Paper accepted for presentation at 2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference, June 23th-26th, Bologna, Italy

Transient Stability Analysis of Electrical Power

Systems Using a Neural Network Based on
Fuzzy ARTMAP
M. C. G. Silveira, A. D. P. Lotufo, 0HPEHU ,(((, and C. R. Minussi

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I. INTRODUCTION

HIS work proposes to investigate the application of neural

networks [8][10] for EPS (Electric Power Systems)
transient stability analysis. This analysis consists of evaluating
the effects resulting from the disturbances that cause large and
undesirable oscillations on the synchronous machine angles. It
is considered the first swing stability analysis and it is used the
classical model [2], [7], [13]. The option for this simple model
approach is due to the fact that for extracting the knowledge of
this problem by neural networks, it is necessary to impose a
data routine that is the network training phase. These data must
contain qualitative and quantitative information of each one of
the contingencies. For effectively constituting a good capacity
of generalization (analyzing non-predictable situations on the
simulation causes), it is necessary to use a large number of
input and output data for the neural network training phase.
For attending these characteristics, direct methods of analysis
are used, specially the energy methods [7], [13]. Although they
presented a good evolution lately, practical results are not
enough for using in more elaborated models. The simulation
(resolution of nonlinear differential/algebraic equations and
examination of the swing curves) is considered as a benchmark

M.C.G. Silveira is a PhD. student at UNESP Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil (e-mail:
carmo@feis.unesp.br).
A. D. P. Lotufo is with UNESP Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil, and Ph.D. student at
UNESP Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil (e-mail: annadiva@dee.feis.unesp.br).
C. R. Minussi is with UNESP Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil (e-mail:
minussi@dee.feis.unesp.br).

0-7803-7967-5/03/$17.00 2003 IEEE

in electromechanical transient analysis in the specialized

literature. In this methodology, any model (whatever be its
sophistication) can be simulated. Nevertheless, the major
problem is only to obtain the qualitative analysis, i.e., the
information whether the system is stable or unstable, unless
using the trying and error method. Furthermore, simulation
methods spend a lot of time for these analysis, due to numeric
integration steps, registration and examination of the swing
curves, executing a simulation each time. This work faces
transient stability analysis using neural networks, taking into
account the classical model. It is emphasized that this problem
has already been approached in references [12], [14], [16],
among others. Furthermore there is no restriction to adopt
more elaborated models included by simulation, for the neural
network approach. It is only necessary to make evident the
needs for more complete results (knowing how stable or
unstable the system is for a certain disturbance). It is used the
fuzzy ARTMAP neural network [3], [4], which is an
architecture based on supervised training for multidimensional mappings (multi-input / multi-output) being
composed of two ART (Adaptive Resonance Theory) modules
[3] and an inter-ART module. The neural network ART family
has the characteristic of stability (capacity of learning by
adjusting the weights) and plasticity (capacity to continuous
learning, including new patterns without loosing the memory
or previous patterns). ARTMAP neural networks are able to
include innovations that can give good results. For example, it
is emphasized the formulation presented in reference [1], that
includes geometric alternatives rather than the original neural
network conception (fuzzy-ART and fuzzy-ARTMAP) [3].
Considering these characteristics, the fuzzy ARTMAP neural
network presents a superior performance when compared to
the traditional backpropagation algorithm [17]. The Fuzzy
ARTMAP network is used to evaluate the transient stability,
considering short-circuit contingencies. In this context, it is
developed an schema to evaluate the transient stability based
on the information of clearing critical times and / or the
security margin calculations [11], [12] as a complex function
approach (quantitative / qualitative analysis) or as a pattern
classifier (qualitative analysis). Illustrating this methodology
results of the fuzzy ARTMAP neural network are presented,
considering an electric power system corresponding to a
possible configuration of the south Brazil region composed of
45 buses, 72 transmission lines and 10 synchronous machines.

