M.

Aseeb Rahat
EXPERIMENT # 6
OBJECT
Potentiometric location of End Point
OBSERVATION
Sample A
Volume (ml) pH
1 1.!
" 1.!
# 1.!
1.$%
$ 1.$%
6 1.$"
& 1.$
' 1.$$
! 1.$&
1% 1.$!
11 1.61
1" 1.6#
1# 1.66
1 1.&%
1$ 1.&$
16 1.'%
1& 1.'6
1' 1.!$
1! ".1#
"% ".#"
"1 ".1#
"" ".!$
"# 11.$!
" 11.'$
"$ 11.!'
"6 1".%"
"& 1".%$
"' 1".%&
"! 1".%'
#% 1".%!
Sample B
Volume (ml) pH
% #.#'
1 .1'
" .!
# .6'
.'"
$ .!
6 $.%
& $.1#
' $."1
! $."!
1% $.#6
11 $.#
1" $.$%
1# $.$'
1 $.6&
1$ $.&$
16 $.'$
1& $.!6
1' 6.%!
1! 6."$
"% 6.&
"1 6.'6
"" '.6&
"# 11.'&
" 1".%"
"$ 1".%!
"6 1".11
"& 1".11
"' 1".11
CALCULATIONS
Sample A
Volume of Na(H ) V1 ) "1 ml
Molarit* of Na(H ) M1 ) %.1 M
Volume (f +ample , ) V" ) "% ml
Molarit* of Na(H ) M" )-
M1V1 ) M"V"
M" ) (%.1)("1) . "% ) %.1%$
Sample B
Volume of Na(H ) V1 ) "" ml
Molarit* of Na(H ) M1 ) %.1 M
Volume (f +ample / ) V" ) "% ml
Molarit* of Na(H ) M" )-
M1V1 ) M"V"
M" ) (%.1)("") . "% ) %.11
ASSIGNMENT
Introduction
Titration+ in0ol0e t1e addition of accuratel* 2no3n 0olume+ of +tandardi4ed titrant to a
+olution containin5 t1e +ample. T1e concentration of t1e anal*te(+) 6ein5 determined 6*
titration can 6e calculated 6a+ed on t1e 0olume of titrant u+ed to reac1 t1e endpoint (al+o
referred to a+ t1e e7ui0alence point or 6rea2) of t1e titration.
T1e titration endpoint can 6e determined manuall* or potentiometricall*.
Manual Titration
In a manual titration t1e endpoint i+ determined 6* u+e of a 0i+ual indicator t1at c1an5e+
color 31en t1e endpoint of t1e titration 1a+ 6een reac1ed.
Potentiometric Titration
In a potentiometric titration t1e endpoint i+ determined 6* u+e of a pair of electrode+ or a
com6ination electrode. T1e endpoint occur+ 31ere t1ere i+ a ma8imal rate of c1an5e of
potential at t1e endpoint of t1e titration. In t1e portion of t1e cur0e corre+pondin5 to t1i+
ar5e c1an5e in potential9 t1ere i+ a point at 31ic1 t1e cur0e 1an5e+ it+ direction of
cur0ature. T1i+ point i+ an inflection point or 6rea2 in t1e cur0e and ideall* it occur+ at
t1e e7ui0alence point of t1e titration. Ho3e0er9 in certain ca+e+9 t1ere ma* 6e a 6ia+ in t1e
anal*+i+9 and t1e 6rea2 ma* 6e +li51tl* di+placed from t1e true e7ui0alence point. T1e
anal*+i+ of 2no3n +ample+ ma* indicate t1at t1e 6ia+ i+ lar5e nou51 to re7uire a
correction. T1e electrode pair for potentiometric titration+ include+ an indicator and
reference electrode. T1e com6ination electrode contain+ t1e indicator and reference
electrode confi5ured in a +in5le electrode. T1e electrode+ for potentiometric titration+ are
c1o+en +o t1at a c1an5e in potential of t1e titration +olution9 cau+ed 6* titration of t1e
anal*te(+) of intere+t9 i+ optimall* detected. Potentiometric titration+ are preferred to
manual titration+9 +ince t1e* are more accurate and preci+e. T1e* are al+o more ea+il*
adapted to automation9 31ere automated titration +*+tem+ can proce++ lar5er 0olume+ of
+ample+ 3it1 minimal anal*+t in0ol0ement. :+e of t1i+ met1od re7uire+ 1andlin5 of
potentiall* 1a4ardou+ c1emical+. Material ;afet* <ata ;1eet+ +1ould 6e con+ulted for
eac1 c1emical 6efore u+e.
Indutrial Application
Potentiometric titration i+ applied to a 0ariet* of +*+tem in0ol0in5 o8idation
reduction9 precipitation9 acid 6a+e = comple8ometric titration
,pplied in ca+e 31ere no 0i+ual indicator i+ applica6le 31ere t1e indicator 3ould
not 6e u+e 6ecau+e of tur6idit* = color of +olution.
(8idation reduction titration+ are u+e in procedure +uc1 a+ monitorin5 of c*anide
ra*+ from metal 3a+te indu+trie+
E8ten+i0el* u+e in 3ater pollution9 +e3era5e +*+tem9 a5riculture = 6ioc1emical
+tud*.
>luoride electrode i+ u+e for t1e determination of fluoride = drin2in5 3ater9 toot1
pa+te9 +oil9 plant ti++ue+ = 6iolo5ical fluid+.
Ion+ +electi0e electrode+ are findin5 increa+in5 and 3ide +pread u+e for
monitorin5 purpo+e+ in la6oratorie+ in plant = for on +ide anal*4e+ +uc1 a+ t1o+e
related to oceano5rap1* = ri0er +tud*
?a+te 3ater treatment
Mea+urement of pH u+in5 a 5la++ electrode i+ nece++ar* part of a lar5e num6er of
anal*tical procedure+.
Mea+urement of @(" in 6lood = re+pirator* 5a+e+ durin5 operation u+in5 a 5a+
+en+in5 electrode