TH 9500

Evaluati on of earl y vi gor rel ated trai ts i n upl and ri ce (oryza
sati va)

Thesi s submi tted to the
Uni versi t y of Agri cul t ural Sci ences, Dharwad
I n parti al f ul f i l l ment of t he requi rement s f or t he
Degree of

MASTER OF SCI ENCE ( AGRI CULTURE)

I n

GENETI CS AND PLANT BREEDI NG

By

SUJAY V.

DEPARTMENT OF GENETI CS AND PLANT BREEDI NG
COLLEGE OF AGRI CULTURE, DHARWAD
UNI VERSI TY OF AGRI CULTURAL SCI ENCES,
DHARWAD 580 005

MAY, 2007

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

DHARWAD
MAY, 2007 (M.V.C. GOWDA)
MAJOR ADVISOR

Approved by:
Chairman: ___________________
(M.V.C. GOWDA)

Members: 1. ___________________
(P.M. SALIMATH)

2. ___________________
(R.L. RAVIKUMAR)

3. ____________________
(R.V. KOTI)

4. ____________________
(S.K. PRASHANTHI)
CONTENTS

Chapter
No.
Title
I. INTRODUCTION
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
III. MATERIAL AND METHODS
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
V. DISCUSSION
VI. SUMMARY
VII. REFERENCES

LIST OF TABLES

Table
No.
Title
1. Upland rice germplasm accessions used for the investigation
2. List of primers used for RAPD analysis
3. Components of master mix
4. Thermo profile for the PCR
5. ANOVA for early vigor related traits in germplasm of upland rice
6. Mean, range and genetic parameters for early vigor related traits in
germplasm
7. Classification of grain into different classes based on physical characters in
germplasm
8a. Genotypic correlations of early seedling vigor related traits in germplasm
8b. Phenotypic correlations of early seedling vigor related traits in germplasm
9a. ANOVA for early seedling vigor related traits in parents and F
3
populations of
BPT5204/A-67
9b. ANOVA for early seedling vigor related traits in parents and F
3
populations of
BPT5204/Dodiga
10a. Mean, range and genetic parameters for early seedling vigor related traits in
F
3
populations of BPT5204/A-67
10b. Mean, range and genetic parameters for early seedling vigor related traits in
F
3
populations of BPT5204/Dodiga
11a. Classification of grain into different classes based on physical characters in
BPT-5204 ANTARSALI
11b. Classification of grain into different classes based on physical characters in
BPT-5204 DODIGA
12. Genotypic and phenotypic correlations for seed traits in segregating
populations
13a. Genotypic and phenotypic correlation for seedling traits in BPT5204/A-67 F
3

population
13b. Genotypic and phenotypic correlation for seedling traits in BPT5204/Dodiga
F
3
population
14a. Genotypic and phenotypic correlations for seed and seedling traits in
BPT5204/A-67 F
3
population
14b. Genotypic and phenotypic correlations for seed and seedling traits in
BPT5204/Dodiga F
3
population
15. Path coefficient analysis for RL10 in germplasm
16. Path coefficient analysis for RL14 in germplasm
17. Path coefficient analysis for SL10 in germplasm
18. Path coefficient analysis for SL14 in germplasm
19. Path coefficient analysis for seedling dry weight in germplasm
20a. Path coefficient analysis for RL10 in BPT5204/A-67 F
3
population
20b. Path coefficient analysis for RL10 in BPT5204/Doddiga F
3
population
21a. Path coefficient analysis for RL14 in BPT5204/A-67 F
3
population
21b. Path coefficient analysis for RL14 in BPT5204/Dodiga F
3
population
22a. Path coefficient analysis for SL10 in BPT5204/A-67 F
3
population
22b. Path coefficient analysis for SL10 in BPT5204/Dodiga F
3
population
23a. Path coefficient analysis for SL14 in BPT5204/A-67 F
3
population
23b. Path coefficient analysis for SL14 in BPT5204/Dodiga F
3
population
24a. Path coefficient analysis for SDWT in BPT5204/A-67 F
3
population
24b. Path coefficient analysis for SDWT in BPT5204/Dodiga F
3
population
25. Superiority of genotypes based on Duncans Multiple Range Test
26. Analysis of RAPD banding pattern in upland rice germplasm
27. Similarity matrix of upland rice germplasm based on RAPD banding pattern
28a. Frequency and percentage of F
3
lines in different grain types in BPT-5204
ANTARSALI
28b. Frequency and percentage of F
3
lines in different grain types in BPT-5204
DODIGA
29. Entries representing the two extremes based on the various traits as follows

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
No.
Title
1. Components of variance of early vigor related traits in upland rice
germplasm
2a. Genotypic correlations among early seedling vigor related traits in
upland rice germplasm
2b. Phenotypic correlations among early seedling vigor related traits in
upland rice germplasm
3a. Components of variance of early seedling vigor related traits in F
3

3b. Components of variance of early seedling vigor related traits in F
3

4a. Genotypic and phenotypic correlation among seedling traits in
BPT5204/A-67 F
3
population
4b. Genotypic and phenotypic correlation among seedling traits in
BPT5204/A-67 F
3
population
5a. Genotypic and phenotypic correlations between seed and seedling
traits in BPT5204/A-67 F
3
population
5b. Genotypic and phenotypic correlations between seed and seedling
traits in BPT5204/Dodiga F
3
population
6. Dendrogram depicting diversity in upland rice germplasm
7. Frequency distribution of early vigour related traits in F
3
population
of BPT-5204/A-67 and BPT-5204/ Doddiga
8a. Percentage of F
3
lines in different grain types in BPT-5204 x
ANTARSAL
8b. Percentage of F
3
lines in different grain types in BPT-5204 x
DODIGA
9a. Relation of 100-grain weight with root and shoot length at 10
th
DAS.
Dashed lines indicate 95% confidence limit
9b. Relation of 100-grain weight with root and shoot length at 14
th
DAS.
10a. Relation of grain width with root and shoot length at 10
th
DAS.
10b. Relation of grain width with root and shoot length at 14
th
DAS.

LIST OF PLATES

Plate
No.
Title
1. Grains and kernels of upland rice germplasm (1-46 corresponds
genotypes as in Table 1)
2. Variability for root and shoot characters in the upland rice germplasm
3. Parents differing for germination
4. Variation for root and shoot growth in the parents of F
3
populations
5. F
3
families differing for root and shoot growth in A) BPT-5204 x
Dodiga and B) BPT-5204 x Antarsali
6. Variation for seedling characters in the F
3
populations
7a. RAPD banding profile in upland rice germplasm
7b. RAPD banding profile in upland rice germplasm

I. INTRODUCTION
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the predominant food crops of the world, a grain of life
for more than 70 per cent of the Asian population and the staple food crop for worlds poorest
and densely populated regions. World wide, rice is grown on an area of 151 m ha with a
production 597.8 m t and with an average productivity of 4 t per ha, out of which 90 per cent
of worlds rice is produced and consumed in Asia.
India is the worlds second largest producer (129.2 m t) of rice on an area of 43 m ha
and with the productivity of 3 t per ha. While, China produces 179 m t from an area of 29 m ha
with the productivity of 6.2 t per ha (FAO, 2006). The low productivity in India is mainly due to
its cultivation under rain fed situation in most of the rice growing areas.
In Karnataka, rice is grown on 1.42 m ha producing 3.6 m t with the productivity of
2.53 t per ha. Rice is grown under variety of soil and wide range of climatic conditions with 56
per cent of the area under rain fed condition of which 0.19 million ha is through drill sowing.
The major drill sown area is spread along the western hilly region of Karnataka, in the districts
of Belgaum, Dharwad, Haveri and North Canara (Vidyachandra and Rajana, 2005). The
cultivation and situation of drill-sown rice differ greatly from that of transplanted rice. The rain-
fed drill sown area has varied topography and is broadly grouped into upland, mild and
lowland and the major portion of rain-fed area is under upland conditions.
Upland rice ecology is of much harsh environment for rice production in which
intermittent drought and weed competition are the major constraints (Hanamarati et al., 2005).
Weeds are estimated to cause rice yield loss of 35 per cent in the tropics (Oerke and Dehne,
2004) and it could be much greater under severe weed infestation. Though, weeds can be
controlled effectively through hand weeding and herbicides, but are not widely practiced
under the rain-fed ecology due to economic and ecological considerations.
Alternatively, use of competitive cultivars is an important component of weed
management (Pester et al., 1999, Fischer et al., 2001 and Lemerle et al., 2001). Cultivar
weed competitiveness is a function of weed tolerance or the ability to maintain high yields
despite weed competition and weed suppressive ability through competition (Jannink et al.,
2000). Though, the development of competitive rice cultivars would provide a safe and
environmentally benign tool for weed management (Cousins, 1996 and Dinghkuhn et al.,
1999), it has not been addressed seriously by the breeders.
Selecting more competitive cultivars requires the elucidation of useful and selectable
traits. For effective germplasm screening evaluation criteria should be ideally quick and non-
destructive. Rice competitiveness has been studied by measuring traits thought to be vital but
potentially important differences in cultivars have not been characterized exhaustively.
Early vigor plays a critical role under direct seeded condition of rice increasing the
plants ability to compete against weeds and can be differentiated between cultivars, which
could be taken as a selection criterion in upland rice breeding programme. The overall
objective is to develop cultivars, which have acceptable yields, and such cultivars could
substantially reduce labor requirements in upland rice (Barney et al., 2003 and Zhao et al.,
2006).
Rice grain size is a main component of rice appearance quality and which also has a
direct effect on the marketability or commercial success of improved cultivars (Redona and
Mackill, 1998 and Rabiei et al., 2004a). Appearance quality is mainly determined by grain
shape as specified by grain length, grain width and length to width ratio (Tan et al., 2000).
The importance of rice quality depends on the factors that include end use of the grain and
ethnic background of consumer and these differ widely, which is based on a combination of
subjective and objective factors. Improvement of grain quality is the aim of all breeders,
though it is a complex trait and rice research can accomplish this in several ways.

In rain-fed upland ecosystems, the characters like early vigor, drought tolerance and
other adaptive traits are considered in most of the breeding programmes leading to
identification of cultivars. The land races are known to posses better competitive ability for
weed infestation and other stress conditions, but their low yielding and poor quality aspects
make them less important in commercial cultivation. Quality as an important economic factor
should be considered simultaneously and hence, selection for two or more traits to maximize
economic value of the cultivar should go hand in hand.
In rice, seedling vigor has been found to be associated with seed size and density as
well as other parameters of germinating seed (Pandey et al., 1989 and Shenoy, 1990).
However, the associations among seed and seedling traits are not clearly understood and
there is a need to evaluate the available variability to identify genotypes with good
appearance quality and early vigor for use in breeding.
Genetic variability accumulated in the background of diverse plant types is
immediately valuable for shaping new varieties and this forms basic genetic wealth on which
plant breeders could operate for reconstructing the existing genotypes. Concentration of
diversity constituted in species and land races occurs more in folk cultivars (Singh and
Dwivedi, 2002). Trait expression of native germplasm is highly dependent upon local
environment, and has evolved over a long time through traditional and cultural cropping
practices therefore it is important to under stand the distribution, variability for different
morphological and grain characteristics, adaptability to harsh environments and specialty
uses of native germplasm (Bhat and Gowda, 2004)
Knowledge of genetic diversity in crop species is fundamental to its improvement. A
variety of molecular and morphological descriptors are used to characterize genetic diversity
among and within crop species. Substantial variations exist among the rice genotypes for
various morphological, physiological and agronomic traits, but they are sensitive to the
environment and have limited coverage in the genome, hindering their usage in breeding
programme. In contrast DNA based molecular markers are in abundance and clearly allow
the comparison of genetic material avoiding environmental influence on gene expression.
RAPD, a PCR based technology offers an advantage in speed, technical simplicity, random
coverage of genome and relatively higher level of polymorphism.
In the present study, forty six native upland rice germplasm and segregating
populations developed by crossing two land races (Antarsali and Dodiga) with BPT-5204, a
high yielding fine grained variety were evaluated for variability and association of seed and
seedling traits with the following objectives.
1. To assess early vigor related traits in the native upland rice germplasm.
2. To evaluate the segregating populations for early vigor related traits and
3. To assess genetic diversity in upland rice germplasm using RAPD assay.

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The studies on early vigor and its importance, especially under upland rice ecology
are reviewed herein.
Weeds cause significant yield reduction. The extent of yield loss ranges between
15-20% in the transplanted rice, 30-35% in the direct seeded lowland rice and 50-90% in the
upland rice (Mishra and Vaishya, 2000). Mishra (2000) reported rice varieties that suppress
either weed growth or compete with weeds without sacrificing the yield. The morpho-
physiological traits useful for better competitive ability were rapid and uniform germination,
faster growth at seedling stage, early prolific root growth, good vegetative vigor, height and
more canopies, especially during the early stages of crop growth.
Gibson and Fischer (2004) reported weed competitiveness of rice cultivars as a tool
for crop based weed management. They reviewed the literature on varietal differences in
weed competitive ability among rice cultivars, the plant traits that confer the competitive
ability, the potential for inclusion of competitive rice cultivars in weed management and have
suggested areas for further research in that direction. Importance of seedling-vigor for
optimum stand establishment and increasing weed competitive ability was shown in different
rice cropping systems (Haefele et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2004). High seedling vigor helps
the genotypes to suppress the weeds, which is a serious problem in large rainfed and upland
tracts of tropics, where dry seeding is practiced (Kanbar, 2006).
2.1 VARIABILITY AND ASSOCIATION
In India farmers usually grow local varieties in upland rice cultivation under diverse
agro-climatic conditions because these varieties are well adapted to the local conditions.
The traditional cultivars provide an important gene pool since they are likely to possess
resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses owing to long history of natural and human
selection. Further, they may possess various cooking and eating quality traits preferred by
the farmers and consumers of the region. Hence, their conservation, evaluation and
utilization are vital. In this regard, the knowledge of variability present in a given crop species
for the characters under improvement is of paramount importance for the success of any
plant breeding programme. The phenotypic coefficient of variation reveals the range of
variability available in a crop and enables to compare the amount of variability present in
different characters. The partitioning of variability or total variance, so as to assess the true
breeding nature of a particular trait under selection is important and phenotypic expression
of the characters is the result of a interaction between genotypic and environment. Hence, it
becomes necessary to split the variability into heritable and non-heritable components with
the help of certain genetic parameters such as genotypic and phenotypic coefficients,
heritability and genetic advance. A relative comparison of heritability and expected genetic
advance gives an idea about the potential of the variability for improvement through
selection. Selection for one component may bring about a simultaneous change in the other
if the association is positive leading to simultaneously improvement in both the characters.
But, if they are negatively associated, improvement in one character may adversely affect
the other and the net gain may be towards negative side. Correlation is a powerful tool to
study the association of characters and is therefore very useful to decide selection strategy
for improvement of a character without sacrificing gain in the other traits.
2.2 SEED TRAITS
2.2.1 Germplasm
Rice grain size, grain length, breadth and shape have a direct effect on the
marketability or commercial success of improved rice cultivars (Kato and Matsunaga, 1990;
Redona and Mackill, 1998). With this view of importance, classification of rice genotypes
using various grain characters (viz., length, shape, 1000-grain weight or 100-grain weight
and profile value) has been made by Bhattacharya and Sowbhagya (1980) and Das et al.,

Table 1 : Upland rice germplasm accessions used for the investigation

Sl. No. Genotype
1 Ambemohr
2 Annada
3 Antarsali
4 Bangar kaddi
5 Belgaum basamathi
6 Bidar local
7 Bile kalavi
8 Bolasali
9 Champakali
10 Chippiga
11 Chippiga holesalu
12 Dodiga
13 Hakkalasali
14 Honasu
15 HY 256
16 Jasmine
17 Kagisali
18 Kari bhatha
19 Kari kalavi
20 Kempunellu
21 Kumud
22 Manila
23 Mysore sanna
24 Nizam shaith
25 Ratan sagar
26 Ratna chuda
27 Sampigedala
28 Shankar Poonam
29 Udursali
30 Waner-1
31 Abhilash
32 Amruth
33 Avinash
34 BPT-5204
35 Erramallelu
36 Intan
37 IR 20
38 IR -64
39 Jaya
40 MGD-101
41 MTU-1001
42 Rasi
43 Tella hamsa
44 Teqing
45 Tulasi
46 Vandana