((, ) = (F( ) + (S( )

II. SYSTEM MODEL

Considering an EPS composed of QV synchronous
machines, the dynamical behavior of the Lth machine, related
to CA (Center of Angles), is described by the following
differential / algebraic equations (classical model) [2], [11],
[13]):

(F( ) = kinetics energy

= 1/2 0

L1

 L 1

(2)

L 1
where:
=  +  V;
0
V
synchronous speed of the rotor
=  I ;
+
= inertia constant (s);
= nominal frequency of system (Hz);
I

rotor angle of Lth synchronous machine related to

CA (electric radians)
= ;

= rotor angle of Lth synchronous machine in

relation to synchronously rotating reference frame
(electric radians);

=
0 ;
v

L1

(1)

3 ( ) = 3P 3H ( 0 3&2$ ) / 07

(5)

(S( ) = potential energy



0 3 ( )

(4)

where:

LS 3 ( ) G
v

(6)

v

Then, the transient stability for the U-th contingency can be

evaluated by the security margin on the following way [6],
[11], [13]:
if 0

> 0, the system is considered VWDEOH;

if 0

< 0, the system is considered XQVWDEOH.

IV. FUZZY ARTMAP ALGORITHM

M1

The fuzzy ARTMAP system (Fig. 1) [3], [4] in its general

form, includes two fuzzy ART modules (ARTa and ARTb)
which layers are linked by one inter-ART module that includes
a mapping field controlling the training of an associative
recognizable ARTa field category to recognizable ARTb
categories [3], [4]. The mapping field also controls the
PDWFKLQJ WUDFNLQJ rule, that increases the ARTa network
vigilance parameter by a minimum quantity necessary to
correct the predictive error.

= mechanical power of input (pu);

3P
3H
= electrical power of output (pu);
3&2$ accelerating power of CA
=
( 3P 3H );
v

ART b

M1

07

index set of synchronous machines that comprise

the system
= {     QV}
= number of electrical synchronous machines.

QV

M1

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i


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i
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Avryq

hi

ART a

Srr

hi

III. TRANSIENT STABILITY CRITERION

The transient stability analysis of EPS, considering a
contingency of index U, can be effectuated using the security
margin criterion [11]:
0 = ((FULW (H ) / (FULW

(3)

Ihyvhv

h


Fig. 1. Structure of the neural network fuzzy ARTMAP.

where:
(FULW = total critical energy of the system;
= total energy of the system evaluated on the instant
(H
of the fault elimination (WH).

The critical energy ((FULW), and the clearing critical time

(WFULW), can be determined, e.g., by the iterative PEBS method
[5], or another procedure that presents a similar result,
principally in relation to precision. It is observed that for the
classical model, the PEBS method produces same results as
the simulation method [6]. The total energy, related to system
(1), is given by [6], [7], [11], [13]:

The fuzzy ART neural network algorithm consists

basically, of the following steps [3], [4]:
6WHS . ,QLWLDOL]DWLRQ RI ZHLJKW
DQG QHXUDO QHWZRUN
SDUDPHWHUV
Initially, the neuron weights and other neural network
parameters are arbitrated as follows:
Z = 1, LM
[0, 1], > 0, and [0, 1];
where:
= vigilance parameter;
vw

chosen function 7 is fixed equal to zero. Then, a new

index - is chosen using (10). The search process
continues until the chosen index - that satisfies (12).

= choice parameter;
= learning rate parameter.

6WHS . 1RUPDOL]DWLRQ SURFHVV

Proliferation of categories is avoided in fuzzy ART
neural network if inputs are normalized:

6WHS . :HLJKW DGDSWLQJ

Finishing the search, the weight vector Z is updated
according to the following equation [3], [4]:
E

= = (D)/|D|
where:
D = input vector;
= = [= =  = ] (normalized);
|  | = norm function.
!

A new input pattern = where each element = is a real

number pertaining to the interval [0,1], has a
complementary codification. This, produces an input
vector , of 2P elements, such as :
v

[= = ]
= [= =    =
p

= ]
p

(7)

where:
= = 1=.
p

This complementary codification is a normalization

rule that preserves the information of the amplitude,
as [3], [4]:
P

= (P

|,| =

=

=

=)
v

= P.

