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ASSESSMENT TERRAIN CONDITIONS AND TURBULENCE


INTENSITY IN CONDAO FOLLOW THE METHOD OF JAPAN

Le Thi Thuy Hang
1
, Dr. Tetsuya Kogaki
2
, Mr. Nguyen Hai Bac
3

1
Institute of Energy Science, Vietnam Accademy of Science and Technology (VAST)
2
Energy Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology (AIST)
3
Green resources technology development JSC. (Greenmade Co.)

1. SUMMARY
Selecting wind turbines that conform to the local wind conditions, necessitates the
comparison with international standards on design requirements of wind turbines, such as the
IEC 61400-1 and Germanischer Lloyd Guideline (GL Guideline). However, with the same
nature conditions in Vietnam and Japan, the wind conditions usually are dominated by
complex terrain causes the high turbulence and gusty winds, not fully covered by the existing
IEC standard. In Japan, the researchers have proposed the method to determ the complex of
the terrain and the level of the turbulence intensity for selecting and operating of the wind
turbine systems in here.
With the convenient location, based on the research results on impact by terrain
conditions into wind conditions of Japan, the author will have presented results of the analysis
and assessment on the terrain conditions and the turbulence intensity of the wind conditions in
Condao islands (Vietnam) for developing wind energy in here.
Keywords: wind energy, terrain conditions, turbulence intensity, wind speed
2. TERRAIN AND WIND CONDITIONS IN CONDAO ISLANDS
Condao islands are an archipelago belongs to Ba Ria Vung Tau province in the
Southeast region of Vietnam, and coordinates in the latitude of 8.566N to 8.8166N and in the
longitude of 106.6E to 106.75E. Condao is situated about 185 km from Vung Tau and 239 km
from Ho Chi Minh City, includes 16 islands and islets with total land area of 75.15 km.
The topography of Con Dao islands is hilly area, dominated by the granite ranges from
southwest to northeast protecting both sides of the Gulf from strong winds. The highest site is
the top named Thanh Gia of 577m. The central area has the tidal sandy flows is parallel to the
coast, and many the shrubs and small buds. Alternating with the sandy flows, there are some
lowland with the surface mixing sandy with soil (humus). Behind the sand flows are the soil
extending to the foothills, mostly they are the mix of soil, sand and a little red humus. The
surfaced soil is shallow, the below layer is the mix of clay and gravel, and there are some
where the stone rise the surface.
Condao has no rivers, only the small mountain streams flow into the sea. There are
also a number of lakes, the largest lake being Quang Trung (0.2 km2). The coastline is 200
km with the sandy beaches up to 800m when the low tide is under level 0m.
Condao climate features the hot and humid monsoon with 2 monsoons in a year:
- The southwest monsoon: from May to September. In this season, the climate is quite
humid; the rainfall averages 2200mm/year, the least rain in the January, almost rain in August
and September.
- The northeast monsoon: from October to next April; this season has many the gusts
up to level 6, level 7 and over level 7. In this season, the climate is cool, the annual average
temperature is 27
o
C, February is the coolest month with the average temperature of 22
o
C, and
May is the hottest months with the average temperature reached 34
o
C.
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3. METHOD TO DETERM THE TERRAIN COMPLEXITY AND THE
TURBULENCE INTENSITY OF JAPAN