Plate 1. Grains and kernels of upland rice germplasm (1-46 corresponds genotypes as
in Table 1)
(1983). The characters have also been utilized in classifying 20 rice varieties into
slender, medium and bold classes based on length to breadth ratio by Naidu et al., (1986),
which showed greater variation for length: breadth ratio (2.7 to 4.1). Similarly, Sagar et al.
(1988), Wadsworth (1987), and Katayama (1991) employed grain characters for classifying
the rice varieties.
Chauhan and Nanda (1983) noticed significant differences among rice varieties and
wide range of phenotypic and genotypic variation was observed for all physical traits viz.,
seed length, seed width and grain shape and Pathak and Sharma, (1996) and Singh et al.
(1998) suggested the use of grain size and weight as major identifying traits as they
indicated greater variability, heritability and genetic advance
Sinha and Banerjee (1987) studied 74 diverse genotypes and observed high
variability and heritability for grain length, grain width, grain length to breadth ratio, and 100-
grain weight. Similar results were also obtained in a study of 29 upland rice cultivars by
Chauhan et al., (1991). Ample variability was observed for leaf, panicle, awn and grain
characters in a study involving 1270 Combodian germplasm by Chaudhary and Sahai
(1993).
Jagdamba Singh et al. (2004) in a study involving thirty-three traditional fine grain
aromatic genotypes observed moderate variability for grain length, grain breadth and grain
shape. But, low genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were observed for breadth
of paddy, panicle length, length of paddy by Bisne et al. (2004).
To assess the variation in grain quality traits among rice lines maintained in
collections of five European rice producing countries 318 lines were grown and observations
were recorded on morpho-physiological traits such as grain length, grain width, grain length
to width ratio, total milling yield and whole grain yield. Considerable variation found in this
study offered opportunities to breed for grain quality in order to meet the specific
requirements of each country. They identified some lines, which could be potentially used as
parents for introducing desired traits in to indica cultivars currently grown in Europe
(Koutroubas et al., 2004).
Breeding for superior rice genotypes having high yield potential coupled with

desirable quality attributes should be the strategy for a successful breeding programme. An
investigation on 56 high yielding varieties from different eco-geographical areas viz.,
Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines and Sri Lanka was made with
some physico-chemical characters (Vanaja and Babu, 2006). The traits showed greater
variability and they classified the genotypes based on grain length, grain width and L/B ratio.
Moeljopawiro (1986) observed positive association of grain width with 100-grain
weight and but negatively or least correlated with grain shape. The observed correlations
indicated that weight of grain was influenced by grain length and width than the L/B ratio.
Similarly, association between grain length and kernel length, grain breadth and kernel
breadth and 1000-grain weight was reported by Sarwar et al. (1999). Wan et al., (2005)
reported significant correlation of grain length and grain width with 100-grain weight and
grain shape.
2.2.2 Segregating populations
Li-Chang Pei et al. (2002) estimated broad sense heritability for grain length, grain
width and grain shape of the interspecific hybrid progenies in F
1
, BC
1
F
1
, BC
1
F
2
, BC
2
F
1
,
BC
2
F
2
, BC
3
F
1
and BC
3
F
2
generations of two cross combinations and heritabilities were
relatively high in both F
2
and BC
1
F
2
but appeared to be lower along with increase in the
number of backcrosses.
Genotypic coefficients of variability, broad sense heritability and genetic advance
under selection were studied in four F
2
generations for eight physiochemical characters of
rice grain (Chauhan and Nanda, 1983). High heritability for alkali digestion, kernel length,
kernel shape indicated scope further improvement of these traits by simple selection in the
segregating populations.
Wan et al. (2004) studied the genetic basis of six appearance quality traits of rice
with a population of 66 chromosome segment substitution lines across eight environments,
transgressive segregation was observed for many traits for which QTLs were identified.
Highly significant correlation was observed between grain length and grain width (-0.297*),
grain length and grain shape (0.766*) grain width and grain shape (-0.835**).
Rabiei et al., (2004b) performed mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling grain
size (grain length and grain width) using SSR markers in 294 F
2
individuals of a cross
between two Iranian cultivars and phenotypic values of the traits studied were significantly
different (P<0.01) between two parents and trait averages were nearer to mid parental
values in both F
1
and F
2
. Traits distributions were continuous and normal confirming
quantitative inheritance of the traits studied. With a view to improving rice grain shape some
of the selection indices were evaluated for genetic parameters of 11 traits and relationship
between agronomic traits and rice grain shape were estimated using correlation coefficients
between the characters. Based on such results it was concluded that grain shape could be
effectively modified through selection in grain length and grain breadth.
The quality characters of rice grain were studied in a population of 247 F2
individuals from the cross between Basmati 370, a superior quality basmati variety and ASD-
16 a non-basmati high yielding variety and segregating pattern of grain length (GL), grain
breadth (GB) cooked grain length and cooked grain breadth was elucidated by Govindaraj et
al., (2005). Except for gelatinisation temperature (GT), all other traits showed normal
distribution indicating the polygenic control over the traits.
The genetic basis of grain characters was examined by comparing two accessions
representing the two sub species (Hagiwara et al., 2006). Each of the six traits showed
continuous variation between the RILs. The relationships among the six traits were
examined by phenotypic correlations; among 15 correlation coefficients seven were
significant. In both seeds and kernels, the breadth and weight were positively correlated.
2.3 SEEDLING VIGOR

2.3.1 Germplasm
High Vigor is a characteristic of high quality seed (Chowdhury and Singh, 2000).
Seed vigor is highly complex phenomenon, it is not a single measurable property like
germination, but a concept for describing several characteristics associated with various
aspects of performance of the seed (Perry, 1981), both in the field (Perry, 1978) and in
storage (Hampton and Coolbear, 1990). Seedling vigor is the ability of plant to emerge
rapidly from soil or water (Heydecker, 1960). Seedling vigor plays a critical role under
direct seeded cultivation of rice. It helps in better plant establishment and successful
competition with weeds. Vigor in rice affects many agronomic characters and grain yield
(Pandey et al., 1989 and Miura et al., 2004).
Shenoy et al. (1990) studied the association of a number of seed related traits with
the field emergence in 51 cultivars of rice. Among those, first and final counts of standard
germination, germination rate, vigor index, germination at 15 C in the presence of nonanoic
acid and amylase activity showed significantly positive correlation with field emergence.
Seed vigor measured as per cent field emergence and vigor related variables, such as
standard germination, rate of germination, vigor index, total dehydrogenase activity, root and
shoot length, seedling dry weight were found to be significantly correlated with field
emergence (Seshu and Dadlani, 1993).
Sharma and Sharma (1993) reported high heritability coupled with high genetic
advance for percent germination, seedling growth rate, three day germination count,
seedling growth rate, leaf area index and 100-grain weight. The percent germination and
seedling dry weight had high heritability and were closely associated with yield. From the
evaluation of twenty-nine rice genotypes, positive correlation was noted for percentage
germination with number of seminal roots, fresh weight and dry weight of seedling and vigor
index (Verma and Singh, 1989). Similar results were observed by Ramadevi (1998) in a
study involving 44 genotypes for early vigor related traits in upland rice. In a study which
involved 83 genotypes, analysis of variance and variability estimates revealed significant
differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied and across all six
ecosystems and four groups (Jhansi et al., 2004).
Based on variability studies involving 155 traditional rain-fed rice cultivars many
donors were identified for grain size and shape characteristics, which could be utilized in
improving yield and its components (Shukla et al. 1996).
Nirala Ramchiary (2001) assessed genetic divergence among 132 indigenous rice
germplasm collection of Western Ghats of Karnataka which revealed high genotypic
coefficient of variation, high heritability as well as expected genetic advance for flag leaf, flag
leaf length, plant height, number of panicles per plant, grain length, grain breadth, length:
breadth ratio, 1000-grain weight, root length, dry weight, grain yield per plant and harvest
index. Similarly, variability for these traits in land races collected from Nizamabad and
Adilabad districts of Andhra Pradesh was reported by Balram et al. (2004) and Sreedhar et
al. (2004), respectively.
Significant amount of variability was observed for vigor related traits viz., final count
of field emergence, vigor index, root length, shoot length, which were positively related
among themselves. High coefficient of variation for vigor index (PCV 36.35% and 34.65%),
root length (29.24% and 28.41%), shoot length (25.30% and 23.66%) was also observed in a
study of upland cultivars for early vigor (Diwan et al., 2004).
Li and Rutger, (1980) noticed moderately high heritability for seedling vigor
indicating a major portion of phenotypic variability was controlled by genes with additive and
additive additive effects. Narrow sense heritability estimated was 57 and 70 per cent for
seedling vigor in F
1
and F
2
.

In the diallel cross, additive and dominance genetic effects were significant, high
seedling vigor showing dominance and over dominance to low vigor. Heritability estimates of
seedling vigor were 57 per cent in the F
1
and 70 per cent in the F
2
. Estimates of genetic
advance were high in crosses of forms having high seedling vigor and with semi-dwarf forms
having low seedling vigor (Li, 1975). Similar results were observed for seedling vigor in a
diallel cross-involving six genotypes and narrow sense heritability was 65.28 per cent (Lee et
al., 1986).
Seedling vigor is important for optimum stand establishment and increasing weed
competitive ability in rice cropping systems and several studies have revealed that
quantitative traits such as seed germination rate and early seedling growth associated with
seedling vigor (Redona and Mackill, 1996b and Cui et al., 2002a). Substantial amount of
genetic variation for seedling vigor was observed in rice including both Japonica and Indica
subspecies (Krishnaswamy and Seshu, 1989, Redona and Mackill, 1996a and Yamauchi
and Winn, 1996).
Genotypic variability and heritability of seedling vigor in rice have been recognized
in a number of studies (Chen et al., 1986, Lee et al., 1986, Sasahara et al., 1986, Redona
and Mackill, 1996a and Mackill and Lei, 1997) and identification of genetic factors for the
trait has been recently attempted by QTL approaches (Redona and Mackill, 1996b, Cui et
al., 2002a, Xu et al., 2004 and Zhang et al., 2004). However, the presumed genomic regions
for seedling vigor varied depending on genetic background of the populations (Zhanga et al.,
2005).

2.4 SEED AND SEEDLING VIGOR
Cereal seedlings begin as heterotrophic, depending totally on food mobilized from
the endosperm, then pass through a transition phase, when photosynthesis commences
while endosperm mobilization continues (Whalley et al., 1966). Finally, seedlings depend
entirely on photosynthesis and become autotrophic. In rice, use of large seeds is
recommended to ensure heavier seedlings (Vergara, 1979, Arraudeau and Vergara, 1988).
Whalley et al. (1966) expressed a similar view, but emphasized that this might be true only
within a seed lot and not between cultivars. Cardwell (1984) observed prominent relationship
between seed size and seedling vigor in smaller seeded species but did not find consistent
relationship in cereals. The relationship between phasic development and seed size is not
established and the efficiency of reserve utilization may also vary with seed size.
Close correlations have been reported between seed size and seedling growth
(Chen et al., 1986, Lafond and Baker, 1986 and Sasahara et al., 1986) indicating that
seedling vigor of the plant is strongly affected by the seed reserve utilization i.e.,
heterotrophic growth. However, the extent to which heterotrophic growth contributes to
genotypic variation of seedling growth has not been quantified and hence the significance of
autotrophic process for the variation is not clear.
The initial growth of rice plant immediately after germination is completely
heterotropic and the autotropic process starts after the establishment of photosynthetically
active organs but the heterotrophic process also continues until the seed reserve is
consumed (Sasaki and Hoskikawa, 1997, Salam et al., 1997, 1999, Asch et al., 1999).
Genetic variation and association of embryo size to seed and seedling vigor was
studied in 67 indica and 38 japonica cultivars, which indicated embryo weight and length to
be larger in japonicas than indica, embryo weight correlated strongly with embryo length,
grain breadth and grain thickness. In indica varieties embryo weight and length were
correlated with seed and seedling vigor (Pandey et al., 1992 and Pandey et al., 1994).
Early development processes in rice seedlings were independent of cultivar and
seed size. Although, seed dry matter loss in proportion to the initial seed dry matter was

significantly higher for larger seeds, the utilization pattern was unaffected by seed size
(Salam et al., 1997 and Teng et al., 1992). This indicated that larger seeds were less
efficient than smaller seeds in utilization of reserves. The seedling growth of 38 rice cultivars
with different seed length, width and weight was measured to determine relative contribution
of these characters to seedling vigor, and seed weight was positively correlated with
seedling leaf area and dry weight but negatively correlated with germination percentage.
This relationship was more clearly demonstrated among cultivars rather than within a single
cultivar. The longer wider and heavier seeds of a given cultivar produced taller seedlings
characterized by larger leaf area and greater dry matter accumulation and seed length and
seed width could be used as selection criteria for seedling vigor but seed weight was the
best selection criteria for vigorous seedling growth, which was also reported in a single
cultivar variation for seed weight and seedling vigor (Roy et al., 1996, Yamauchi and Winn,
1996). Cui et al. (2002b) identified four QTLs for seed size and four QTLs for seedling
characteristics which were seemed to share several similar regions (G359RG532,
C567RG236, RI403R19, C731C405a), respectively suggesting a close association between
seedling characteristics and seed size. Several chromosomal regions influencing seed size
however had no effects on seedling characteristics implying that it is possible to improve
seedling vigor without increasing grain size.
2.5 SEEDLING VIGOR RELATED TRAITS
2.5.1 Germination percentage
Among the many components of seed vigor, rate of germination is recognized as
very important (Pollock and Roos, 1972). Cultivar difference for germination rate was
observed by Krishnasamy and Seshu (1989). Germination rate showed high variability in the
studies conducted by Shenoy et al. (1990).
In an evaluation of 69 cultivars, significant variability was observed for rate of
germination along with high heritability (Subba Rao et al., 1996). Akram et al. (1993)
reported role of additive and non-additive types of gene action in the inheritance of this trait.
However, additive gene effects were more prominent than dominant ones, leading to high
narrow sense heritability.
2.5.2 Root characters
Rao et al. (1985) observed significant differences between medium and long
duration cultivars of rice with respect to root length and root volume of 30 days old
seedlings. OToole and Bland (1987) reviewed the genotypic variations in root system and
reported that plant root systems have the capability of coping with changes in environmental
factors such as water status and temperature. Shashidhar (1990) studied root length, shoot
length, shoot weight and tiller number of traditional lowland rice under stress, Doddynellu,
Devamallige, Byrnellu and Kesara doddi had long and voluminous roots than Jaya, IR-20,
KRH-1 and Rasi. Zuno-Altoveros et al. (1990) studied root volume of some selected upland
and lowland varieties, which indicated positive correlation with root length and shoot length.
Highly significant variation was observed for root length taken on the 14
th
day after
germination in indica types whereas the variability in Japonica types was non-significant for
this character Pandey et al. (1992). Ingram et al. (1995) noticed deeper roots in direct
seeded crop as compared to transplanted crop on transition from non-flooded to flood
periods. Significant genotypic differences for root length were reported by Redona and
Mackill (1996a) and Subba Rao et al. (1996). Price et al. (1997) based on their study in rice
cultivars in hydroponic system reported positive and significant correlation between root
length and root thickness.
2.5.3 Shoot characters
Japanese upland rice varieties were more competitive than lowland varieties. The
competitive superiority of upland varieties was contributed to plant type (vegetative) growing
habitat, vigorous vegetative growth and deep roots was reported under cool temperature

(18
0
C) (Li and Rutger, 1980). Shoot length was positive correlated with fresh weight and dry
weight of seedlings and vigor index (Verma and Singh, 1989 and Shashidhar, 1990).
Seedling shoot length, root length, mesocotyl length, primary leaf length and root to shoot at
a given growth stage are heritable and stable varietal characters and have been used for
characterizing rice genotypes (Shibuya and Oka, 1994, Sivasubramanian and
Ramakrishnan, 1978).
Akram et al. (1993) reported role of additive and non-additive type of gene actions in
inheritance of seedling shoot length. However, additive gene effects were prominent leading
to high narrow sense heritability (67.62%). Despite modest gains through traditional
breeding, difficulty exists in obtaining high level of seedling vigor in modern semi-dwarf
cultivars (McKenzie et al., 1994). According to Redona and Mackill (1996a), heritability value
differed with different populations. Both high (0.80) and low (0.26) heritability values were
obtained in two populations derived from different crosses. Subba Rao et al. (1996) has
reported moderate heritability. The shoot length was good indicator for greenhouse and field
seedling vigor even at higher temperatures. Therefore, it is a useful trait for seedling vigor
geared for warm and tropical conditions.
2.5.4 Seedling dry weight
It is a component of seedling vigor, which is influenced by initial germination level
and the dry matter production and it decreases with decrease in germination level (Reddy et
al., 1996). Sharma et al. (1996) concluded that those varieties having high seedling dry
weight have in built genetic potential to perform better under different temperature and also
have high stability either for germination percentage or for speed of germination. Sharma
and Sharma (1993) mentioned that percent germination and seedling dry weight had high
heritability, which were closely associated with yield. Considerable variation for seedling dry
weight was observed in a study of 12-day-old seedlings of 242 varieties (Chen et al., 1986).
Highly significant differences among indica varieties for seedling dry weight were observed
(Pandey et al., 1992; 1994). Narrow sense heritability of 65.14 per cent was observed by
Lee et al. (1986) High heritability for seedling dry weight by Subba Rao et al., 1996, Redona
and Mackill (1996a). Blanko and Akita (1988) observed heterosis for seedling dry weight in
indica/indica and japonica/japonica crosses but not in japonica/indica crosses, high
heritability and high genetic advance for seedling dry weight was observed and significant
correlation of seedling dry weight with that of vigor index, significant variability for all the
seedling characters indicating sufficient scope for further improvement (Bharati et al., 2004).
Growth of rice seedlings from 2 to 12 DAS was determined in greenhouse. Rice
seed weight was positively associated at 12 DAS, but not with the onset of autotrophy.
Significant differences were observed between cultivars and among early growth traits
observed, dry matter at 12 DAS and RGM seemed to be good indicators of rice
competitiveness (Namuco and Johnson 2006).
2.5.5 Vigor index
Seedling vigor index had high variability and heritability (Ramadevi 1998 and Diwan
et al., 2004). Makhasi (2001) reported high heritability and moderate genetic advance for
vigor index trait in upland rice germplasm. Moderately high heritability was noticed for
seedling vigor, which indicated that a major portion of phenotypic variability was controlled
by genes with additive or additive additive effects (Li and Rutger, 1980). High estimates of
heritability and genetic advance was observed with significant correlation of seed breadth,
100-seed weight, germination (%) and seedling dry weight with vigor index (Bharati et al.,
2004).
2.6 GENETIC DIVERSITY
Genetic resources available for cultivar improvement are abundant with in species.
The ecospecies i.e., japonica, indica and javanica have been generally recognized in O.
sativa (Chang, 1976a and Takahashi, 1984). Their genetic differentiation has been