6WHS  &DWHJRU\ FKRLFH

The function 7 is calculated for each neuron M using
the choice function (in F2 activity):
w

7 = | , Z | / ( + | Z |),
w

(8)

where the symbol is the fuzzy operator DQG defined

by [3], [4]:
(S T) min (S  T ), with S DQG T ,
G

L =

7 = max {7  M = 1, , 2P}.

w

(10)

6WHS . 9LJLODQFH WHVW

Resonance occurs if the match function:
|,Z |/|,|
E

(11)

of the chosen category satisfies the vigilance

criterion:
| , Z | | , |.
(12)
The training, then, results as defined in Step 6.
Otherwise, in the case of the vigilance criterion fails,
for the chosen category. In this case, the value of the
E

) + ( ) Z

yq

yq

(13)

ARTa and ARTb networks have the same fuzzy ART

network structure as described ahead, except that in ARTa
there is a basic vigilance used to control the system. During the
supervised training, ARTa receives a current input pattern D
and ARTb receives a current of patterns E, where E is the
correct prediction given D. When a prediction in ARTa is not
confirmed by ARTb, the associative memory inhibition interART activated the match tracking process. This process
increases the vigilance in ARTa by a minimum necessary
quantity for the system activate another category in ARTa that
equals the category in ARTb, or for training a new category in
ARTa. The ARTMAP internal control mechanism creates
stable recognizable categories of optimal measure by
maximizing the predictive generalization in real time
operations. The fuzzy neural ARTMAP executes supervised
training as the backpropagation [17]. Differently from
backpropagation algorithm, fuzzy ARTMAP network is selforganizing, self-stabilizing and appropriate for real time
training [3], [4].
Based on the observation that the ARTMAP network
training leads to different adaptive weights and different
recognizable categories for different ordination of a given
training set, it is introduced a voting strategy [3]. The voting
strategy uses an ARTMAP system that is trained several times
with different ordinations for the same training set. The final
prediction is given by more often generated solutions. As the
set of elements, that gives wrong prediction varies from one
simulation to another, this strategy cancels many of the errors.

(9)

The system is said to make a category choice when at

most one F2 node can become active. The category
choice is indexed by index -, where:
E

=(,Z

It must be observed that the fast training corresponds

to set = 1. The pattern vectors are presented to the
ART neural network in a random way [3], [4].

6WHS . &RPSOHPHQW FRGLQJ

r
E

V. INPUT / OUTPUT STIMULUS OF THE NEURAL NETWORK

The necessary information to solve a great number of
EPS problems, specially for transient stability analysis, can
be grouped as follows [12]: (1) FDXVDO YDULDEOHV; (2)
FRQVHTXHQW YDULDEOHV; and (3) SDUDPHWHUV. With this
division, it is possible to express the following solution
models for such problems:
\ = I(D,9,)
where:
\
I
D
9

=
=
=
=
=

set of output variables;

unknown nonlinear function;
set of causal variables;
set of consequent variables;
set of parameters.

(14)

\ = I(D, )

where:
\
I (D)

= output of the N-th contingency;

= unknown nonlinear function referred to the N-th
contingency;
6
= number of contingencies to be analyzed.
Fig. 2 shows the neural network structure. It is emphasized
that the modular neural network training is faster than that of
(15). Nevertheless, there is a need of memory to file the weight
matrices of the modular neural network (composed of 6-neural
networks fuzzy ARTMAP (Fuzzy ARTMAPs).
x

60,

N =    6

)X]]\ $570$3

60,

)X]]\ $570$36

\6

Fig. 2. Fuzzy ARTMAP modular neural network.

It must be observed that the quantity of input variables of

the neural network, using the model defined by (15), is very
reduced, when compared to the use of the conventional form
(equation (14)).
Therefore, in this section it is established the input and
output of the neural network according to the model defined
by (15). These information are given by a transient stability
analysis computational program (Simul) [11], that from the
electric network data, considering a set of contingencies
(three-phase short-circuit with outage of a transmission line)
came the security margin values. The program Simul is a
computational implementation based on differential equation
numeric integration (1) and PEBS (Potential Energy Boundary
Surface) method [5], [6], microcomputer version. In the
sequence, it is effectuated the choice and the preprocessing of
the information that is used on the training of the neural
network, forming the input / output stimulus. The input is
constituted by analog data (active and reactive nodal power)
and the input is formed by the security margin interval (60,V)
represented by binary code, as established on Table I.
The network input data, can be established considering the
vectors D and as approached in (15). This procedure uses
analog and binary data simultaneously, that eventually can
contribute to a misclassification of the neural network pattern.
To avoid such problem, in this work it is proposed the use of a
modular ARTMAP neural network. Each module executes the
analysis for one contingency. Thus, there are as much modules
as the considered contingencies, i.e.:
\ = I (D)

60,

(15)

where:
= set of codified information.