3.1 Method to determ the terrain complexity
These 5 indices should be evaluated for each wind sector, and the maximum value of
them should be used in the evaluation. At least 8 wind sectors must be used in this evaluation.
(1) Maximum slope within 5 km radius is equal to or more than 10 degrees.
(2) Standard deviation of the topographic cross-section in the upwind part within 5 km
radius is equal to or more than 1.5 times of the hub height.
(3) Standard deviation of the topographic cross-section in the upwind part within
distance of 5, 10 and 20 times of the hub height are more than 0.5, 0.8 and 1.4 times of the
hub height, respectively.
(4) Speed up ratio caused by local geography is more than 1.2.
(5) More 30% of slopes between neighboring contour lines are steeper than 30%.
These indices should be evaluated for each wind direction sector, and then the
maximum value should be chosen for the assessment. The evaluation of the terrain
complexity with these indices should be done with the following criteria.
a) None of (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) are true : Low Complexity
b) At least one of (1), (2), (3), (4) is true, AND (5) is false : Medium Complexity
c) At least one of (1), (2), (3), (4) is true, AND (5) is true : High Complexity
The evaluation criteria shown here are for reference purpose on the assessment of
terrain complexity, and however, the actual turbulence intensity and/or the extreme wind
speed at the site can be high if the terrain complexity is evaluated as low or medium.
3.2 Method to determ the turbulence intensity
Turbulent intensity should be evaluates from the field measurement data at the site, as
the turbulence intensity corresponding to the non-exceeded level of 90% of the 10 minute
average wind speed and the expected value I
ref
*
at the wind speed of 15m/s. I
ref
*
should be
estimated by the appropriate method according to the terrain complexity.
(1) Low terrain complexity: IEC standard wind model.
(2) Medium terrain complexity: simple terrain model and linear simulation model.
(3) High terrain complexity: non-linear simulation model and wind tunnel test.
IEC61400-1 Ed.3 (2005) defines an equation for the turbulence intensity (NTM
model) in the longitudinal direction relative to the 10 minute average wind speed as a normal
wind model.
Table 1: Basic parameters for wind turbine classes (IEC 61400-1 Ed.3 2005)
WT class I II III S
Vref (m/s) 50 42.5 37.5
Values
specified by
designer
Vave (m/s) 10 8.5 7.5
Iref
A 0.16
B 0.14
3
C 0.12
IEC61400-1 Ed.3 (2005) categorizes the expected value of the turbulence intensity at
15 m/s wind speed, I
ref
, into 3 turbulence categories A, B and C. The turbulence intensities in
the transverse and vertical directions are given as ratios relative to the value in the
longitudinal direction.
4. ASSESSING THE TERRAIN COMPLEXITY AND THE TURBULENCE
INTENSITY IN CONDAO
4.1 Selecting the site
The selected site is located at the Telecommunication station of the post-office, near
the meteorological station in Condao (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1: Site is being installed anemometers in Condao (red mark)
The wind conditions are measured at the site in a year, from March 20, 2012 to March
19 2013 at 3 heights (30m, 50m and 60m). Wind condition measurements were done at high
speed data sampling rate with three cup anemometer and vane sensor, and then other data
such as the 10 minute average wind speed and standard deviation, up-flow angle were
calculated from the measured data.
The below is the wind conditions at 60m height.