investigated by morphological and physiological analysis (Matsuo, 1952 and Oka, 1988) and
isozyme analysis (Glaszmann, 1988 and Second, 1982).
Assessment of genetic diversity is important in plant breeding for improvement
through selection. The assessment of genetic variability in natural populations can give new
insights into the evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationships of oryza species and
address issues of cultivar classification and domestication of crop plants (Second 1985 and
Vaughan, 1989). The rice crop is well diversed and has evolved into a tremendously broad
base for genetic diversity as reflected by number of landraces existing today (Jackson,
1995). The land races provide enormous genetic variability for the present day rice
improvement programme (Jackson and Huggan, 1993 and Zhenshan et al., 1996). Though
undomesticated and unadapted germplasm and landraces are phenotypically less desirable,
breeders have long recognized their intrinsic value for the improvement of simply inherited
traits including disease and pest resistance and other useful traits.
Evaluation of genotypes for phenotypic characters based on morphological variation
is supplemented with DNA characterization, which helps in documentation and deployment
of the available genetic variability. Study on the genetic polymorphism provides scientific
basis for the utilization of germplasm resources efficiently in crop improvement. Though, a
range of plant characters are currently available for distinguishing closely related individuals,
their sensitivity to environment and scanty genome coverage hinders their further usage in
breeding. However, most of the morphological markers are undesirable for practical
breeding programme and isozyme markers are limited in number. Even though RFLP
markers were utilized in the polymorphic studies by several workers for distinguishing
genotypes, the use of tightly linked RFLP markers has been outlined for markers assisted
breeding (Tanksley et al., 1989). Compared to RFLPs and isozyme markers RAPDs may
reveal genetic differences with much simpler technologies (Zheng et al., 1991). The RAPD
technique has several advantages over isozyme and other DNA markers, methodologies
such as speed, low cost and use of small amounts of plant material (Huff et al., 1993 and
Heun et al., 1994).
Molecular marker techniques such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (Saiki et
al., 1988) have provided more objective methods for the identification of genotypes. This
technique is based on amplification of targeted sequences of the genomic DNA and may
resolve polymorphism between genotypes. Polymerase chain reaction accounts for the
detection of a new type of genetic marker. Amplification products via PCR from genomic
DNA, using arbitrarily designed short primers have shown polymorphism called Random
Amplified Polymorphism DNAs (RAPDs) (Williams et al., 1990 and Newbury and Ford Lloyd,
1993).
For the assessment of genetic diversity molecular markers have been generally
superior to morphological, pedigree, heterosis and biochemical data (Melchinger et al.,
1991). Genetic diversity is commonly measured by the genetic distance or genetic similarity,
both of which imply that there are either differences or similarities at the genetic level (Weir,
1990) and has the potential for assessing changes in genetic diversity over time and space
(Duwick, 1984).
RAPD analysis has become a popular method for estimating genetic diversity and
relatedness in plant populations, cultivars and germplasm accessions (Huff et al., 1993, Virk
et al., 1995, Ishii et al., 1996, Martin et al., 1997, Buso et al., 1998 and Suh et al., 1997). The
variation within a restricted range of O. sativa, germplasm including Japonica, Indica types
to identify suitable parents for linkage map construction and gene tagging for the traits can
be done. Moreover, variable patterns of amplified products may be used as potential genetic
markers in genome mapping studies (Monna et al., 1994). PCR markers are also useful for
genetic diagnostics and molecular taxonomy studies (Williams et al., 1993) variations of this
technique have been applied to analyse intra and inter specific polymorphism in cereals
(Kolchinsky et al., 1990, Weining and Langridge, 1991, Fukuoka et al., 1992, Ko et al.,
1994a, Yu and Nguyen, 1994 and Yang and Quiros, 1993).
The genetic relationships between rice varieties were analysed by using the

Polymerase chain reaction with 32 arbitrary primers applied to 37 varieties producing 144
useful markers of which 67 per cent were polymorphic. Thus with selected primers sufficient
polymorphism could be detected to allow identification of individual varieties and indicated
that commercial Australian and USA lines and their relatives were closely related with
similarity indices of 88 to 97 per cent. These varieties from distinct geographical locations
produced variety specific amplification profiles and expressed a lower similarity index of 80
per cent to all other varieties tested (Ko et al., 1994b).
RAPD are useful for classification of japonica rice cultivars but many primers will be
needed to resolve closely related rice cultivars; 120 primers were used to study genetic
diversity among 134 predominantly japonica and two wild species, which had 30 bands
showing clear polymorphism (Mackill, 1995). A set of 220 primers were used to distinguish
pair wise combinations of 26 elite cultivars and lines in USA, of which a total of 69 primers
produced 92 polymorphic bands from seven primers were identified that could differentiate
all cultivars (Cao and Oard, 1997). Genetic variation within and between eight natural
populations of 0ryza rufipogon from China and Brazil was investigated initially with 60
primers. Out of which 20 were selected and later analysed with these 95 discriminable DNA
fragments were produced and 78 (82%) were polymorphic, which indicated high levels of
genetic variation existed in these populations (Ge et al., 1999).
A set of 18 accessions from an Indian scented rice collection was subjected to
RAPD analysis with 10 primers, which produced 144 different marker bands, of which 95.1
per cent were polymorphic. A dendrogram displaying the relative genetic similarities
between the accessions showed a range of 25 to 77.5 per cent similarity (Raghunathachari
et al., 2000). Utilizing 36 decamer primer genetic diversity was assessed in 40 cultivated
varieties and 5 wild species (Ravi et al., 2003). A total of 499 RAPD markers were produced
with a polymorphism of 90 per cent.
The genetic organization of aromatic rice in Namdinh province Vietnam was
analysed using 18 RAPD markers detected 38 genotypes among 320 aromatic rice samples
growing 23 sites of farmers, fields and in the experimental field that derived from 13 sites
(Fukuoka et al., 2006). This indicated that DNA markers are an essential means to monitor
the genetic structure of heterogeneous landraces of rice and useful for selection.
Genetic diversity was assessed by RAPD in a unique germplasm of Oryza
granulata, an upland wild rice species which included 23 accessions collected from main
distribution areas worldwide. Twenty decamer primers generated a total of 243 bands with
83.5 per cent being polymorphic which also indicated a high level of O. granulata maintains
a relatively high degree of genetic diversity on the species level (Wei et al., 2006).
A set of 65 local rice accessions and three improved rice varieties were screened to
identify the extent of genetic diversity present at the molecular level using RAPD. Sixteen
primers generated 112 marker levels with 74.1 per cent polymorphism. Dendrogram
constructed based on molecular polymorphism revealed genotypic specific DNA bands for
selected genotypes. These distinct markers have the potential to be used as genetic
fingerprints of future varietal classification and identification (Shivapriya and Shailaja, 2006).

III. MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experiments were conducted at the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding,
College of Agriculture, University of Agriculture Sciences. The material used for the study and
the methods followed are presented in this chapter.
3.1 MATERIAL
3.1.1 Germplasm
Material comprised of 46 germplasm lines of rice which included 30 upland landraces
and 16 improved cultivars (Table 1) selected from the germplasm maintained at Agricultural
Research Station, Mugad of University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad.
Two
F3
populations namely BPT5204/467 and BPT5204/Dodiga generated/developed
with two high vigour genotypes (Antarsali and Dodiga) as male parents, which are the land
races widely cultivated in upland condition, where weed and moisture stress are the major
problems. The female parent, Samba Mahsuri (BPT5204) a low vigour genotype, which is late
maturing, high yielding, good quality with respect to appearance and cooking quality.
Segregating material comprised of 225 F
3
families in each population.
3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE OBSERVATIONS
3.2.1 Seed traits
Seed samples of germplasm/F
3
families were assessed for morphometric characters
namely grain length and grain width by using micrometer. In each genotype two replicates of
10 seeds each were used for recording these measurements, besides 100-grain weight was
also recorded.
Grain length
Seed length was measured as the distance from the base of the lower most sterile
lemma to the tip of lemma or palea. In case of awned genotypes length was measured to a
point comparable to the tip of the apiculus. The mean length of seed was expressed in
millimeter. Based on seed length genotypes were classified as follows (Rosta, 1975).
Short : <7.5 mm
Medium : 7.5 9.0 mm
Long : 9.0 10.0 mm
Grain width
Seed width was measured as the distance across lemma and palea at the widest
point and the mean seed width was expressed in millimeter. Based on seed width, the
genotypes were categorized as narrow (1.9 2.2 mm), medium (2.3 2.8 mm) and
broad (>2.8 mm) (Ramaiah and Rao, 1953).
Grain shape
Based on length to width ratio, the genotypes were grouped into following four
categories according to SES (IRRI, 1996).
1. Slender : Over 3.0

2. Medium : 2.1 to 3.0
3. Bold : 1.1 to 2.0
4. Round : <1.1
100-grain weight
Two replications of hundred seeds from each sample were counted randomly and
weighed up to two decimal places. The mean 100-grain weight was expressed in grams and
genotypes were classified into three groups (Bhattacharya and Sowbhagya, 1980).
Light : 12 18 g
Medium : 18 23 g
Heavy : >23 g
3.2.2 SEEDLING TRAITS:
Seed samples of germplasm/F
3
families were treated with dry heat at 50
0
C for four
days to eliminate residual dormancy. Two replications of 10 seeds for each sample or all
genotypes were tested for germination by paper towel method as per ISTA (1996). The rolled
towels were incubated at 25 + 3
0
C and at the end of 10
th
day and 14
th
day, normal seedlings
from each replication were taken and seedling characters namely root length and shoot length
were measured and ratio of root to shoot was computed.
Germination percentage
At 10
th
day the normal seedlings were counted from paper towel test and considered
as germinated seeds from among the seeds kept for germination and percentage germination
was calculated.

Germination percentage = 100
Root length
The length of the roots was measured from collar region down to the tip of the longest
root of each seedling and the average was expressed in centimeters.
Shoot length
The length of shoot was measured from collar region to the tip of top most leaf of
each seedling and the average was expressed in centimeter.
Seedling Height
Seedling height was measured from tip of the top most leaf to the tip of the longest
root of each seedling and the average was expressed in centimeter. Seedling height at 10
th

day and 14
th
day of each seedling were measured and expressed in centimeter after 10 and
14 DAS, respectively.
Seedling dry weight
The seedlings used for measuring root and shoot length on 14
th
day were dried in hot
air oven to constant weight and weighed. The total weight of seedlings in milligrams divided
No. of seeds germinated

Total No. of seeds kept for germination

by number of seedlings gave average weight of each seedling, which was expressed in
milligrams per seedling.
Vigour index
Vigour index was calculated by multiplication of the germination percentage with
seedling dry weight.
VI = Germination percentage seedling dry weight (mg/seedling)
3.3 GENETIC DIVERSITY IN GERMPLASM
3.3.1 DNA isolation
DNA was extracted based on a previously reported cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
(CTAB) method (Saghai-Maroof et al., 1984) with some modification. Leaves were ground to
fine powder in the presence of liquid nitrogen and transferred to a sterile tube containing
9 ml of preheated (65C) 2 CTAB extraction buffer (100 mM Tris-HCL buffer pH 8, 700 mM
NaC1, 20 mM ethylene di-aminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) pH 8, 2 per cent hexadecyltrimety1
ammonium bromide, 1 per cent b-mercaptoethanol and 1 per cent sodium
bisulphate). 200 mg polyvinylpyrrolidone 10 per g of leaf tissue was added and mixed gently.
The contents were incubated for 90 min at 65C in a water bath with occasional
shaking during incubation. The tubes were kept for 10 min to allow them to return to
room temperature. An equal quantity (9 ml) of chloroform and amyl alcohol solution,
prepared in a ratio of 24:1, was added t the tubes and they were centrifuged at 8000 rpm at
4C for 20 min. The aqueous phase was transferred to a clean tube and the chloroform and
amyl solution step was repeated. Nucleic acids were precipitated by adding 0.6 ml chilled
isoprpanol to the aqueous phase and incubating at -20C for 20 min. The DNA was hooked
out and transferred to a new sterile tube containing 2 ml of T
50
E
10
buffer (50 ml T
50
E
10
+ 1 ml
Rnase 10 mg/ml) and left overnight at room temperature. Phenol, chloroform,
and amyl alcohol, prepared in a ratio of 25:24:1 was added to the tube and mixed gently and
the tube was centrifuged at 8000 rpm at 10
0
C. The clear phase was once again cleaned
using another phenol, chloroform and amyl alcohol solution, then washed and spin at 2
0
C
.

The precipitate was removed and washed with 2 ml of 0.2 m sodium acetate in 76 per cent
alcohol for 1 min. The DNA pellet was further washed with 70 per cent alcohol for 30 min and
centrifuged again. The tubes were allowed to drain and dried at room temperature for
2 to 3 hr, then resuspended in 200 to 500 l of Tris EDTA buffer. The quality and
concentration of DNA was assessed by a spectrophotometer and by gel electrophoresis using
0.8 per cent agarose with known concentration of uncut lambda DNA.
3.3.2 Polymerase chain reaction
3.3.2.1 Requirements for polymerase chain reaction
1. Random primers : Commercial kits of random decamer DNA primers were obtained from
Operon Technologies Inc. Alamedas, USA.A total of 23 random primers were used for
the assay. The sequence details of the primers are presented in the Table 2.
2. dNTPs : the four DNTPs viz., dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP were obtained from M/s
Bangalore Genei Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore.
3. Taq DNA polymerase : Taq DNA polymerase and 10x Taq assay buffer were obtained
from M/s Bangalore Genei Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore.

3.3.3 Preparation of the master mix for the PCR
Master mix was prepared for the 46 tubes by mixing different components in the
proportion as shown in Table 3. The master mix was distributed to 46 tubes (19 l/tube) and 1
1 of template DNA from the respective genotypes was added making the final volume of 20
1.
3.3.4 The thermo profile for PCR
The thermo profile for the PCR reaction was set as shown in Table 4. After the
completion of the PCR, the products were stored at -4
0
C

until the get-electrophoresis was
done.
3.3.5 Agarose Gel electrophoresis
The PCR product was mixed with 2 1 of loading dye (Bromophenol blue) and was
loaded in 1.4 per cent agarose gel 1x TAE buffer containing Ethidium bromide. Gel was run at
90 volts. The gel was photographed by using documentation system (Uvitech, Cambridge,
England).
3.3.6 Scoring the amplified fragment
The amplified fragments were scored as 1 for the presence and 0 for the
absence of a band generating the 0 and 1 matrix.
3.4 STATISTICAL METHODS
The mean data on different characters collected on germplasm and F
3
families was
subjected to the following statistical analyses.
3.4.1 Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
The analysis of variance for different characters was carried out using the mean data
in order to partition variability due to different sources by following Panse and Sukhatme
(1961).
Source of variation d.f. M.S.S.
Expected value of
M.S.S.
Replication (r) r-1 M
1
-
Genotypes (g) g-1 M
2

e
2
+ r
g
2

Error (r-1) (g-1) M
3

e
2

Total (rg-1) M
1
+

M
2
+

M
3

3.4.2 Estimation of genetic parameters
In order to assess and quantify the genetic variability among the genotypes for the
characters under study, the following parameters were estimated as given below.
i. Estimation of variance components

Table 2: List of primers used for RAPD analysis

Sl. No. Primer Sequence (5' 3')
1. OPA-11 CAA TCG CCG T
2. OPA-12 TCG GCG ATA G
3. OPA-15 TGC CGA GCT G
4. OPA-18 GGG TAA CGC C
5. OPA-20 GTT GCG ATC C
6. OPAG-03 TGC GGG AGT G
7. OPB-11 GTA GAC CCG T
8. OPC-06 GAA CGG ACT C
9. OPC-09 CTC ACC GTC C
10. OPC-15 GAC GGA TCA G
11. OPE-11 GCG TCT CAG G
12. OPF-09 CCA AGC TTC C
13. OPH-04 GGA AGT CGC C
14. OPH-19 CTG ACC AGC C
15. OPK-09 CCC TAC CGA C
16. OPK-14 CCC GCT ACA C
17. OPL-17 AGC CTG AGC C
18. OPL-18 ACC ACC CAC C
19. OPM-03 GGG GGA TGA G
20. OPM-12 GGG ACG TTG G
21. OPN-04 GAC CGA CCC A
22. OPV-15 AGT CGC CCT T
23. OPV-16 GGG CCA ATG T

Table 3: Components of master mix

Components Quality (1/tube)
10x assay buffer 2
dNTPS (10 mM) 1
Primer (5 mM) 1
Taq DNA polymerase 0.33
Nanopure water 14.67

Table 4: Thermo profile for the PCR

Sl. No.
Step
Temperature
(
0
C)
Duration (min) No. of cycles
1. Denaturation 94 5 1
2. Denaturation 94 2
Annealing 36 1
Primer extension 72 2
37
3. Final extension 72 10 1
4. Dump 4

Phenotypic and genotypic variances were estimated using the following formula.
Genotypic variance (
g
2
) = =

Phenotypic variance (
p
2
) =
g
2
+ MSS error = + M
3

ii. Coefficient of variability
Both genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variability were computed as per the
method suggested by Burton and Devane (1953).
a) Genotypic coefficient of variability (GCV)

GCV = 100

b) Phenotypic coefficient of variability (PCV)

GCV = 100

Where,
g
2
= Genotypic variance
p
2
= Phenotypic variance
X = Mean of the characters
The GCV and PCV values were classified as described by Sivasubramanian and
Menon (1973).
GCV and PCV values Classification
0 10 Low
10 20 Medium
20 and above High

iii. Heritability
Heritability in broad sense was computed as the ratio of genetic variance to the total
phenotypic variance as suggested by Hanson et al. (1956) and expressed as percentage.