)X]]\ $570$3

Preprocessing Information

The causal variables considered in this work for

transient stability analysis correspond to the active and
reactive nodal power. The consequent variables 9,
depending on which problem is being treated, can be
grouped in several ways. For example, in first swing
transient stability analysis case, the set 9 can be defined as
the angles and nodal voltages, that are the solution of a loadflow problem, processed considering the pre and post-fault
conditions. It also pertains to 9, the active power of the
synchronous machines, velocities, etc., that are obtained
from the resolution of a set of nonlinear differential ordinary
equations. Therefore, these are all the parameters used in the
calculation process.
Nevertheless, neural networks give solutions based on a
training process, where there is a knowledge extraction, by
some stimulus that are conveniently applied on the input and
output of the neural network. Thus, it can be established an
alternative model to the (14), where the consequent variables
and the parameters are considered as an implicit set of
information, not necessary to be given to the neural network,
just being necessary the causal variables and other
information represented by code (e.g., binary codification),
i.e., [12]:

(16)

$ ,QSXW 6WLPXOXV
The proposed neural structure seeks to analyze EPS
transient stability, that corresponds to determine the security
margin, considering three-phase short-circuit faults with
outage of a transmission line. The neural network input
pattern vectors are defined as:
D

[3 4]

(17)

where:
D
3
4
3
4
Q

v
v

=
=
=
=
=
=

neural network input pattern vector;

[ 3 3    3 ];
[ 4 4    4 ];
active power of the L-th bus of the system;
reactive power of the L-th bus of the system;
number of system buses.
!

% 2XWSXW 6WLPXOXV
The output stimulus to be applied on the ARTb module of
the ARTMAP neural network are the security margins
corresponding to the input pattern vectors (ARTa module).
The strategy used in this work, is the using of security margin
intervals where are the contingencies. For example, a
contingency having the security margin equal to 0.5 can be
arbitrated as pertaining to the interval (0.4 0.6). This permits
that the contingencies can be expressed as a binary code and
reduce the number of classes on the ARTb module, which is a
more adequate form to work with ARTMAP network,

executing the training faster and the analysis more reliable

(there is always the guarantee of obtaining solutions). It is
emphasized, that this proceeding, if cautions are observed, is
pertinent, whereas for the power system control centers there is
no need of disposing numbers with great precision and
certainly information of how stable or unstable the system is to
a determined contingency. For determining these intervals, it is
proposed the use of the concept of Security Margin
Displacement Effort [11]:

= ( 0 )  ( 0 ) 
6

(18)

where:

= security margin displacement effort

0
= initial security margin value of the interval
0
= final security margin value of the interval.

the system. Therefore, each profile is generated considering a

variation percentile around the nominal state (base case) and a
determined seed for the random sequential generation process.
Thus, for a same percentile, different seeds generate different
generation dispatch of different load profiles. This procedure
generates an adequate pattern set for the training phase. Once
executed the neural network training, the tests can be
effectuated (transient stability analysis). It is a comparative
analysis with the obtained results by a hybrid simulation
program Simul, and by neural networks. Different generation
and load profiles (different percentile and different seeds) of
the profiles used on the training, are considered, also fixed in a
random way.

This way, the interval, in terms of the security margin

concept, can be defined as:
60, (0

,0

7
x

(19)

where:
06,

= N-th security margin interval.

