
(1)

sin L
sin pk+

(58)

(1)

cos pk+ cos L

F2
=
.
+
(1)

sin L
sin pk+
2.4

(59)

Numerical results

Now, by using above synthesis procedure we extract the optimum values for UWB filter
with passband bandwidth from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, a straightforward calculation using (52)

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with appropriate initial guess produces = 0.7480 and = 0.1161. The normalizing
factor F () can be evaluated straightforwardly using (15) and = L yields F () =
0.01890. If we choose = 0.33 to achieve the desired 10 dB in passband return loss, the
filtering coefficients can be evaluated by using (14), (16) and (17), we obtain A = 17.6165,
B = 13.1772 and C = 2.0445. The characteristic impedances can then be evaluated
using (4)(6) and we find that z = 1.0579, q = 2.0856 and k = 1.3388. By using (7) we
have zoe = 3.4245 and zoo = 0.7468. Presented synthesis procedure gave full control of
ripple level and bandwidth, hence providing solution to unknowns A, B and C in eq. (3)
for equal ripple response. Table 1 shows some synthesized values for different bandwidths
and ripple levels.
7.5
5.0
2.5
7.5
5.0
2.5
7.5
5.0
2.5

Bandwidth
GHz (3.10 to
GHz (4.35 to
GHz (5.60 to
GHz (3.10 to
GHz (4.35 to
GHz (5.60 to
GHz (3.10 to
GHz (4.35 to
GHz (5.60 to

Ripple Level
10 dB
10 dB
10 dB
20 dB
20 dB
20 dB
30 dB
30 dB
30 dB

10.6)
9.35)
8.10)
10.6)
9.35)
8.10)
10.6)
9.35)
8.10)

Z
53.073
33.441
15.728
42.79
26.187
11.775
43.08
26.497
11.235

Zoe
171.93
212.8
351.69
122.55
141.43
217.91
107.11
115
161.53

Zoo
37.589
88.024
233.71
17.95
46.891
131.02
8.7357
27.859
84.605

Table 1. Synthesized values of filter parameters for various bandwidth and ripple level (fc =6.85 GHz).

The plots of |S11 |2 and |S12 |2 in Fig. 4 shows the equal-ripple response for 7.5 GHz
and 5 GHz using synthesized values given in table 1. To validate the proposed synthesis,
prototype of 5 GHz with ripple level 15 dB at center frequency 6.85 GHz has been
fabricated. Extracted ideal characteristic impedances for 5 GHz UWB filter will be z =
28.287, zoe = 167.15 and zoo = 62.575, respectively.

S-parameter Response

February 9, 2014

-20

5GHz

-40

7.5GHz

0.0

-60

-0.1

-80

dB|S

dB|S

dB|S

dB|S

11

12

-100

11

12

-120

5GHz

-0.2

5GHz

-0.3

7.5GHz

-0.4

7.5GHz

-0.5
3

10

12

14

10

11

Frequency GHz

Frequency GHz

Figure 4. Frequency Response of |S12 ()|2 and |S11 ()|2 using synthesized characteristic impedance values.

3.

Design parameters and microstrip realization

This section presents schematic and fabricated design of UWB filter (BW: 4.35 GHz
9.35 GHz) using microstrip line on a substrate RT/duroid 5880 (r = 2.2, tan = 0.0009

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and height h = 787m). The full-wave simulator HFSS [15] is used for simulation. Fig. 5
shows fabricated prototype. Based on the numerical results for characteristic impedance
found in previous section, the design parameters, shown in Fig. 1, are determined and
listed as: l1 = 14668.6m, w1 = 5098.92m, l2 = 7972.21m, w2 = 357.3m and g =
177.008m. In order to achieve better return loss performance with UWB bandwidth,
tapered line is used at I/O. Moreover, tapered line is also helpful to ease the evenodd mode impedance constraints, which leads to get realizable parameter values for
broadband response.
Measured and simulated results are shown in Fig. 6. Due to fabrication losses, measured results are not well equalized and also slightly shift the bandwidth. This variation
of ripple level is due to the deviation of loss factor at different frequencies where loss
will be more significant at higher frequencies. Secondly, the inhomogeneous material for
microstrip line also contributes to loss factor. For these reasons, equal ripple response
for narrow bandwidth is easily achievable as compared to UWB. The reason to choose
5 GHz bandwidth is fabrication limitations. In this study we noticed that for UWB filter
with passband bandwidth from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, very tight coupling between parallel
coupled lines is required. To ease tight coupling constraint, two techniques can be used.
First techniques is to introduce ground aperture in order to increase the even mode
impedance and hence increasing the difference between even-odd mode impedances. Secondly, we can used chip capacitor between parallel coupled lines for decreasing odd mode
impedance. However, the actual scope of thus work is to provide novel synthesis procedure for UWB filters rather than improving the design itself. Moreover, this procedure
is equally valid for narrowband filter topologies.

Figure 5. Fabricated Prototype (Dimensions 0.8g 0.17g ).

10

S-parameter response in dB

February 9, 2014

0.0
-0.1

-10

-0.2
-0.3

-20

-0.4
-0.5
-0.6

-30

-0.7

Measured

-0.8

Simualted

-0.9

-40

Frequency GHz

Measured S

-50

Measured S
-60

Simulated S
Simulated S

-70

10

11

12

11

12

12

14

Frequency GHz

Figure 6. Frequency Response of |S12 ()|2 and |S11 ()|2 using Simulation and Measurement.

12

10

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Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

4.

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Conclusions

In this paper, a novel complete synthesis method is provided to find the ideal parameters for fifth order UWB filter. Filtering function is extracted from filters distributed
equivalent circuit. Synthesis is done on this filtering function to get unknown parameters
with controlled bandwidth and ripple level. The formulation of the method presented
here is readily extended to a different order UWB filter design. The proposed synthesis
is equally valid for narrowband filtering functions. It is interesting as well to extend it to
a more general system and this will be considered in a subsequent work. Ideal, simulated
and measured results show good agreement.

References
[1] L. Zhu, S. Sun, W. Menzel, Ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filters using multiple-mode
resonator. Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE 15.11 (2005): 796-798.
[2] W. Feng, W. Che, Novel ultra-wideband bandpass filter using shorted coupled lines and
transversal transmission line. Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE 20.10
(2010): 548-550.
[3] C. Hsu, F. Hsu, and J. Kuo, Microstrip bandpass filters for ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless
communications. Microwave Symposium Digest, 2005 IEEE MTT-S International. IEEE,
2005.
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