MSS (genotypes) MSS (error)

No. of replications
M
2
M
3

r
M
2
M
3

r

g
2

X

p
2

X
g
2

p
2

h
2
= 100
Where,
g
2
= Genotypic variance
p
2
= Phenotypic variance
Heritability estimates were classified into low, moderate and high by following Hanson
et al. (1956).
Heritability Classification
0 30 Low
30 60 Medium
60 and above High

iv. Genetic advance (GA)
Genetic advance was estimated by using the formula given by Johnson et al. (1955).
GA = h
2
k
p

Where,
h
2
= Heritability estimate
k = Selection differential which is equal to 2.06 at 5% intensity of selection (Lush,
1949)
p
= Phenotypic standard deviation
v. Genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM)

GAM = 100
Where,
X = General mean of the character
Classification of GAM is as follows (Johnson et al., 1955)
GAM Classification
0 10 Low
10 20 Medium
20 and above High
3.4.3 Association analysis
GA
X

The correlation coefficients were worked out to determine the degree of association
among different characters.
Phenotypic correlations were computed by using the formula given by Weber and
Moorthy (1952).
r
p
=
Where,
r
g
= Genotypic correlation
Cov X
g
Y
g
= Genotypic covariance between the characters X and Y
X
2
g
and Y
2
g
= Genotypic variance of the characters X' and Y, respectively
Both genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients were compared against table
r-values given in Fisher and Yates (1963) table at (n-2) degrees of freedom at the probability
levels of 0.05 and 0.01 to test their significance.
3.4.4 Path coefficient analysis
Path coefficient analysis was carried out for germplasm/F
3
families to know the direct
and indirect effects of the four seed traits namely 100 gwt, GL, GW and GS on
seedling traits namely RL10, RL14, SL10, SL14, SDWT and VI as suggested by Wright
(1921) and illustrated by Dewey and Lu (1959).
Path coefficients were obtained by solving the simultaneous equations, which
express the basic relationship between correlations and path coefficients. The equations were
as follows.
r
1
, y = P
1
, y + r
1
,
2
P
2
, y + r
1
,
3
P
3
, y +..+ r
1
,
7
P
7
, y
r
2
, y = P
2
, y + r
2
,
1
P
1
, y + r
2
,
3
P
3
, y +..+ r
2
,
7
P
7
, y
r
3
, y = P
3
, y + r
3
,
1
P
1
, y + r
3
,
2
P
2
, y +..+ r
3
,
7
P
7
, y

r
6
, y = P
6
, y + r
6
,
2
P
1
, y + r
6
,
2
P
2
, y +..+ r
6
,
6
P
6
, y
Where, r
1
, y to r
6
, y denote the correlation coefficients between independent
characters 1 to 6 and dependent characters y, r
1
, 2 to r
5
, 6 denote the correlation
coefficients between all possible combinations of independent characters. P
1
, y to P
6
, y
denote the effects of characters 1 to 6 on character y.
3.4.5 Duncans Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
The means for different traits in experiment I were subjected to Duncans Multiple
Range Test (DMRT) using MSTAT C Software to know the significant differences among the
accessions in the germplasm.
3.4.6 Genetic diversity
The polymorphic information content (PIC) (Bolstein et al., 1980) of the primer was
estimated by,
Cov X
p
Y
p

X
2
p
Y
2
p

ABBREVIATIONS
DAS - Days after seeding
GWT - 100-Grain weight
GL - Grain length
GW - Grain width
GS - Grain shape (length to width ratio)
GERM - Germination percentage
RL 10 - Root length at 10
th
DAS
SL 10 - Shoot length at 10
th
DAS
SH 10 - Seedling height at 10
th
DAS
RL 14 - Root length at 14
th
DAS
SL 14 - Shoot length at 14
th
DAS
SH 14 - Seedling height at 14
th
DAS
SDWT - Seedling dry weight
VI - Vigor index
RAPD - Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA
QTLs - Quantitative trait loci
PCV - Phenotypic coefficient of variance
GCV - Genotypic coefficient of variance
GAM - Genetic advance over mean
COV - Coefficient of variation

k-1 k
PIC =2 P
i
P
j
(1- P
i
P
j
)
i =1 j=i+1
Where, P
i
= Frequency of i
th
allele
K = Number of alleles
Pair wise genetic similarity (Sij) between genotypes was estimated using Dice
similarity coefficient (Okuno et al., 1998). Clustering was done using symmetric matrix of
similarity coefficient. A dendrogram was constructed based Sij values using clustering
technique of unweighted pair group arithmetic mean (UPGMA) using SHAN module of
NTSYSpc version 2.0 (Rohlf, 1998).

IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
4.1 GERMPLASM
4.1.1 Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
The germplasm showed highly significant variation for all the seed traits (100-grain
weight, grain length, grain width and grain shape (length to breadth ratio)) and early vigor
related traits viz., germination percentage, root length, shoot length, seedling dry weight,
seedling height and vigor index (Table 5).
4.1.2 Components of variance
4.1.2.1 Seed traits
High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were observed for 100-grain
weight (20.50 and 20.74) and grain shape (21.01 and 21.26) coupled with high heritability
(97.70 and 97.60) and genetic advance (41.64 and 42.81), respectively (Fig. 1).
GCV and PCV were moderate for grain width coupled with high heritability and
genetic advance. But, it was low for grain length with high heritability and moderate genetic
advance (Table 6).
4.1.2.2 Seedling traits
The magnitude of variance as revealed by GCV and PCV were high for shoot length
at 10
th
DAS (29.87 and 30.40) followed by, vigor index and seedling dry weight and moderate
for shoot length at 14
th
, root length at 14
th
, root length at 10
th
, seedling height at 10
th
and 14
th

DAS. But, it was low with respect to germination percentage (Table 6).
Heritability estimates were high for all the seedling characters ranging from 81.90 to
96.60 but was moderate with respect to germination percentage (38.80%). Genetic advance
was high for all the traits except for Seedling height at 14
th
day (moderate) and germination
percentage (low) (Fig. 1).
4.1.3 Seed morphology
Germplasm was grouped into different classes based on 100-grain weight, grain
length, grain width and grain shape to facilitate identification of genotypes based on their
grain characters and the results are presented in (Table 7).
100-Grain weight
Grain weight varied from 1.47(BPT-5204) to 3.47 (Udursali) and the germplasm was
classified into three groups namely light (7 genotypes), medium (7 genotypes) and heavy (32
genotypes) grained types. Root and shoot length did not differ significantly between the
groups where as wide range was observed within each group. But for seedling dry weight
significant differences were observed between as well as within groups. Seedling dry weight
varied between the groups with higher value in the heavy grain types and lower value in light
grain types.
Grain length
The seed length ranged from 6.90 to 10.27mm. The genotypes were classified into
three groups namely short (5genotypes), medium (31 genotypes) and long (10 genotypes)
grained types. Simultaneously the root length, shoot length and seedling dry weight were also
compared among these genotypes. Based on mean values these groups did not differ for root

Table 5: ANOVA of variance for early vigor related traits in germplasm of upland rice

Characters d.f.
100-grain
weight (g)
Grain
length
(mm)
Grain
width
(mm)
Grain
shape
GERM
(%)
RL10
(cm)
SL10
cm)
SH 10
(cm)
RL14
(cm)
SL14
(cm)
SH 14
(cm)
SDWT
(mg)
Vigour index
Genotype 45 0.572** 1.033** 0.427** 1.097** 112.012** 7.344** 24.684** 25.856** 9.032** 15.223** 23.689** 2570.52** 219608.89**
Error 45 0.007 0.016 0.003 0.013 49.347 0.683 0.429 1.341 0.776 0.816 1.618 68.77 21874.489
CV (%) 3.141 1.481 2.338 3.282 8.189 6.03 5.621 4.566 5.655 5.503 3.976 5.01 10.429

** - Significant at 1% level of probability by F test

Table 6: Mean, range and genetic parameters for early vigor related traits in germplasm

Character Mean Minimum Maximum GCV PCV Heritability GAM COV CD 1%
100-grain weight (g) 3.50 2.04 5.57 21.01 21.26 97.60 42.81 3.28 0.309
Grain length (mm) 2.59 1.47 3.47 20.50 20.74 97.70 41.64 3.14 0.219
Grain width (mm) 8.42 6.90 10.27 8.47 8.60 97.00 17.22 1.48 0.335
Grain shape 2.49 1.63 3.93 18.48 18.63 98.40 37.76 2.34 0.157
Germination (%) 85.78 62.50 820.83 6.53 10.47 38.80 8.38 8.19 18.894
RL10 (cm) 13.71 9.24 16.97 13.32 14.62 83.00 24.95 6.03 2.223
SL10 (cm) 11.66 5.24 19.46 29.87 30.40 96.60 60.48 5.62 1.762
SH 10 (cm) 25.36 16.34 34.43 13.80 14.54 90.10 27.01 4.57 3.114
RL14 (cm) 15.58 10.50 19.53 13.04 14.22 84.20 24.65 5.66 2.369
SL14 (cm) 16.42 9.74 20.56 16.34 17.24 89.80 31.91 5.50 2.431
SH 14 (cm) 32.00 24.52 38.21 10.38 11.12 87.20 19.97 3.98 3.421
SDWT (mg) 165.53 93.91 236.50 21.37 21.95 94.80 42.85 5.01 22.305
Vigour index 1418.14 100.00 2116.67 22.17 24.50 81.90 41.33 10.43 397.792

0
10
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(
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Characters
GCV
PCV
Heritability
GAM
COV
Fig. 1: Components of variance of early vigor related traits in upland rice germplasm

Fig. 1: Components of variance of early vigor related traits in upland rice germplasm

Plate 2. Variability for root and shoot characters in the upland rice germplasm

Table 7: Classification of grain into different classes based on physical characters in germplasm

Grain weight classification
No. of genotypes Mean RL10 (cm) RL14 (cm) SL10 (cm) SL14 (cm) SDWT (mg)
Groups RL10 RL14 SL10 SL14 SDWT Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max
Light (12 - 18 g) 7 13.17 15.42 10.46 14.52 114.38 11.11 14.59 13.03 17.92 5.24 14.22 9.74 16.44 93.91 135.53
Medium (18 - 23 g) 7 11.65 13.58 11.82 16.04 138.31 9.24 15.16 10.50 17.36 6.89 14.88 11.72 18.52 113.36 165.44
Heavy (> 23 g) 32 14.27 16.05 11.88 16.92 182.68 9.75 16.97 11.95 19.53 5.95 19.46 12.31 20.56 142.75 236.50

Grain length classification (Rosta 1975)
Short (<7.5mm) 5 13.16 14.71 11.16 14.58 141.11 11.11 14.41 14.3 15.2 5.24 15.97 9.74 17.85 93.91 213.33
Medium (7.5 - 9.0 mm) 31 13.79 15.91 11.65 16.46 165.04 9.24 16.97 11.27 19.53 5.95 19.46 11.72 20.56 102.27 223
Long (9.0 - 10.0 mm) 10 13.73 14.98 11.68 17.24 179.27 9.46 16.88 10.5 18.27 6.59 17.27 12.31 19.65 124.25 236.5

Grain width classification (Ramaiah & Roa, 1953)
Narrow (1.9 - 2.2 mm) 15 12.41 14.33 11.34 15.31 126.95 9.24 14.59 11.97 14.63 5.24 17.27 9.74 19.26 93.91 163.91
Medium (2.3 - 2.8 mm) 21 14.07 15.85 11.92 16.69 179.21 9.75 16.97 11.95 18.28 5.95 19.46 12.35 20.39 148.59 236.50
Broad (>2.8 mm) 10 14.88 16.87 11.58 17.55 194.69 12.90 16.42 14.40 19.53 8.79 18.01 14.16 20.56 149.50 223.00

Grain shape (L/W ratio) classification (IRRI, SESR,1996)
Slender (>3.0) 34 13.38 15.07 11.89 16.35 157.81 9.24 16.97 10.50 18.27 5.24 19.46 9.74 20.39 93.91 236.50
Medium (2.1 - 3.0) 12 14.63 17.01 10.99 16.63 187.44 12.90 16.42 14.40 19.53 6.67 18.01 12.92 20.56 149.50 217.61
Bold (1.1 -2.0)
Round (<1.1)

length and shoot length but wider range was observed within each group. Meanwhile
seedling dry weight varied between the groups with higher value in the long grain types and
lower value in short grain types.
Grain width
Grain width ranged from 1.63 to 3.93 mm. and the classification has led to three
categories namely narrow, medium and broad grained types with 15, 21 and 10 genotypes,
respectively. The mean root and shoot length was low in narrow and slightly higher in medium
and broad grain types. But, all the categories differed with respect to seedling dry weight with
minimum value recorded by narrow and maximum by broad types. However wide variation
existed for shoot and root length and seedling dry weight within all the groups.
Grain shape
Based on grain shape germplasm could be classified into only two categories namely
slender (34 genotypes) and medium (12 genotypes) grained types out of possible four types.
The mean for shoot and root length was on par, but the seedling dry weight was higher in
slender as compared to medium types. Considerable range was observed for root length and
shoot length within each group.
4.1.4 Association studies
4.1.4.1 Seed traits
Genotypic and phenotypic correlations for seed traits in germplasm were estimated
where 100-grain weight had positive correlation with grain length and grain width but the
magnitude of association was high with grain width. Grain shape was negatively associated
with 100-grain weight and grain width, but positively associated with grain length (Table 8a
and 8b).
4.1.4.2 Seedling characters
Genotypic and phenotypic correlation among seedling traits namely germination
percentage, root length, shoot length and seedling height (measured at different stages viz.,
10
th
DAS and 14
th
DAS), seedling dry weight and vigor index are presented in Table (8a and
8b)
Association was positive and significant in root and shoot length recorded at different
stages (10
th
and 14
th
DAS) in germplasm. The association was negative between root and
shoot length but root and shoot length at different stages were associated positively with
seedling height. Root length, shoot length and seedling height (both at 10
th
and 14
th
DAS)
except for shoot length at 10
th
DAS were associated positively with seedling dry weight and
vigor index (Fig. 2a and 2b).
4.1.4.3 Seed and seedling traits
100-grain weight and grain width had positive association with all seedling traits
except shoot length at 10
th
day and higher values were observed with seedling dry weight and
vigor index followed by other traits. Grain length had positive correlation with seedling dry
weight and vigor index but not with other seedling traits (Fig. 2a and 2b). Grain shape (L/B)
correlated negatively with all the seedling traits except shoot length at 10
th
DAS Table 8a and
8b.