This conception is used in this work for defining the

intervals associated to the contingencies, according to Table
I, considering = 0.35, and the security margin values
between and 1.
TABLE I
SECURITY MARGIN INTERVALS
Interval Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

11
12
13
14
15

Security Margin Interval (THD)

< 3
(3 , 1.9630]
(1.9630, 1.1948]
(1.1948, 0.6258]
(0.6258, 0.2043]
(0.2043, 0.10790]
(0.10790, 0.33920]
(0.33920, 0.51050]
(0.51050, 0.63740]
(0.63740, 0.73140]
(0.73140, 0.80110]
(0.80110, 0.85260]
(0.85260, 0.89080]
(0.89080, 0.91910]
> 0.9191

Fig. 3. The graphic THD x

considering the security margin inside of
interval ( , 1), and = 0.35.

The set of contingencies, adopted in this work, is showed in

Table II. These are the most important contingencies for the
studied system. Only 5 contingencies are considered, to
illustrate the proposed method. However, this number can be
augmented, according to user needs, without any problem.
This procedure generates an adequate different generation
dispatch, that contains any profile for attending the diary load.
The neural network training is effectuated considering a set
of 805 generation and load profiles and respective security
margins.
TABLE II
SET OF CONTINGENCIES.

VI. ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM APPLICATION

The transient stability analysis is effectuated considering a
system composed of 45 buses, 72 transmission lines and 10
synchronous machines [11] (Fig. 4 / Appendix). Faults like
three-phase short-circuit are considered. The neural network
training is executed using a set of generation and load profiles
and respective security margins. Each profile corresponds to a
generation redispatch in relation to the base case effectuated in
a random way to attend the demand, and also in a random way
in each bus. The load variation universe is included between
80 and 120% ( 20%) in relation to the total nominal load of

Fault
Fault
Number
1
2
3
4
5

Short-circuit
Bus
15
18
18
29
39

Circuit open
Initial Bus
14
16
18
29
39

Final Bus
15
18
44
30
40

The parameters related on Table III are used, for the

training of the ARTMAP neural network.

TABLE III
SPECIFICATION OF NEURAL NETWORK PARAMETERS
Item

Value
0.99
0.97
0.90
1
0.1

h
i
hi
Learning rate parameter
Choice parameter

Vigilance parameters:

TABLE IV
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSIENT STABILITY RESULTS
Fault
Number

!
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$

Once executed the neural network training, the tests

(transient stability analysis) can be realized, which results are
shown on Table IV. It is the comparative analysis with the
obtained results by the hybrid simulation program (Simul) and
the neural networks (proposed procedure). It is observed that
the results obtained by the program Simul are exact for the
considered model (classical model), as observed in [11]. 40
different generation and load profiles (different percentiles and
different seeds) from the profiles used on the training are
considered, equally fixed in a random way. The percentile and
the seed used in the analysis are shown in the columns 2 and 3
of Table IV, respectively. The interval 60, indicated by the
fuzzy ARTMAP neural network corresponds to the results
obtained by the voting strategy [3], i.e., the neural network is
trained several times, with different ordinations (random) for
the same training set. The final prediction is given by the most
frequent generated solutions. It can be observed that the
produced results by the two methodologies are very close. For
obtaining the results it is used a microcomputer Pentium III
(500 MHz).
The processing time is referred only to the execution of the
ARTMAP algorithm, excluding the read / output data
operations, considering 5 contingencies:
neural network training : 4.5 s.
analysis execution

: 0.10 s.
VII. CONCLUSION

It is developed in this work a proceeding for a multimachine electric power system transient stability analysis, by a
fuzzy ARTMAP neural network. With this architecture, it
could be idealized a proceeding for electric power system
transient stability analysis. The neural network input stimulus
are constituted by the active and reactive nodal power vectors
(analog data). The outputs correspond to the system security
margins represented by the intervals between the maximum
and the minimum values. This way, it is possible to represent
the outputs in binary code (binary outputs). The obtained
results can be considered satisfactory, i.e., they attained the
proposed objectives. The ARTMAP neural network gives good
and fast solutions (around 1 second using a Pentium III, 500
MHz microcomputer, considering the execution of the voting
strategy with 5 training repetition). The quality of the solutions
is adequate. Nevertheless, some imprecision is observed, which
come from a training set not enough complete, and not from
the neural network. It is emphasized that the precision of the
results is dependent of the volume of the data training and also
of the quantity of output segments (60,).