Fig. 2: Chart of wind speed and wind rose in Condao.
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Table 2: Wind speed at 60m height
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
V
ave
(m/s) 9.31 9.50 7.27 4.77 5.72 6.36 7.31 8.27 6.68 4.86 6.52 9.17
V
max
(m/s) 30.3 26.0 24.5 19.5 20.6 26.4 27.8 28.9 21.4 19.0 25.5 31.6
V
min
(m/s) 0.47 0.47 0.06 0.09 0.01 0.07 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.47 0.47 0.47
4.2 Determing the terrain complexity in Condao
a) Index 1
This index enables assessing the possibility of local geographical feature influencing
on the local wind flow.
In Condao islands, the slope of fitted plane within radius 5km is from 0
o
to 9.76
o
, and
so the max slope within radius 5km from the mast site is less than 10
o
.
Table 3: Max slopes within radius 5 km from the mast site
Above sea level (m) Distance from
wind turbine (m)
Slope from wind
turbine
577 3160 9.37
o

520 2700 9.76
o

500 4000 6.30
o

440 3600 6.05
o

390 3230 5.85
o

320 2000 7.45
o

b) Index 2
This index is to assess the terrain complexity around the site.
In Condao islands, the standard deviation of the topographic cross-section in the
upwind part within radius 5 km is 0 m. And so, the standard deviation of the topographic
cross-section in the upwind part within 5 km radius is less than 1.5 times of the mast height.
Table 4: Indicators for assessing index 2 at site
60 m height of the mast
1.5*Z
hub
(m) 90
c) Index 3
The same index 2, this index is to assess the terrain complexity around the site.
Within radius of 300 m to 1200 m from the mast site, the standard deviation of the
topographic cross-section in the upwind part is 0 m. And so, the standard deviation of the
topographic cross-section in the upwind part within distance of 5, 10 and 20 times of the hub
height are less than 0.5, 0.8 and 1.4 times of the hub height, respectively.
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Table 5: Indicators for assessing index 3 at site
60 m height of the mast
5*Z
hub
(m) 300 0.5*Z
hub
(m) 30
10*Z
hub
(m) 600 0.8*Z
hub
(m) 48
20*Z
hub
(m) 1200 1.4*Z
hub
(m) 84
d) Index 4
This index is related to the flow acceleration due to local geographic feature indicated
by index 1. At the mast site in Condao, the average speed-up ratios at 60 m height caused by
local geography are 1.01 (less than 1.2).
Table 6: Indicators of the speed up ratio at site
60 m height of the mast
Average ratio 1.01
Max. ratio 5.78
Min. ratio 0.15
e) Index 5
This index related to RIX index used in the WAsP software.
As showed in section 2.3, RIX is designed to show the ratio of the slopes steeper than
the threshold for generating flow separation, and the threshold value for the judging the
possibility of flow separation on slopes is 0.3 (if the slope angle is about 17 degrees, the slope
is 30%). And for reference, typical values for the RIX are given as follows.
- Flat or hilly terrain : 0%
- More complex than hills : 10%
- Mountains : 10% to 50%
In this report, due to the mast site is off-shore, and so the value for slopes between
neighboring contour lines are 0%.
f) Conclusion
As showed in section 3.1 for 5 indices to evaluate of the terrain complexity.
a) None of (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) are true : Low Complexity
b) At least one of (1), (2), (3), (4) is true, AND (5) is false : Medium Complexity
c) At least one of (1), (2), (3), (4) is true, AND (5) is true : High Complexity
Following analysis in section 4.2, none of (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) are true, and so the
terrain complexity at site is low.
4.3 Determing the turbulence intensity in Condao
Because the terrain complexity is low, and so, the turbulence intensity could be
evaluated following IEC standard wind model follow as:
6
V
I
q
q
90
90

vi ) 75 . 0 (
90
b V I
ref q

In which: b - 5.6, m/s; I
ref
- expected value of turbulence intensity at 15 m/s;
V - 10 minute average wind speed, m/s; - standard deviation, m/s;
90q - non-exceedance level of 90%;
The calculated results are showed below.
+ Standard deviation at 60m height, = 1.42 m/s
+ Turbulence intensity at 60m height, I
ref
= 0.16

Fig. 3: Standard deviation and turbulence intensity at the selected site
The calculation results indicate that the standard deviation and turbulence intensity at
the site suits with the IEC wind standards.
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
As showed in section 4, terrain condition at the site is low and the mast site is on
coastline, the annual wind speed at 60m height is 7.13 m/s, the turbulence intensity at the site
is 0.16. And so, the conditions of terrain, turbulence intensity and average wind speed fixs
IEA standards, are feasible to deploying and applying the wind power in Condao islands, the
wind turbines are selected in accordance with the technical standards of IIIB class.
However, the relationship between the extreme wind speeds and the annual average
wind speeds at the mast in Condao is 0.18 (less than 0.2), and so it should be noted that the
wind conditions in Condao is different from the standard wind conditions defined in the IEC
standard. And so, the wind turbines should be selected in accordance with the technical
standards of S class, class specified by designer.
Acknowledgement: This work was financially supported by grant from Institute of
Energy Science VAST (Vietnam), Energy Technology Research Institute - AIST (Japan),
New Energy Foundation (NEF, Japan) and Green Resources Technology Development JSC.
(Vietnam). We are grateful for Mr. Nagao (NEF), Dr. Kogaki (AIST), Dr. Duong Duy Hoat
(IES) and Dr. Nguyen Thuy Nga (IES), Mr. Nguyen Hai Bac (Greenmade Co.) for supporting
me done this work.
6. REFERENCES
1. New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (2008), Wind Power Guideline for Japan.
2. Green resources technology development JSC. (2013 - 2015), Condao island windpower project.
3. Le Thi Thuy Hang (2013-2014), Study of the assessment method of wind conditions in Japan and Application to
Condao island in Vietnam, Research report of Renewable Energy Researchers Invitation Program 2013-2014 of New
Energy Foundation (Japan).

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