Table 8a: Genotypic correlations of early seedling vigor related traits in germplasm

Characters
100-
grain
weight
(g)
Grain
length
(mm)
Grain
width
(mm)
Grain
shape
GERM
(%)
RL10
(cm)
SL10
(cm)
SH 10
(cm)
RL14
(cm)
SL14
(cm)
SH 14
(cm)
SDWT
(mg)
Vigour
index
100-grain weight (g) 1
Grain length (mm) 0.399** 1
Grain width (mm) 0.721** -0.100 1
Grain shape -0.501** 0.458** -0.895** 1
Germination (%) -0.057 -0.008 -0.124 0.145 1
RL10 (cm) 0.581** 0.090 0.625** -0.557** 0.155 1
SL10 (cm) 0.190 0.047 -0.089 0.099 -0.123 -0.252 1
SH 10 (cm) 0.491** 0.094 0.238 -0.192 -0.042 0.271 0.863** 1
RL14 (cm) 0.393** -0.049 0.599** -0.582** 0.075 0.878** -0.537** -0.076 1
SL14 (cm) 0.458** 0.285 0.307 -0.115 -0.299 0.198 0.657** 0.757** -0.027 1
SH 14 (cm) 0.610** 0.200 0.614** -0.449** -0.196 0.697** 0.203 0.565** 0.590** 0.791** 1
SDWT (mg) 0.914** 0.367** 0.750** -0.534** -0.120 0.691** 0.045 0.406** 0.557** 0.430** 0.688** 1
Vigour index 0.897** 0.365** 0.709** -0.488** 0.209 0.727** 0.007 0.386** 0.571** 0.326 0.612** 0.945** 1

** - Significant at 1% level of probability by F test r value at 1 % = o.354

-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
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Characters
100-grain weight (g) Grain length (mm) Grain width (mm) Grain shape Germination (%)
RL10 (cm) SL10 (cm) SH 10 (cm) RL14 (cm) SL14 (cm)
SH 14 (cm) SDWT (mg) Vigour index
Fig. 2a: Genotypic correlations among early seedling vigor related traits in upland rice germplasm
r = 0.354
r = 0.354

Fig. 2a: Genotypic correlations among early seedling vigor related traits in upland rice germplasm

Table 8b: Phenotypic correlations of early seedling vigor related traits in germplasm

Characters
100-
grain
weight
(g)
Grain
length
(mm)
Grain
width
(mm)
Grain
shape
GERM
(%)
RL10
(cm)
SL10
(cm)
SH 10
(cm)
RL14
(cm)
SL14
(cm)
SH 14
(cm)
SDWT
(mg)
Vigour
index
100-grain weight (g) 1
Grain length (mm) 0.392** 1
Grain width (mm) 0.711** -0.093 1
Grain shape -0.493** 0.456** -0.893** 1
Germination (%) -0.063 -0.002 -0.103 0.114 1
RL10 (cm) 0.506** 0.080 0.562** -0.501** 0.172 1
SL10 (cm) 0.180 0.047 -0.082 0.093 -0.071 -0.209 1
SH 10 (cm) 0.448** 0.088 0.226 -0.183 0.025 0.342 0.847** 1
RL14 (cm) 0.346 -0.037 0.538** -0.516** 0.116 0.840** -0.478** -0.003 1
SL14 (cm) 0.420** 0.273 0.291 -0.111 -0.140 0.187 0.638** 0.715** -0.022 1
SH 14 (cm) 0.550** 0.195 0.567** -0.410** -0.039 0.672** 0.210 0.567** 0.605** 0.783** 1
SDWT (mg) 0.880** 0.352** 0.726** -0.515** -0.054 0.608** 0.053 0.381** 0.477** 0.408** 0.622** 1
Vigour index 0.790** 0.327 0.624** -0.425** 0.400** 0.631** 0.014 0.356** 0.486** 0.310 0.549** 0.889** 1

** - Significant at 1% level of probability by F test r value at 1 % = o.354

-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
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Characters
100-grain weight (g) Grain length (mm) Grain width (mm) Grain shape
Germination (%) RL10 (cm) SL10 (cm) SH 10 (cm)
RL14 (cm) SL14 (cm) SH 14 (cm) SDWT (mg)
Vigour index
Fig. 2b: Phenotypic correlations among early seedling vigor related traits in upland rice germplasm
r = 0.354
r = 0.354
Fig. 2b: Phenotypic correlations among early seedling vigor related traits in upland rice germplasm

4.2 SEGREGATING POPULATIONS
4.2.1 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
The analysis of variance revealed significant differences for germination per cent, 100
grain weight, grain length, grain width, grain shape, root length, shoot length, seedling height,
seedling dry weight and vigor index in both the F
3
populations viz., BPT5204/A67 and
BPT5204/Dodiga (Table 9a and 9b).
4.2.1 Components of Variance
The estimates of range, mean, genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variability of
F
3
populations indicated substantial range of variation as presented in Table 10a and 10b.
The means of BPT 5204 for all the parameters were significantly low as compared to
A-67 and Dodiga. The mean for grain length, grain width and 100-grain weight were
comparable and were on par in both the populations. But, higher mean was observed for
grain shape (3.09) in BPT5204/A67 as compared to BPT5204/Dodiga (2.85). The mean
values fell in the range of parental values for grain characters.
Mean of seedling traits in both the F
3
populations were within the parental range and
for most of the characters the mean values were on par when compared between populations
at 10
th
DAS but differed at 14
th
DAS for root length (15.04 and 16.28cm), Shoot length (13.87
and 15.08cm), seedling dry weight (126.29 and 139.36mg) and vigor index (1178.70 and
1305.57) in BPT5204/A67 and BPT5204/Dodiga, respectively indicating higher values in
BPT5204/Dodiga than BPT5204/A67. The range was wider and beyond the parents for all the
parameters in both the populations but none of the F
3
families recorded higher values for
seedling dry weight and vigor index than A-67 and Dodiga in both the populations.
4.2.2.1 Seed traits
The magnitude of variation as revealed by GCV and PCV indicated ample variability
for seedling characters but not for seed characters, which was low for grain length, grain
width, L/B ratio (4.30 7.51) and was moderate for 100 grain weight (10.29 11.54) in the
two populations.
Heritability estimates were high (80.70 95.80) for all seed traits in both the
populations. Genetic advance was high for 100-grain weight (20.94 and 22.11) and grain
length recorded low genetic advance (8.14 and 9.07) in both the populations (Fig. 3a and 3b).
It was moderate for grain width (12.28) and grain shape (14.76) in BPT5204/Dodiga as
compared to BPT5204/A-67 (9.46, 8.74).
Among the seedling characters, high GCV and PCV were observed for shoot length
at 10
th
day in BPT5204/A-67 (20.41 and 21.01) and BPT5204/Dodiga (20.32 and 21.35),
while it was moderate (10.21 19.30) for other traits viz., root length (10
th
and 14
th
DAS),
seedling height at 10
th
DAS, shoot length at 14
th
DAS and vigor index but seedling dry weight
and seedling height at 14
th
DAS which showed low to moderate (8.96 13.73) values in the
two populations (Fig. 3a and 3b).
High (65.90 86.90) heritability values were recorded for all seedling characters
except germination percentage (54.40 and 60.00), which was moderate in both the
populations.
Genetic advance was high for shoot length at 10
th
DAS (36.96 and 29.95), followed
by root length at 10
th
DAS (28.56 and 34.58), vigor index, root and shoot length at 14
th
DAS
and seedling height at 10
th
DAS. It was moderate for germination percentage (15.22 and

Table 9a: ANOVA for early seedling vigor related traits in parents and F
3

df
100-grain
weight (g)
Grain
length
(mm)
Grain
width
(mm)
Grain
shape
Germinatio
n (%)
RL10
(cm)
SL10 (cm) SH 10 (cm) RL14 (cm) SL14 (cm) SH 14 (cm)
SDWT
(mg)
Vigour
index
Genotype 224 0.078** 0.226** 0.029** 0.049** 247.602** 10.136** 9.773** 17.027** 11.266** 6.566** 16.157** 300.132** 70192**
Error 224 0.002 0.018 0.002 0.005 73.152 1.409 0.773 2.514 1.578 1.028 2.731 24.623 14310.2
CV (%) 2.146 1.809 1.624 2.338 9.173 9.065 8.046 6.600 8.353 7.312 5.717 4.962 10.149

** - Significant at 1% level of probability by F test F Value 1% = 1.366

Table 9b: ANOVA for early seedling vigor related traits in parents and F
3

df
100-grain
weight (g)
Grain
length
(mm)
Grain
width
(mm)
Grain
shape
Germinatio
n (%)
RL10
(cm)
SL10 (cm) SH 10 (cm) RL14 (cm) SL14 (cm) SH 14 (cm)
SDWT
(mg)
Vigour
index
Genotype 224 0.111** 0.242** 0.052** 0.089** 243.984** 13.240** 6.587** 27.679** 14.366** 11.487** 31.036** 453.996** 96982**
Error 224 0.005 0.011 0.001 0.003 59.627 0.925 0.767 2.102 2.519 2.057 6.045 92.888 19954.8
CV (%) 3.239 1.351 1.471 1.763 8.257 6.973 8.379 5.981 9.747 9.509 7.838 6.916 10.819

** - Significant at 1% level of probability by F test F Value @ 1% = 1.366

Table 10a: Mean, range and genetic parameters for early seedling vigor related traits in F
3

BPT-5204 Antarsali
Characters BPT-5204 A-67 Mean MIN MAX GCV PCV Heritability GAM
100-grain weight (g) 1.56 2.89 1.90 1.37 2.67 10.29 10.51 95.80 20.49
Grain length (mm) 7.56 8.27 7.50 6.50 8.45 4.30 4.66 84.90 8.14
Grain width (mm) 1.96 2.61 2.43 2.16 2.73 4.85 5.11 89.90 9.46
Grain shape 3.85 3.17 3.09 2.62 3.48 4.78 5.32 80.70 8.74
Germination (%) 90.00 100.00 93.24 50.00 100.00 10.02 13.58 54.40 15.22
RL10 (cm) 10.36 14.53 13.09 7.37 19.88 15.95 18.35 75.60 28.56
SL10 (cm) 5.86 12.99 10.93 6.86 18.42 19.41 21.01 85.30 36.96
SH 10 (cm) 16.22 27.52 24.02 15.08 33.25 11.21 13.01 74.30 19.90
RL14 (cm) 13.45 16.38 15.04 8.84 24.93 14.63 16.85 75.40 26.20
SL14 (cm) 9.34 18.62 13.87 7.69 19.34 12.00 14.05 72.90 21.13
SH 14 (cm) 22.78 35.00 28.91 16.84 35.90 8.96 10.63 71.10 15.57
SDWT (mg) 105.50 180.00 126.29 95.50 157.00 9.29 10.09 84.80 17.63
Vigour index 947.00 1800.00 1178.70 585.00 1570.00 14.18 17.44 66.10 23.76

Table 10b: Mean, range and genetic parameters for early seedling vigor related traits in F
3

BPT-5204 Dodiga
Characters BPT-5204 Dodiga Mean MIN MAX GCV PCV Heritability GAM
100-grain weight (g) 1.56 3.47 2.08 1.49 2.61 11.08 11.54 92.10 22.11
Grain length (mm) 7.56 7.67 7.39 6.48 8.19 4.61 4.80 92.10 9.07
Grain width (mm) 1.96 3.2 2.61 2.22 3.15 6.12 6.30 94.50 12.28
Grain shape 3.85 2.4 2.85 2.43 3.45 7.30 7.51 94.50 14.76
Germination (%) 85 100 93.51 50 100 10.27 13.18 60.70 16.48
RL10 (cm) 10.36 15.82 13.79 7.06 19.47 17.99 19.30 86.90 34.58
SL10 (cm) 5.86 13.26 10.45 6.19 16.13 16.32 18.35 79.10 29.95
SH 10 (cm) 16.22 29.08 24.24 14.5 33.19 14.75 15.92 85.90 28.17
RL14 (cm) 13.45 18.39 16.28 10.19 24.74 14.95 17.84 70.20 25.79
SL14 (cm) 9.34 20.58 15.08 10.81 23.89 14.39 17.25 69.60 24.73
SH 14 (cm) 22.78 38.97 31.37 23.73 43.62 11.27 13.73 67.40 19.06
SDWT (mg) 105.5 217.5 139.36 102 169.5 9.64 11.87 66.00 16.14
Vigour index 900.5 2175 1305.57 615 1695 15.03 18.52 65.90 25.13

Plate 3. parents differing for germination

Plate 4. Variation for root and shoot growth in the parents of F
3
populations
Plate 5: F
3
families differing for root and shoot growth in A) BPT-5204 x Dodiga and B)
BPT-5204 x Antarsali

Plate 6. Variation for seedling characters in the F
3
populations

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
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g
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V
i
g
o
u
r

i
n
d
e
x

Characters
GCV
PCV
Heritability
GAM
Fig. 3a: Components of variance of early seedling vigor related traits in F
3

Fig. 3a: Components of variance of early seedling vigor related traits in F3 populations of BPT5204/A-67

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
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0

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c
m
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c
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c
m
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c
m
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m
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V
i
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r

i
n
d
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x

Characters
GCV
PCV
Heritability
GAM
Fig. 3b: Components of variance of early seedling vigor related traits in F
3

Fig. 3b: Components of variance of early seedling vigor related traits in F3 populations of BPT5204/Dodiga

Table 11a: Classification of grain into different classes based on physical characters in BPT-5204 X ANTARSALI

Grain weight classification (Ramaiah & Roa, 1953)
Groups RL10 RL14 SL10 SL14 SDWT Min Max Min Max Min Max Min max Min Max
Light (12 - 18 g) 87 13.25 15.11 10.54 13.24 118.11 8.67 17.05 9.15 24.93 7.21 17.99 7.69 18.84 98.50 139.51
Medium (18 - 23 g) 129 13.04 14.99 11.17 14.25 148.51 7.37 19.88 8.84 20.44 6.86 18.42 10.06 19.34 95.51 155.02
Heavy (> 23 g) 7 11.89 14.13 11.61 14.35 141.05 9.55 16.01 10.56 17.79 9.33 17.05 12.35 17.74 12.05 157.05

Short (<7.5mm) 113 13.51 15.47 10.42 13.65 122.18 8.67 17.78 9.15 24.93 6.98 17.99 7.69 19.34 98.51 150.12
Medium (7.5 - 9.0 mm) 110 12.62 14.54 11.47 14.07 130.21 7.37 19.88 8.84 19.21 6.86 18.42 8.15 19.08 95.51 157.01
Long (9.0 - 10.0 mm)

Narrow (1.9 - 2.2 mm) 27 14.43 16.25 10.12 13.29 121.85 8.87 17.78 9.15 19.93 7.49 14.01 7.89 15.76 109.51 144.05
Medium (2.3 - 2.8 mm) 196 12.93 14.89 11.45 13.93 126.69 7.87 19.88 8.84 24.93 6.86 18.42 8.15 19.34 95.51 157.05
Broad (>2.8 mm)

Slender (>3.0) 157 13.18 15.02 10.86 13.81 126.59 7.37 19.88 8.44 20.05 6.86 17.05 7.69 19.34 95.51 150.51
Medium (2.1 - 3.0) 66 12.81 11.12 14.99 14.01 125.05 9.18 18.57 10.18 24.93 7.21 18.42 10.93 19.08 95.51 157.05
Bold (1.1 -2.0)
Round (<1.1)

Table 11b: Classification of grain into different classes based on physical characters in BPT-5204 DODIGA

Grain weight classification (Ramaiah & Roa, 1953)
Light (12 - 18 g) 39 13.32 15.91 9.27 13.48 124.62 8.25 17.62 12.27 21.58 6.36 11.8 11.14 17.57 102.12 156.01
Medium (18 - 23 g) 148 14.01 16.41 10.64 15.12 139.41 7.81 19.45 10.81 21.51 6.19 16.13 10.19 24.74 108.51 168.52
Heavy (> 23 g) 36 13.28 15.98 10.98 16.65 15.4.05 7.06 19.47 10.45 24.19 7.45 14.26 12.06 23.89 113.50 169.51

Short (<7.5mm) 137 13.54 15.91 10.21 14.54 134.71 7.81 19.45 10.19 24.74 6.19 16.74 10.81 21.67 102.12 167.51
Medium (7.5 - 9.0 mm) 86 14.14 16.81 10.85 15.94 146.24 7.06 19.47 11.35 24.41 6.61 14.26 11.67 23.89 115.01 169.51
Long (9.0 - 10.0 mm)

Groups RL10 RL14 SL10 SL14 SDWT Min max Min max Min Max Min Max Min Max
Narrow (1.9 - 2.2 mm) 2 15.09 16.98 10.44 13.29 134.25 13.57 16.61 14.99 18.97 8.88 11.99 13.01 13.57 124.50 139.01
Medium (2.3 - 2.8 mm) 199 13.93 16.38 10.45 15.03 137.69 7.81 19.47 10.19 24.74 6.35 16.13 10.81 23.89 102.12 169.52
Broad (>2.8 mm) 22 12.25 15.06 10.49 15.66 152.86 7.06 18.61 11.91 21.58 6.19 12.82 11.54 18.62 135.21 168.51

Slender (>3.0) 48 15.35 17.52 11.03 15.82 142.57 9.26 19.47 13.24 24.19 6.61 14.26 11.81 20.38 102.12 168.51
Medium (2.1 - 3.0) 175 13.35 15.91 10.31 14.88 138.22 7.06 19.45 10.19 24.74 6.19 16.13 10.81 23.89 116.02 169.52
Bold (1.1 -2.0)
Round (<1.1)

16.48), seedling height at 14
th
DAS (15.57 and 19.06) seedling dry weight (17.63 and 16.14)
in both the two populations, respectively.
4.2.3 Seed morphology
In both the segregating populations mean for all the grain traits fell in the parental
limit. The range was wider and beyond the parents. Based on grain weight, length, width and
shape the F
3
lines were grouped into different classes (Table 11a and 11b).
Based on 100-grain weight the lines were grouped into light (87 and 39), medium
(128 and 148) and heavy (7 and 36) grained types. Only two prominent grain types existed for
grain length namely short (113 and 37) and medium (110 and 86) grained types.
For grain width all the three classes were observed namely narrow (27 and 2),
medium (196 and 199) and broad (0 and 22) grained types. Based on length to width ratio
only two grain types slender (157 and 48) and medium (66 and 175) grained types were
observed in the two populations, respectively.
Mean value for all the seedling traits were on par between different grain classes
except for seedling dry weight, which differed significantly. But the range was wider and
significant differences were observed for seedling traits among F
3
lines with in different grain
classes in both the populations.
4.2.4 Association studies
4.2.4.1 Seed traits
Genotypic and phenotypic correlations were estimated at 1 per cent level of
significance (Table 12), which revealed positive association of 100-grain weight with grain
length and grain width but not with grain shape. Grain length correlated positively with grain
width and grain shape whereas grain width had negative correlation with grain shape and
association was slightly higher in BPT5204/Dodiga as compared to BPT5204/A67.
Genotypic and phenotypic correlation among seedling traits namely germination
percentage, root length, shoot length (measured at different stages viz 10
th
and 14
th
DAS),
seedling dry weight and vigor index are presented in Table (13a and 13b)
Association was positive in root and shoot length measured at different stages (10
th

and 14
th
DAS) in both the crosses.
Germination percentage was positively associated with all the seedling traits in BPT-
5204/Dodiga but only with root length (10
th
and 14
th
DAS) and vigor index in BPT-5204/A-67.
Root and shoot length except for shoot length at 10
th
DAS in BPT-5204/A- 67 were
positively associated with seedling dry weight and vigor index in both the populations,.
The association was positive between root and shoot length in BPT-5204/Dodiga, but
negative in BPT-5204/A-67. Association among all the seedling traits was higher in BPT-
5204/Dodiga as compared to BPT-5204/A-67 (Fig. 4a and 4b).
4.2.4.3 Seed and seedling traits
100-grain weight showed positive association with shoot length (10
th
and 14
th
DAS),
seedling dry weight and vigor index in both the populations but they were slightly higher in
BPT5204/Dodiga as compared to BPT5204/A-67 (Table 14a and 14b).