1
2
3
4
5

!
"
#
$

1
2
3
4
5

!
"
#
$

1
2
3
4
5

!
"
#
$

1
2
3
4
5

Generation / Load Profile

% of base case
75
75
75
75
75
80
80
80
80
80
85
85
85
85
85
90
90
90
90
90
95
95
95
95
95
100
100
100
100
100
105
105
105
105
105
110
110
110
110
110

Seed
123
289
73
190
391
381
73
1
355
999
24
257
191
309
60
71
137
19
244
60
200
28
163
131
2

100
389
275
380
77
121
320
11
220
55

Security Margin Interval (THD)

Correct
15
7
9
15
13
15
9
12
15
12
12
8
9
15
8
12
5
5
15
8
12
6
5
14
6
12
5
5
15
7
11
4
5
15
7
11
4
5
14
7

Neural Network
15
7
9
15
13
14
9
12
15
12
12
7
8
15
8
12
5
5
15
8
12
5
5
12
6
11
5
5
15
6
11
4
5
15
7
11
4
5
14
7

A great number of segments can be obtained, taking smaller

values for the parameter . Although, to increase the number
of intervals it is necessary to use a great set of training pairs
(number of examples) for reducing the possibilities of existing
empty intervals (that there is no contingencies). Empty
intervals do not give opportunities for learning and,
consequently introduce the undesirable noises on the training.
Concluding, the fuzzy ARTMAP neural network gives very
fast answers (there is compatibility with on-line applications)
and the precision is dependent on the implementation of an
adequate training schema, being adopted a very well
elaborated input/output volume of data (enough quantity and
quality). Nevertheless, there is always a guarantee in obtaining
the solutions (stability characteristic), with an adequate
precision or not. However, it can be verified, if the training
data set is not sufficiently elaborated, the answers even so
inaccurate, using the voting strategy, can be adopted as valid.
Therefore, considering all the simulations, there is no rough
error that could invalidate the analysis. The principal
characteristic of the ARTMAP neural network is the plasticity.
With this property, it can be conceived mechanisms that
satisfies the continued training.

[16] D. J. Sobajic, and Y. H. Pao, Artificial neural-net based dynamic

security assessment for electric power systemsD@@@Uhhpv
QrTr, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 220-227, February 1989.
[17] P. J. Werbos, Beyond regression: new tools for prediction and
analysis in the behavioral sciences, Master Thesis, Harvard
University, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1974.

VIII. REFERENCES
[1]

[2]
[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

G. C. Anagnostopoulos, and M. Geordiopoulos, Category regions as

new geometrical concepts in Fuzzy-ART and fuzzy-ARTMAP,,
IrhyIrx , ,no. 15, pp. 1-17, 2002.
P. M. Anderson and A. A. Fouad, Qr Tr 8y hq
Thivyv , IOWA State University Press, 1977.
G. A. Carpenter, S. Grossberg, N. Markuzon, J. Reynolds, and D. B.
Rosen, "Fuzzy ARTMAP: a neural network architecture for
incremental supervised learning of analog multidimentional maps,"
D@@@ Uhhpv Irhy Irx, vol. 3, number 5, pp. 698713, Sept. 1992.
G. A. Carpenter, and S. Grossberg, A Self-organizing neural network
for supervised learning, recognition, and prediction, D@@@
8vphvHhthvr , pp. 38 49, Sept. 1992.
T. Athay, V. R. Sherket, R. Podmore, S. Virmani, and C. Puech,
Transient energy stability analysis 8srrpr Tr
@tvrrvtAQrDavos, Switzerland, 1979.
L.G. Fonseca, and I. C. Decker, "Iterative algorithm for critical energy
determination in transient stability of power systems,"Qp ('$

IX. BIOGRAPHIES
graduated
in Physical Science from UNESP, Rio Claro, SP,
Brazil, in 1987. Received her M.Sc. degree from
UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil, in 1994. She is
presently a Ph.D. student at UNESP-Ilha Solteira,
doing research in the area of electric power
system transient stability and neural Network.
E_mail: carmo@feis.unesp.br .

Hhvh q 8h Br qh Tvyrvh

DA68 Tv Qyhvt hq Prhv v @yrpvp  @rt

[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]

[12]

[13]
[14]

[15]

Tr, pp. 483-489.