Table 12: Genotypic and phenotypic correlations for seed traits in segregating populations

BPT-5204 ANTARSALI BPT-5204 DODIGA
Characters
100-Gwt
(g)
GL (mm) GW (mm) L/B ratio Characters
100-Gwt
(g)
GL (mm) GW (mm) L/B ratio
100 Gwt (g) 1 0.541** 0.479** 0.011 100 Gwt (g) 1 0.502** 0.624** -0.192**
GL (mm) 0.592** 1 0.43** 0.461** GL (mm) 0.558** 1 0.125 0.545**
GW (mm) 0.513** 0.479** 1 -0.600** GW (mm) 0.681** 0.117 1 -0.757**
L/B ratio 0.008 0.411** -0.600** 1 L/B ratio -0.207** 0.545** -0.762** 1

Below the diagonal genotypic correlations r value at 1 % =0.171** r value at 5 % =0.132*
Above the diagonal Phenotypic correlations

Table 13a: Genotypic and phenotypic correlation for seedling traits in BPT5204/A-67 F
3
population

BPT-5204 Antarsali
Seedling
characters
Germ (%) RL10 (cm) SL10 (cm) RL14 (Cm) SL14 (cm) SDWT (mg) VI
Germination (%)
1.000 0.459** -0.002 0.425** 0.114 0.070 0.809**
RL10 (cm) 0.751** 1.000 -0.116 0.809** 0.055 0.168 0.455**
SL10 (cm) -0.036 -0.181** 1.000 -0.358** 0.551** 0.058 0.034
RL14 (cm) 0.685** 0.883** -0.463** 1.000 -0.078 0.174** 0.427**
SL14 (cm) 0.125 0.036 0.572** -0.123 1.000 0.324** 0.281**
SDWT (mg) 0.056 0.207** 0.049 0.203** 0.383** 1.000 0.639**
VI 0.743** 0.667** 0.007 0.609** 0.346** 0.709** 1.000
Below diagonal: Genotypic correlations
Above the diagonal: Phenotypic correlations

** - Significant at 1% level of probability by F test r value at 1 % =0.171** r value at 5 % =0.132*

Table 13b: Genotypic and phenotypic correlation for seedling traits in BPT5204/Dodiga F
3
population

BPT-5204 Dodiga
Seedling
characters
Germ (%) RL10 (cm) SL10 (cm) RL14 (Cm) SL14 (cm) SDWT (mg) VI
Germination (%)
1.000 0.552** 0.340** 0.307** 0.197** 0.120 0.774**
RL10 (cm) 0.720** 1.000 0.405** 0.761** 0.262** 0.097 0.456**
SL10 (cm) 0.507** 0.439** 1.000 0.168* 0.623** 0.335** 0.449**
RL14 (cm) 0.413** 0.843** 0.188** 1.000 0.221** 0.075 0.273**
SL14 (cm) 0.319** 0.282** 0.685** 0.176* 1.000 0.426** 0.405**
SDWT (mg) 0.186** 0.148* 0.481** 0.155* 0.626** 1.000 0.715**
V I 0.790** 0.587** 0.638** 0.393** 0.604** 0.747** 1.000
Below diagonal: Genotypic correlations
Above the diagonal: Phenotypic correlations

** - Significant at 1% level of probability by F test r value at 1 % =0.171** r value at 5 % =0.132*

-0.60
-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
B
P
T
-
5
2
0
4

x

A
n
t
a
r
s
a
l
i
G P G P G P G P G P G P G P
Seedling characters
Germ (%)
RL10 (cm)
SL10 (cm)
RL14 (Cm)
SL14 (cm)
SDWT (mg)
VI
Fig. 4a: Genotypic and phenotypic correlation among seedling traits in BPT5204/A-67 F
3
population
Germination
(%)
RL10 (cm) SL10 (cm) RL14 (cm) SL14 (cm) SDWT (mg) VI
r = 0.171
r = 0.171

Fig. 4a: Genotypic and phenotypic correlation among seedling traits in BPT5204/A-67 F3 population

0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
B
P
T
-
5
2
0
4

x

D
o
d
i
g
a
G P G P G P G P G P G P G P
Seedling characters
Germ (%)
RL10 (cm)
SL10 (cm)
RL14 (Cm)
SL14 (cm)
SDWT (mg)
VI
Fig. 4b: Genotypic and phenotypic correlation among seedling traits in BPT5204/Dodiga F
3
population
Germination
(%)
RL10 (cm) SL10 (cm) RL14 (cm) SL14 (cm) SDWT (mg) VI
r = 0.171

Fig. 4b: Genotypic and phenotypic correlation among seedling traits in BPT5204/Dodiga F3 population

Table 14a: Genotypic and phenotypic correlations for seed and seedling traits in BPT5204/A-67 F
3
population

BPT-5204 Antarsali
Seed and seedling
characters
RL10 (cm) SL10 (cm) RL14 (cm) SL14 (cm)
SDWT
(mg)
V I
G -0.055 0.243** -0.058 0.394** 0.779** 0.502**
100-grain weight (g)
P -0.055 0.218** -0.051 0.332** 0.695** 0.386**
G -0.294** 0.302** -0.340** 0.203** 0.488** 0.112
Grain length (mm)
P -0.243** 0.270** -0.270** 0.162* 0.408** 0.080
G -0.403** 0.364** -0.392** 0.249** 0.374** -0.003
Grain width (mm)
P -0.333** 0.322** -0.318** 0.214** 0.334** 0.001
G 0.158* -0.109 0.106 -0.076 0.058 0.109
Grain shape
P 0.117 -0.082 0.080 -0.070 0.037 0.073
Genotypic correlations
Phenotypic correlations

** - Significant at 1% level r value at 1 % =0.171** r value at 5 % =0.132*

Table 14b: Genotypic and phenotypic correlations for seed and seedling traits in BPT5204/Dodiga F
3
population

BPT-5204 Dodiga
Seed and seedling
characters
RL10 (cm) SL10 (cm) RL14 (cm) SL14 (cm)
SDWT
(mg)
V I
G 0.059 0.391** 0.033 0.533** 0.855** 0.589**
P 0.048 0.334** 0.035 0.443** 0.665** 0.453**
G 0.085 0.266** 0.157* 0.394** 0.544** 0.335**
Grain length (mm)
P 0.085 0.229** 0.119 0.317** 0.415** 0.246**
G -0.248** 0.148* -0.185** 0.211** 0.556** 0.208**
Grain width (mm)
P -0.228** 0.126 -0.156* 0.166* 0.443** 0.160*
G 0.273** 0.038 0.267** 0.068 -0.110 0.044
Grain shape
P 0.256** 0.035 0.216** 0.059 -0.093 0.031
Genotypic correlations
Phenotypic correlations

** - Significant at 1% level r value at 1 % =0.171** r value at 5 % =0.132*

-0.60
-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
B
P
T
-
5
2
0
4

x

A
n
t
a
r
s
a
l
i
G P G P G P G P
Seed and seedling characters
RL10 (cm)
SL10 (cm)
RL14 (cm)
SL14 (cm)
SDWT (mg)
V I
Fig. 5a: Genotypic and phenotypic correlationsbetween seed and seedling traits in BPT5204/A-67 F
3
population
r = 0.171
r = 0.171

Fig. 5a: Genotypic and phenotypic correlations between seed and seedling traits in BPT5204/A-67 F3 population

-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
B
P
T
-
5
2
0
4

x

D
o
d
i
g
a
G P G P G P G P
Seed and seedling characters
RL10 (cm)
SL10 (cm)
RL14 (cm)
SL14 (cm)
SDWT (mg)
V I
Fig. 5b: Genotypic and phenotypic correlations between seed and seedling traits in BPT5204/Dodiga F
3
population
r = 0.171
r = 0.171

Fig. 5b: Genotypic and phenotypic correlations between seed and seedling traits in BPT5204/Dodiga F3 population

Table 15: Path coefficient analysis for RL10 in germplasm

Landraces
Characters 100-grain weight
(g)
Grain length
(mm)
Grain width
(mm)
Grain shape Correlation
G 0.124 0.162 -0.121 0.417 0.581**
P 0.080 0.149 -0.093 0.370 0.506**
G 0.049 0.405 0.017 -0.381 0.090
Grain length (mm)
P 0.031 0.379 0.012 -0.343 0.080
G 0.089 -0.040 -0.168 0.745 0.625**
Grain width (mm)
P 0.057 -0.035 -0.130 0.671 0.562**
G -0.062 0.185 0.151 -0.832 -0.557**
Grain shape
P -0.039 0.173 0.116 -0.751 -0.501**

G Residual = 0.5334 P Residual = 0.6258

Table 16: Path coefficient analysis for RL14 in germplasm

Landraces
Characters
100-grain weight
(g)
Grain length
(mm)
Grain width
(mm)
G -0.290 0.201 0.005 0.477 0.393**
P -0.235 0.162 0.040 0.379 0.346**
G -0.116 0.503 -0.001 -0.436 -0.049
Grain length (mm)
P -0.092 0.412 -0.005 -0.351 -0.037
G -0.209 -0.050 0.006 0.852 0.599**
Grain width (mm)
P -0.167 -0.038 0.057 0.687 0.538**
G 0.145 0.231 -0.006 -0.952 -0.582**
Grain shape
P 0.116 0.188 -0.051 -0.770 -0.516**

Bold letters on the diagonal indicate direct effect

Grain length correlated positively with shoot length (10
th
and 14
th
DAS) and seedling
dry weight in both the populations, but its association was negative with root length (10
th
and
14
th
DAS) in BPT5204/A67 but positive in BPT5204/Dodiga.
Grain width correlated negatively with root length and positively with shoot length and
seedling dry weight. Both grain length and grain width associated positively with vigor index in
BPT5204/Dodiga but not in BPT5204/A67.
Grain shape did not show any significant correlation with any of the seedling
characters, except positive with root length (10
th
and 14
th
DAS) in BPT5204/Dodiga (Fig. 5a
and 5b).
4.3 PATH COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS IN GERMPLASM
4.3.1 Root length
Among the grain traits grain length contributed highest positive direct effect followed
by 100-grain weight and negative direct effect by grain shape followed by grain width to root
length at 10
th
DAS. Whereas, grain width had indirect positive effect through grain shape
followed by 100-grain weight through grain shape and grain length contributed indirectly with
negative effect through grain shape (Table 15).
However, the effect and cause relationship for root length and seed characters at 14
th

day revealed highest positive direct effect of grain length and negligible effect of grain width.
But, negative direct effect was high from grain shape followed by 100-grain weight. Indirect
effect in positive direction was noticed with grain width followed by 100-grain weight both the
traits contributing through grain shape. But grain length had negative indirect effect through
grain shape followed by grain width through 100-grain weight (Table 16).
4.3.2 Shoot length
The positive direct effect was high for 100-grain weight (0.992, 0.832) and grain
shape but negative effect was contributed by grain length followed by grain width for Shoot
length at 10
th
DAS. While the indirect effects as revealed by path analysis were high with
positive effects for grain width through 100-grain weight, followed by grain shape through
grain width and grain length through grain shape (Table 17). The indirect negative effects
were also observed for shoot length by grain width through grain shape and grain shape
through 100-grain weight and grain length. 100-grain weight had negative indirect effects
through grain length, grain width, and grain shape on shoot length at 10
th
day.
Where as high positive direct effect for shoot length at 14
th
day was contributed by
grain shape followed by grain width (0.784, 0.693) and 100-grain weight. But, grain length had
negative direct effect whereas indirect effect was high in positive direction with 100-grain
weight via grain width followed by grain length through grain shape and grain width through
100-grain weight. Negative indirect effect was high with grain width through grain shape
followed by grain shape through grain width and 100-grain weight via grain shape (Table 18).
Positive direct effect of component characters were estimated for seedling dry weight
which, revealed the high direct effect of 100-grain weight followed by grain width and grain
length But, one of the component characters, grain shape had a negative direct effect. For
seedling dry weight indirect positive effect was contributed by grain width) and grain length
through 100-grain weight. Negative indirect effect was recorded with grain shape through
100-grain length and rest of the characters had negligible values (Table 19).

Table 17: Path coefficient analysis for SL10 in germplasm

Landraces
Characters 100-grain weight
(g)
Grain length
(mm)
Grain width
(mm)
G 0.992 -0.260 -0.249 -0.293 0.190
P 0.832 -0.207 -0.207 -0.238 0.180
G 0.396 -0.651 0.034 0.268 0.047
Grain length (mm)
P 0.326 -0.527 0.027 0.221 0.047
G 0.715 0.065 -0.346 -0.523 -0.089
Grain width (mm)
P 0.591 0.049 -0.291 -0.432 -0.082
G -0.497 -0.298 0.310 0.584 0.099
Grain shape
P -0.410 -0.241 0.260 0.484 0.093


Table 18: Path coefficient analysis for SL14 in germplasm

Characters
100-grain weight
(g)
Grain length
(mm)
Grain width
(mm)
G 0.448 -0.095 0.565 -0.461 0.458**
P 0.343 -0.052 0.493 -0.363 0.420**
G 0.179 -0.237 -0.078 0.421 0.285
Grain length (mm)
P 0.134 -0.133 -0.065 0.336 0.273
G 0.323 0.024 0.784 -0.824 0.307
Grain width (mm)
P 0.244 0.012 0.693 -0.658 0.291
G -0.224 -0.109 -0.702 0.920 -0.115
Grain shape
P -0.169 -0.061 -0.619 0.737 -0.111


Table 19: Path coefficient analysis for seedling dry weight in germplasm

Characters
100-grain weight
(g)
Grain length
(mm)
Grain width
(mm)
G 0.624 0.078 0.148 0.064 0.914**
P 0.587 0.075 0.166 0.051 0.880**
G 0.249 0.196 -0.021 -0.058 0.367**
Grain length (mm)
P 0.230 0.191 -0.022 -0.048 0.352**
G 0.450 -0.020 0.206 0.114 0.750**
Grain width (mm)
P 0.417 -0.018 0.234 0.093 0.726**
G -0.313 0.090 -0.184 -0.127 -0.534**
Grain shape
P -0.289 0.087 -0.209 -0.104 -0.515**

** - Significant at 1% level

4.4 PATH ANALYSIS IN SEGREGATING POPULATIONS
Path analysis in F
3
generations of two populations viz., BPT5204/ A-67 and
BPT5204/Dodiga at genotypic and phenotypic level was done for root length at 10
th
and 14
th

day, shoot length at 10
th
and 14
th
day stage, and seedling dry weight considering the seed
characters as component characters which included 100-grain weight, grain length, grain
width and grain shape and the effect of component characters in both populations
BPT5204/A67 and BPT5204/Dodiga at genotypic and phenotypic level, respectively were
presented.
4.4.1 Root length
Cause and effect relationship between on root length (10
th
and 14
th
DAS) in both the
populations (Tables - 20a, 20b, 21a and 21b)) revealed positive direct effect of grain shape
followed by grain width and 100-grain weight, while grain length had negative direct effect on
root length in both the populations.
The indirect effect on root length (10
th
and 14
th
DAS) in the two populations varied
with different component characters where 100-grain weight contributed negatively through
grain length but had a positive indirect effect through grain width, grain length had positive
effect through 100- grain weight and grain shape while grain width had a negative effect
through grain length and shape.
4.4.2 Shoot length
Path analysis revealed high positive direct effect of grain length followed by 100-grain
weight, while grain width and shape had negative direct effect for shoot length (10
th
& 14
th

DAS) in both the populations.
Positive indirect effects were contributed by grain width via grain shape and length.
Grain shape had a positive effect through grain length and width, similarly 100-grain had an
indirect effect through grain length and grain length through grain width. While negative
indirect effects were contributed by 100-grain weight and grain length through grain width and
shape (Table 22a, 22b, 23a and 23b).
Direct effect was contributed by 100-grain weight followed by grain shape and then by
grain width, where the contribution was high at phenotypic level in both the populations and
negative direct effect was with grain length in BPT5204/A-67 and BPT5204/Dodiga,
respectively (Table 24a and 24b).
Indirect positive effect was recorded with grain length and grain width which was
through 100-grain weight in both the populations and negative indirect effects were low and
contributed by grain width through grain shape I both population and rest of the effects were
negligible with low values.
4.5 SUPERIORITY OF GENOTYPES
Based on Duncans Multiple Range Test, the germplasm differed significantly with
respect to different morphological traits (Table 25).
4.5.1 100-grain weight
100-grain weight was highest in Udursali (3.47 g) followed by Abilash, Nizam Shaith,
Kempunellu, Dodiga, which were on par and these genotypes were heavier than the checks
for vigor viz., IR-64 (2.75g) and Vandana (2.46g). BPT5204 (1.47g) recorded lowest grain

Table 20a: Path coefficient analysis for RL10 in BPT5204/A-67 F
3
population

Characters
100-grain
weight (g)
Grain length
(mm)
Grain width
(mm)
G 0.334 -0.779 0.380 0.009 -0.055
P 0.226 -0.588 0.296 0.011 -0.055
G 0.198 -1.315 0.355 0.468 -0.294**
Grain length (mm)
P 0.122 -1.087 0.266 0.456 -0.243**
G 0.172 -0.631 0.740 -0.685 -0.403**
Grain width (mm)
P 0.108 -0.467 0.618 -0.593 -0.333**
G 0.003 -0.540 -0.445 1.140 0.158
Grain shape
P 0.002 -0.502 -0.371 0.988 0.117
G Residual = 0.7499 P residual = 0.8383

Table 20b: Path coefficient analysis for RL10 in BPT5204/Doddiga F
3
population

Characters
100-grain
weight (g)
Grain length
(mm)
Grain width
(mm)
G 0.555 -0.381 0.055 -0.170 0.059
P 0.324 -0.244 0.105 -0.137 0.048
G 0.310 -0.683 0.009 0.448 0.085
Grain length (mm)
P 0.163 -0.486 0.021 0.387 0.085
G 0.378 -0.080 0.081 -0.627 -0.248**
Grain width (mm)
P 0.202 -0.061 0.168 -0.538 -0.228**
G -0.115 -0.372 -0.062 0.822 0.273**
Grain shape
P -0.062 -0.265 -0.127 0.710 0.256**
** - Significant at 1% level probability by F test

Table 21a: Path coefficient analysis for RL14 in BPT5204/A-67 F
3
population

Characters
100-grain
weight (g)
Grain length
(mm)
Grain width
(mm)
G 0.358 -1.001 0.573 0.012 -0.058
P 0.241 -0.764 0.457 0.014 -0.051
G 0.212 -1.690 0.535 0.603 -0.340**
Grain length (mm)
P 0.130 -1.412 0.410 0.601 -0.270**
G 0.184 -0.810 1.116 -0.881 -0.392**
Grain width (mm)
P 0.115 -0.607 0.955 -0.782 -0.318**
G 0.003 -0.694 -0.670 1.468 0.106
Grain shape
P 0.003 -0.651 -0.574 1.303 0.080

Table 21b: Path coefficient analysis for RL14 in BPT5204/Dodiga F
3
population

Characters
100-grain
weight (g)
Grain length
(mm)
Grain width
(mm)
G 0.223 -0.319 0.337 -0.208 0.033
P 0.163 -0.180 0.180 -0.127 0.035
G 0.124 -0.572 0.058 0.546 0.157
Grain length (mm)
P 0.082 -0.359 0.036 0.360 0.119
G 0.152 -0.067 0.495 -0.764 -0.185**
Grain width (mm)
P 0.102 -0.045 0.288 -0.501 -0.156**
G -0.046 -0.312 -0.377 1.002 0.267**
Grain shape
P -0.031 -0.196 -0.218 0.661 0.216**

Table 22a: Path coefficient analysis for SL10 in BPT5204/A-67 F
3
population

Characters
100-grain
weight (g)
Grain length
(mm)
Grain width
(mm)
G 0.003 0.646 -0.398 -0.008 0.243**
P 0.020 0.594 -0.384 -0.012 0.218**
G 0.002 1.091 -0.371 -0.420 0.302**
Grain length (mm)
P 0.011 1.098 -0.344 -0.494 0.270**
G 0.002 0.523 -0.774 0.614 0.364**
Grain width (mm)
P 0.009 0.472 -0.802 0.643 0.322**
G 0.000 0.448 0.465 -1.022 -0.109
Grain shape
P 0.000 0.507 0.481 -1.071 -0.082

Table 22b: Path coefficient analysis for SL10 in BPT5204/Dodiga F
3
population

Characters
100-grain
weight (g)
Grain length
(mm)
Grain width
(mm)
G 0.572 0.390 -0.805 0.233 0.391**
P 0.392 0.323 -0.557 0.176 0.334**
G 0.319 0.700 -0.139 -0.614 0.266**
Grain length (mm)
P 0.197 0.643 -0.111 -0.499 0.229**
G 0.389 0.082 -1.182 0.859 0.148
Grain width (mm)
P 0.244 0.080 -0.892 0.694 0.126
G -0.118 0.381 0.901 -1.126 0.038
Grain shape
P -0.075 0.350 0.676 -0.916 0.035

Table 23a: Path coefficient analysis for SL14 in BPT5204/A-67 F
3
population

Characters
100-grain
weight (g)
Grain length
(mm)
Grain width
(mm)
G 0.397 0.300 -0.297 -0.005 0.394**
P 0.320 0.332 -0.311 -0.008 0.332**
G 0.235 0.507 -0.277 -0.261 0.203**
Grain length (mm)
P 0.173 0.613 -0.279 -0.344 0.162*
G 0.204 0.243 -0.579 0.381 0.249**
Grain width (mm)
P 0.153 0.263 -0.650 0.448 0.214**
G 0.003 0.208 0.347 -0.635 -0.076
Grain shape
P 0.003 0.283 0.390 -0.746 -0.070

Table 23b: Path coefficient analysis for SL14 in BPT5204/Dodiga F
3
population

Characters
100-grain
weight (g)
Grain length
(mm)
Grain width
(mm)
G 0.705 0.422 -0.826 0.233 0.533**
P 0.505 0.333 -0.567 0.172 0.443**
G 0.393 0.756 -0.143 -0.613 0.394**
Grain length (mm)
P 0.254 0.664 -0.113 -0.487 0.317**
G 0.480 0.089 -1.214 0.857 0.211**
Grain width (mm)
P 0.315 0.083 -0.908 0.677 0.166*
G -0.146 0.412 0.926 -1.124 0.068
Grain shape
P -0.097 0.362 0.688 -0.894 0.059

Table 24a: Path coefficient analysis for SDWT in BPT5204/A-67 F
3
population

Characters
100-grain
weight (g)
Grain length
(mm)
Grain width
(mm)
G 0.77 -0.063 0.07 0.001 0.779**
P 0.673 -0.192 0.21 0.005 0.695**
G 0.456 -0.107 0.066 0.073 0.488**
Grain length (mm)
P 0.364 -0.355 0.189 0.211 0.408**
G 0.396 -0.051 0.137 -0.107 0.374**
Grain width (mm)
P 0.322 -0.153 0.439 -0.274 0.334**
G 0.006 -0.044 -0.082 0.178 0.058
Grain shape
P 0.007 -0.164 -0.263 0.457 0.037

Table 24b: Path coefficient analysis fozr SDWT in BPT5204/Dodiga F
3
population

Characters
100-grain
weight (g)
Grain length
(mm)
Grain width
(mm)
G 0.799 -0.042 0.154 -0.056 0.855**
P 0.540 -0.113 0.343 -0.106 0.665**
G 0.446 -0.076 0.027 0.147 0.544**
Grain length (mm)
P 0.271 -0.225 0.069 0.300 0.415**
G 0.544 -0.009 0.226 -0.205 0.556**
Grain width (mm)
P 0.337 -0.028 0.550 -0.417 0.443**
G -0.166 -0.041 -0.173 0.269 -0.110
Grain shape
P -0.104 -0.123 -0.417 0.550 -0.093

weight and Kumud, Bangar Kaddi, Chippiga Holesalu, Jasmine, Shankar Punam,
were on par with BPT5204.
4.5.2 Grain length
Grain length was highest in Nizam shaith (10.27mm), which was distinct from all other
genotypes. Grain length was also more in Champakali, Udursali and Erramallelu, which were
similar to IR-64 (9.54mm). Grain length was least in Kumud(6.9mm) and it was distinct from
other genotypes. Short length was also recorded by BPT5204 (7.37mm) and Ratan Sagar,
Chippiga, Rasi, Shankar Punam, and Honasu were on par with BPT5204.
4.5.3 Grain width
Grain width ranged from 1.63 (Ratansagar) to 3.93 mm (Sampigedala). Among the
checks Vandana (2.39 mm) had high grain width than that of IR64 (2.06 mm) and BPT5204
recorded the least value (1.91 mm). Whereas, Sampigedala had highest value and was
distinct from all other genotypes, followed by Karikalavi, Kempunellu, Chippiga and Dodiga.
Belgaum Basmati recorded narrow grain width and Ratansagar. Mysore Sanna, Chippiga
Holesalu, and Ambemohar also exhibited narrow grain width similar to IR-64 and BPT-5204.
4.5.4 Grain shape
Grain shape ranged from 2.04 (Sampigedala) to 5.57 (Erramallelu). Based on the
length to breadth ratio, genotypes more than 3.0 were considered as slender types and rest
were classified as medium. Among the slender types, Erramallelu, Belgaum basmati, IR-64,
Ratan Sagar, Bangar Kadi, Chippiga, Holesalu, Ambemohar had higher values than BPT5204
(3.86) and lower values were observed in the bold types namely Sampigedala, Chippiga,
Karikalavi, Kempunellu, which ranged from 2.04 to 2.63.
4.5.5 Root length
Root length at 10
th
DAS
Root length at 10
th
DAS ranged from 9.24 (Mysore sanna) to 16.97cm (Antrasali) and
from among the checks Vandana had higher value (13.78cm) and IR-64 was on par with
Vandana. As compared to Vandana 19 lines had higher root length. Antrasali (16.97 cm) and
Udursali (16.88 cm) were on par and recorded maximum root length followed by Nizam
Shaith, Kempunellu, Champakali, MGD-101, Karibhatha, Hakkalasali (14.15 16.17 cm) and
Mysore sanna, Ambemohar, Annada, Belgaum basmati and BPT5204 (9.24 11.11 cm)
recorded low root length.
Root length at 14
th
DAS
Root length at 14
th
DAS ranged from 10.05 (Ambemohar) to 19.53cm (Karikalavi).
Vandana (15.13cm), IR64 (14.88cm) and BPT5204 were on par for root length at 14
th
and as
compared to these 23 genotypes had higher root length and among them Karikalavi, Jaya,
Udursali, Teqing, Nizam shaith, MGD-101, Chippiga, Holesalu, Antrasali and MTU-1001 were
superior. Apart from Ambemohar lower root length was recorded with, Mysore sanna,
Annada, Belgaum basmati, Erramallelu, Bangar Kaddi (10.5 13.03cm).
4.5.6 Shoot length
Shoot length at 10
th
DAS
Shoot length at 10
th
DAS ranged from 5.24 (BPT5204) to 19.46cm (Bolasali). Among
the checks, Vandana (15.82cm) recorded higher value than IR64 (12.99). Bolasali (19.46),
Waner-1 (18.52) followed by Dodiga (18.01), Ratna chuda, Intan were superior over Vandana

Table 25: Superiority of genotypes based on Duncans Multiple Range Test

Sl.
No.
Genotype 100-GWT GL GW GS ratio RL10 SL10 RL14 SL14 SDWT V I
1 Ambemohr 2.08 uv 9.03 d 2.07 rs 4.37 bc 9.46 rs 13.41 f-j 10.50 q 17.80 a-g 135.00 n-q 1069 j-m
2 Annada 2.56 n-q 8.29 e-j 2.43 k-m 3.41 h-m 9.75 q-s 13.94 e-h 11.95 o-q 16.05 e-i 158.20 i-n 1386 d-l
3 Antarsali 2.88 f-l 8.49 e-i 2.61 h-j 3.25 i-o 16.97 a 12.02 h-o 17.89 a-e 18.86 a-e 203.40 b-e 1783 a-f
4 Bangar kaddi 1.68 yz 8.15 h-l 1.83 tu 4.44 bc 11.74 m-r 14.22 d-g 13.03 m-q 16.44 d-i 102.30 rs 937.5 lm
5 Belgaum basamathi 2.24 s-v 8.62 ef 1.63 v 5.28 a 10.05 p-s 14.88 d-f 11.97 o-q 18.49 a-f 124.50 o-r 1038 j-m
6 Bidar local 3.00 e-i 8.44 e-i 2.87 d-f 2.94 o-s 12.90 h-o 13.67 f-I 14.40 j-o 15.95 e-i 149.50 l-o 1058 j-m
7 Bile kalavi 2.30 r-u 8.50 e-h 2.37 l-o 3.58 g-j 12.11 l-q 12.54 g-n 15.08 e-n 16.31 e-i 165.10 g-m 1383 d-l
8 Bolasali 3.06 d-g 8.28 e-j 2.62 h-j 3.17 k-o 14.97 a-k 19.46 a 16.05 b-l 20.19 ab 176.50 f-k 1625 b-h
9 Champakali 3.25 a-d 9.86 b 2.75 f-h 3.59 g-j 16.24 a-d 10.74 n-t 17.08 a-j 18.66 a-f 181.80 d-i 1667 a-g
10 Chippiga 3.03 d-h 7.57 m-o 3.16 b 2.40 u 14.41 a-m 15.97 cd 15.20 d-n 17.85 a-g 213.30 a-c 1511 c-j
11 Chippiga holesalu 1.72 xy 8.53 e-h 1.94 st 4.40 bc 13.52 e-o 7.86 u-w 17.92 a-e 16.40 d-i 124.40 o-r 1142 i-m
12 Dodiga 3.26 a-d 8.16 h-l 3.11 bc 2.63 s-u 13.11 g-o 18.01 ab 14.44 j-o 19.88 ab 206.40 b-d 1804 a-e
13 Hakkalasali 3.28 a-d 8.99 d 2.91 d-f 3.09 l-q 15.67 a-g 8.82 t-v 17.15 a-j 15.76 f-j 223.00 ab 1858 a-d
14 Honasu 2.63 l-q 7.61 m-o 2.98 cd 2.56 tu 14.35 a-m 10.49 o-t 17.65 a-g 20.56 a 163.40 h-m 1296 g-l
15 Hy - 256 2.79 h-n 9.43 c 2.39 l-n 3.96 d-f 13.25 f-o 12.85 f-m 14.96 f-n 19.38 a-c 219.60 ab 1550 c-i
16 Kagisali 2.17 t-w 8.09 i-l 2.50 i-l 3.23 j-o 15.16 a-j 10.22 o-t 16.47 b-k 18.52 a-f 165.40 g-m 1307 f-l
17 Kari bhatha 2.93 e-j 8.22 f-k 2.96 c-e 2.78 q-t 15.88 a-f 8.79 t-v 17.55 a-h 16.98 c-h 188.80 c-h 1571 c-l
18 Kari kalavi 3.12 c-f 7.79 l-m 3.20 b 2.43 u 14.64 a-l 9.17 r-v 19.53 a 17.47 b-g 203.50 b-e 1696 a-g
19 Kempunellu 3.35 a-c 8.00 jk 3.17 b 2.53 tu 16.42 a-c 10.66 n-t 17.71 a-g 16.38 d-i 217.60 ab 2083 ab
20 Kumud 1.67 yz 6.90 p 2.26 n-q 3.06 m-r 13.69 d-o 13.67 f-i 14.63 i-o 16.10 e-i 108.60 rs 995.8 k-m
21 Manila 2.95 e-j 8.53 e-h 2.39 l-n 3.57 g-j 12.56 j-o 14.36 d-g 14.38 j-o 17.74 a-g 160.40 i-n 1133 i-m
22 Mysore sanna 2.05 vw 8.23 e-k 1.97 st 4.18 c-e 9.24 s 13.07 f-k 11.27 pq 15.48 g-k 113.40 q-s 991.7 k-m
23 Nizam shaith 3.36 a-c 10.27 a 2.66 g-i 3.86 e-g 16.77 ab 10.08 o-t 18.15 a-c 19.65 a-c 236.50 a 2072 ab
24 Ratan sagar 1.94 wx 7.44 no 1.63 v 4.58 b 13.39 e-o 12.95 f-l 14.61 i-o 15.49 g-k 135.50 n-q 1296 g-l
25 Ratna chuda 2.51 o-r 9.04 d 2.20 p-r 4.11 c-e 12.37 k-p 17.27 bc 13.25 l-p 19.26 a-d 142.80 m-p 1313 f-l
26 Sampigedala 2.90 f-k 8.00 j-l 3.93 a 2.04 v 15.38 a-h 9.01 s-v 17.12 a-j 20.51 a 200.90 b-f 1842 a-d
27 Shankar punam 1.77 xy 7.60 m-o 2.13 qr 3.57 g-j 14.16 b-m 13.25 f-j 15.61 b-m 15.57 g-k 122.60 p-r 1071 j-m
28 Teqing 2.56 n-q 7.61 m-o 2.80 e-g 2.72 r-u 15.10 a-j 7.26 vw 18.17 a-c 12.96 j-l 173.00 g-l 1442 c-k
29 Udursali 3.47 a 9.86 b 2.75 f-h 3.59 g-j 16.88 a 9.69 p-u 18.27 ab 18.73 a-e 217.90 ab 1909 a-c
30 Waner-1 3.17 b-e 8.58 e-g 2.49 j-m 3.44 h-l 15.31 a-i 18.52 ab 16.10 b-l 20.39 a 190.80 c-g 1829 a-d
COV 3.14 1.48 2.34 3.28 6.03 5.62 5.66 5.50 5.01 10.43
CD 1% 0.22 0.34 0.16 0.31 2.22 1.76 2.37 2.43 22.31 397.792

Contd..