A. A. Fouad, and V. Vittal,

9 Q Gs graduated
in electrical
engineering from UFSM, Santa Maria, RS,
Brazil in 1978 and M.Sc. from UFSC,
Florianpolis, SC, Brazil, in 1982. She is
currently an Assistant Professor at UNESP Ilha
Solteira, SP, Brazil and Ph.D. student at UNESP,
doing research in the area of transient and
preventive control of electrical power system. Email: annadiva@dee.feis.unesp.br .

6h

Qr Tr Uhvr Thivyv 6hyv

VvturUhvr@rtApvHruq, Prentice-Hall, 1992.

S. Haykin, Irhy Irx) 6 8rurvr Aqhv, Upper
Saddle River: Prentice-Hall, 1994.
S. V. Kartalopoulos, VqrhqvtIrhyIrxhqAGtvp.
New York: IEEE Press, 1985.
S. Y. Kung, 9vtvhyIrhyIrx, Englewood Cliffs: PTR PrenticeHall, 1993.
C. R. Minussi and W. Freitas Filho, "Sensitivity Analysis for transient
Stability," D@@ Qprrqvt Brrhv Uhvv hq
9vviv vol.145, number 6, pp.669-674, 1998.
C. R. Minussi and M. C. G. Silveira, Transient stability analysis of
electric power systems by neural networks, in 38 rd Midwest
Symposium on Circuits And Systems, Rio de Janeiro RJ, , pp. 13051308, 1995.
M. A. Pai, QrTrThivyvNorth Holland Control Series, 1981.
Y.H. Pao, and D. J. Sobajic, Combined use of unsupervised and
supervised learning for dynamic security assessment, in IEEE
PICA-91, pp. 278-284.
M. Pavella, D. Ernst and D. Ruiz-Veja, Uhvr Thivyv s
Qr Tr) 6 Vvsvrq 6hpu 6rr hq 8y ,
Kluver Academic Publishers, Boston, 2000.
X. APPENDIX
ONE-LINE DIAGRAM OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

230 kV
(71)
(72)

43

(68)
(69)

(67)

S. Santiago
33

(51)

(39)

10

36

25

230

(58)

(42)

Itaba
(65)

(10)
(11)

V. Aires

37
(62)
(63)
(64)

(49)

31
40

(35)

(37)

(38)

13

(9)

45

(59)
(60)
(61)

(34)

Rancho
Queimado 24
230

J. Lacerda
230
230
Siderpolis

(7)

Ceci
(12)
230
(13)

6
(54)

(8)

(53)

34

Forquilinha

13.8 13.8

(57)

230
(47)

22

23

(46)

230

(14)

525 kV 230 kV

(66)

39

Farroupilha

13.8

13.8 230kV

1
1

14

(18)

(32)
(33)

525

(6)

(15)

15

28

13.8

29

Passo
Fundo

(48)

525

Blumenau
230

Barraco

(19)

16

32

Joinvile

(45)

20

525

(17)

(28)

230
(26)

(20)

(16)

(29)
(30)

21

(36)

Xanxer

Pinheiro

230

(31)

S. Mateus

(27)

19

Pato 230
Branco

230

525
26

17
(50)

Curitiba

(44)
(40)

(43)

13.8
(21)

(41)

(52)

10

(23)

13.8

525
(3)

525

18

(22)

11

(4)

Segredo

230 kV

230

27

Ivaipor

(2)

Apucarana

(24)

525

12 (1)

(5)

Areia

41

(70)

Salto
Osrio

525

42

44

(25)

Curitiba-Norte

230

230 kV
(73)

Londrina

Maring

Campo Mouro

S Hvv
graduated in electrical
engineering from UFSM, Santa Maria, RS,
Brazil in 1978, M.Sc. and Ph.D. from UFSC,
Florianpolis, SC, Brazil, in 1981, and 1990,
respectively. He is currently an Associate
Professor at UNESP Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil.
His main interests are in analysis, control of
power systems, and neural networks. E-mail:
minussi@dee.feis.unesp.br .

8hy

35

(55)

30

13.8

38 230
525
Gravata

(56)

13.8

( ) Transmission line number.

Fig. 4. Representation of test systems.