Sl.
No.
Genotype 100-GWT GL GW GS ratio RL10 SL10 RL14 SL14 SDWT V I
31 Abilash 3.40 ab 9.03 d 2.60 h-j 3.47 h-k 13.76 c-o 11.48 j-q 14.94 f-n 13.84 i-l 211.70 a-c 2117 a
32 Amruth 2.66 k-p 8.37 e-j 2.47 j-m 3.40 h-m 12.65 i-o 10.92 m-s 13.67 k-p 16.42 d-i 148.60 l-o 1233 g-m
33 Avinash 2.85 g-m 8.18 g-l 2.75 f-h 2.97 n-s 14.03 c-m 11.00 l-s 16.14 b-k 13.98 i-l 171.40 g-l 1571 c-i
34 BPT-5204 1.47 z 7.37 o 1.91 st 3.86 e-g 11.11 o-s 5.24 x 14.78 h-n 9.74 m 93.91 s 820.8 m
35 Erramallelu 2.03 vw 9.73 bc 1.75 uv 5.57 a 11.39 n-s 11.73 i-p 12.41 n-q 13.93 i-l 124.30 o-r 1138 i-m
36 Intan 2.60 m-q 8.48 e-i 2.40 l-n 3.54 g-j 12.76 h-o 16.92 bc 14.10 k-o 19.78 a-c 165.00 g-m 1033 j-m
37 IR - 20 2.11 u-w 8.33 e-j 2.22 o-r 3.75 f-h 14.15 b-m 6.89 wx 17.36 a-i 11.72 lm 140.50 m-p 1171 h-m
38 IR -64 2.75 I-o 9.54 bc 2.06 rs 4.64 b 13.39 e-o 12.99 f-l 14.88 g-n 18.81 a-e 159.30 i-n 1325 f-l
39 Jasmine 1.75 xy 7.84 km 2.18 p-r 3.60 g-i 14.59 a-l 6.02 wx 17.33 a-i 11.92 lm 113.40 q-s 991.7 k-m
40 Jaya 2.70 j-p 8.40 e-i 2.81 e-g 2.99 n-r 13.22 f-o 6.67 wx 18.28 ab 12.92 kl 181.00 e-i 1508 c-j
41 MGD-101 2.85 g-m 7.98 j-l 2.83 d-f 2.82 p-t 16.06 a-e 11.20 k-r 17.96 a-d 14.16 h-l 180.30 e-j 1581 c-i
42 MTU-1001 2.40 q-t 8.53 e-h 2.57 i-k 3.32 i-n 14.02 c-n 5.95 wx 17.75 a-f 12.35 lm 160.10 i-n 1401 d-l
43 Rasi 2.65 k-q 7.57 m-o 2.42 k-n 3.13 k-p 13.18 g-o 10.49 o-t 14.30 j-o 13.72 i-l 154.10 j-n 1350 e-l
44 Tella hamsa 2.40 q-t 9.08 d 2.15 qr 4.23 cd 13.82 c-n 6.59 wx 15.38 c-m 12.31 lm 163.90 h-m 1438 c-k
45 Tulasi 2.55 n-q 8.18 g-l 2.32 m-p 3.54 g-j 13.10 g-o 9.49 q-u 14.02 k-o 13.11 j-l 151.40 k-n 1329 e-l
46 Vandana 2.46 p-s 8.63 e 2.39 l-n 3.61 g-i 13.78 c-n 15.82 c-e 15.13 d-n 16.91 c-h 171.40 g-l 1571 c-i
COV 3.14 1.48 2.34 3.28 6.03 5.62 5.66 5.50 5.01 10.43
CD 1% 0.22 0.34 0.16 0.31 2.22 1.76 2.37 2.43 22.31 397.792

and lower shoot length was recorded with BPT5204, Vijeta (MTU-1001), Jasmine,
Tellahamsa and Jaya.
Shoot length at 14
th
DAS
Shoot length ranged from 9.74 (BPT5204) to 20.56cm (Honasu) on 14
th
day. Among
the checks, IR64 (18.81cm) recorded highest shoot length followed by Vandana (16.91cm).
The superior genotypes as compared to best check on 14
th
day for shoot length were Honasu
(20.56), Sampigedala (20.51), Waner-1 (20.39), which were on par among themselves
followed by Bolasali, Dodiga, Intan, Nizam shaith, HY-256, Ratna chuda, Antrasali which were
on par with IR64. Lowest root length was observed in BPT5204, IR20, Jasmine, Tellahamsa,
MTU-1001, Jaya and Tequing.
Seedlings dry weight ranged from 93.91 (BPT5204) to 236.5 mg (Nizam shaith). The
checks were significantly different and Vandana recorded higher seedling dry weight (171.4
mg) than IR64 (159.3mg). Apart from Nizam shaith, Hakkalasali, Hy-256, Udursali,
Kempunellu, Chippiga, Abilash and Dodiga were significantly superior over the checks.
Seedling dry weight was low in BPT5204 followed by Bangar kaddi, Kumud, Jasmine and
Mysore sanna (93.91 124.5mg).
Assessment of genetic diversity is important for cultivar diversification in plant
breeding. For the assessment of genetic diversity molecular markers have been generally
superior to morphological markers and the genetic diversity is commonly assessed by genetic
distance or genetic similarity. Hence, an attempt has been made to assess the genetic
diversity in 46 accessions comprising 30 are local land races and 16 are improved cultivars
using RAPD assay.
Twenty-three primers were utilized for the assay (Table 26). The primers OPA-12,
OPC-09 showed 100 per cent polymorphism followed by OPF-09 (90.91%), OPA-11
(87.50%), OPL-17 (87.50), OPV-15 (87.50) and OPB-11 (85.71). The polymorphism ranged
from 55.56 (OPA-18) to 100 per cent (OPA-12 and OPL-09). For each primer evaluated 4 to
12 fragments were amplified in a given genotype.
Twenty-three primers generated a total of 194 amplified fragments, out of which, 147
(75.77%) were polymorphic. PIC values ranged from 0.13 (OPC-15) to 0.37 (OPC-09) with a
mean PIC value of 0.24 per primer. Highest PIC value was recorded with OPC-09 (0.37)
followed by OPA-12 (0.34), OPL-17 (0.33), OPA-11 (0.32 and OPK-14 (0.32). On an average,
8.5 bands were amplified per primer and 6.39 were polymorphic.
Similarity coefficient ranged from 0.72 to 0.97(Table 27). The highest genetic diversity
was observed between Antarsali and MTU-1001 (0.67) followed by Antarsali and Avinash
(0.68) and Chippaga and Rasi (0.685). Among the genotypes, which recorded good early
vigor the maximum diversity was observed between Antarsali and Karikalavi followed by
Antarsali and Vandana (0.696). Similarly, by considering all the genotypes, Antarsali and
Chippaga had high diversity (0.67 to 0.72) with most of the other genotypes, whereas high
similarity was observed between MG 101 and MTU-1001 (0.97).
The dendrogram (Fig. 6) revealed 11 distinct clusters at Sij 0.72, 0.73, 0.78, 0.792,
0.804, 0.816, 0.822, 0.828, 0.832, 0.84, 0.85, respectively. Antarsali, Chippiga, BPT5204,
Bangarkaddi, clustered distinctly away from rest of the genotypes at Sij 0.72, 0.732, 0.78, and
0.792, respectively. Whereas, the good early vigor accessions viz., Dodiga, Champakali and
Bolasali, which are also drought tolerant clustered at Sij (0.886) and similarly genotypes with
good root growth and drought tolerance (Udursali, Waner-1, Teqing, Sampigedala,
Shankarpunam) and high yielding genotype cultivars (MTU-1001, Jaya, Intan, IR-64)
clustered at Sij (0.84) and Sij (0.91), respectively.

Table 26: Analysis of RAPD banding pattern in upland rice germplasm

Sl No. Primer
Monomorphic
bands
Polymorphic
bands
Total bands
Percent
polymorphism
PIC
1 OPA-11 1 7 8 87.50 0.32
2 OPA-12 0 8 8 100.00 0.34
3 OPA-15 3 5 8 62.50 0.19
4 OPA -18 4 5 9 55.56 0.15
5 OPA-20 3 4 7 57.14 0.19
6 OPAG-03 3 8 11 72.73 0.28
7 OPB-11 1 6 7 85.71 0.23
8 OPC-06 3 4 7 57.14 0.21
9 OPC-09 0 4 4 100.00 0.37
10 OPC-15 2 5 7 71.43 0.13
11 OPE-11 2 9 11 81.82 0.22
12 OPF-09 1 10 11 90.91 0.25
13 OPH-04 2 7 9 77.78 0.19
14 OPH-19 2 10 12 83.33 0.21
15 OPK-09 3 6 9 66.67 0.22
16 OPK-14 3 7 10 70.00 0.32
17 OPL-17 1 7 8 87.50 0.33
18 OPL-18 5 5 10 50.00 0.17
19 OPM-03 1 5 6 83.33 0.26
20 OPM-12 2 8 10 80.00 0.22
21 OPN-04 2 4 6 66.67 0.24
22 OPV-15 1 7 8 87.50 0.24
23 OPV-16 2 6 8 75.00 0.27
Total 47 147 194
Average 2.04 6.39 8.43 76.10 0.24

Table 27: Similarity matrix of upland rice germplasm based on RAPD banding pattern

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1 Ambemohr 1.000
2 Annada 0.850 1.000
3 Antarsali 0.747 0.753 1.000
4 Bangarkaddi 0.780 0.803 0.726 1.000
5 Belgaumbasamathi 0.783 0.781 0.705 0.798 1.000
6 Bidarlocal 0.821 0.790 0.719 0.791 0.836 1.000
7 Bilekalavi 0.842 0.833 0.732 0.797 0.821 0.862 1.000
8 Bolasali 0.797 0.819 0.774 0.821 0.814 0.849 0.863 1.000
9 Champakali 0.839 0.838 0.763 0.794 0.833 0.852 0.866 0.912 1.000
10 Chippiga 0.747 0.744 0.722 0.753 0.758 0.744 0.740 0.757 0.737 1.000
11 Chippigaholesal 0.799 0.827 0.719 0.814 0.822 0.855 0.848 0.849 0.866 0.760 1.000
12 Dodiga 0.823 0.821 0.761 0.800 0.831 0.830 0.858 0.867 0.906 0.726 0.865 1.000
13 Hakkalasali 0.819 0.817 0.736 0.797 0.848 0.846 0.866 0.874 0.911 0.736 0.899 0.903 1.000
14 Honasu 0.816 0.800 0.724 0.809 0.824 0.850 0.864 0.858 0.868 0.740 0.884 0.874 0.927 1.000
15 Hy256 0.793 0.813 0.713 0.808 0.830 0.849 0.870 0.857 0.853 0.738 0.870 0.880 0.887 0.912 1.000
16 Kagisali 0.800 0.820 0.732 0.800 0.864 0.861 0.875 0.876 0.899 0.717 0.887 0.884 0.929 0.915 0.888 1.000
17 Karibhatha 0.769 0.767 0.680 0.790 0.834 0.852 0.832 0.811 0.829 0.728 0.846 0.814 0.882 0.894 0.860 0.897 1.000
18 Karikalavi 0.782 0.766 0.692 0.789 0.835 0.854 0.819 0.775 0.816 0.725 0.847 0.821 0.858 0.849 0.828 0.860 0.878 1.000
19 Kempunellu 0.807 0.827 0.723 0.830 0.844 0.835 0.848 0.849 0.873 0.731 0.896 0.858 0.898 0.897 0.896 0.913 0.885 0.875 1.000
20 Kumud 0.813 0.826 0.713 0.828 0.821 0.854 0.847 0.848 0.858 0.745 0.895 0.850 0.884 0.883 0.869 0.899 0.858 0.846 0.914 1.000
21 Manila 0.797 0.824 0.736 0.804 0.827 0.832 0.852 0.874 0.856 0.720 0.872 0.876 0.902 0.874 0.880 0.897 0.863 0.818 0.905 0.917 1.000
22 Mysoresanna 0.770 0.821 0.762 0.815 0.779 0.815 0.821 0.836 0.840 0.728 0.864 0.832 0.847 0.845 0.837 0.843 0.827 0.807 0.857 0.890 0.875 1.000
23 Nizamshaith 0.809 0.815 0.732 0.809 0.839 0.850 0.864 0.865 0.889 0.740 0.871 0.867 0.914 0.886 0.872 0.902 0.874 0.842 0.890 0.896 0.914 0.887 1.000
24 Ratansagar 0.811 0.840 0.721 0.835 0.797 0.819 0.861 0.855 0.858 0.773 0.854 0.850 0.865 0.856 0.855 0.853 0.844 0.817 0.868 0.874 0.872 0.892 0.898
25 Ratnachuda 0.821 0.835 0.723 0.800 0.837 0.855 0.855 0.842 0.859 0.731 0.869 0.865 0.892 0.897 0.890 0.906 0.905 0.841 0.908 0.894 0.892 0.850 0.904
26 Sampigedala 0.802 0.792 0.717 0.826 0.780 0.810 0.854 0.824 0.813 0.752 0.803 0.797 0.809 0.835 0.841 0.811 0.837 0.779 0.840 0.832 0.816 0.834 0.820
27 Shankarpunam 0.803 0.801 0.697 0.780 0.812 0.832 0.846 0.796 0.807 0.731 0.832 0.835 0.830 0.841 0.854 0.846 0.850 0.810 0.840 0.845 0.864 0.827 0.855
28 Teqing 0.826 0.817 0.730 0.803 0.820 0.847 0.861 0.840 0.844 0.773 0.847 0.821 0.830 0.835 0.841 0.846 0.830 0.810 0.847 0.832 0.837 0.806 0.821
29 Udursali 0.840 0.815 0.753 0.786 0.788 0.846 0.846 0.846 0.872 0.745 0.832 0.863 0.850 0.848 0.826 0.838 0.808 0.780 0.846 0.831 0.864 0.819 0.855
30 Waner-1 0.844 0.803 0.738 0.780 0.791 0.481 0.820 0.812 0.846 0.756 0.821 0.838 0.819 0.823 0.800 0.828 0.804 0.782 0.814 0.813 0.826 0.793 0.823
31 Abilash 0.779 0.792 0.736 0.762 0.773 0.784 0.801 0.816 0.806 0.727 0.796 0.804 0.794 0.799 0.811 0.797 0.767 0.744 0.804 0.845 0.822 0.812 0.813
32 Amruth 0.807 0.806 0.711 0.777 0.787 0.801 0.836 0.815 0.826 0.695 0.822 0.817 0.827 0.811 0.830 0.829 0.820 0.807 0.844 0.829 0.820 0.817 0.832
33 Avinash 0.796 0.787 0.680 0.774 0.790 0.817 0.816 0.837 0.827 0.711 0.844 0.792 0.874 0.852 0.825 0.863 0.854 0.803 0.864 0.889 0.874 0.819 0.852
34 BPT5204 0.794 0.792 0.751 0.727 0.740 0.751 0.802 0.763 0.768 0.715 0.766 0.743 0.758 0.769 0.753 0.776 0.765 0.727 0.761 0.796 0.765 0.835 0.769
35 Erramallelu 0.813 0.804 0.730 0.791 0.793 0.840 0.840 0.826 0.830 0.706 0.847 0.801 0.857 0.862 0.854 0.859 0.844 0.812 0.879 0.872 0.857 0.822 0.842
36 Intan 0.804 0.803 0.698 0.775 0.813 0.832 0.845 0.838 0.848 0.729 0.845 0.827 0.894 0.873 0.859 0.883 0.868 0.850 0.884 0.883 0.887 0.840 0.893
37 IR20 0.814 0.820 0.723 0.778 0.794 0.835 0.869 0.849 0.859 0.723 0.862 0.844 0.872 0.864 0.870 0.854 0.833 0.814 0.855 0.874 0.872 0.864 0.877
38 IR64 0.797 0.831 0.698 0.768 0.792 0.838 0.838 0.845 0.848 0.722 0.858 0.814 0.868 0.853 0.866 0.870 0.855 0.804 0.865 0.864 0.868 0.853 0.853
39 Jasmine 0.769 0.789 0.698 0.768 0.847 0.825 0.831 0.825 0.848 0.698 0.851 0.841 0.868 0.866 0.872 0.883 0.855 0.824 0.858 0.870 0.881 0.847 0.866
40 Jaya 0.800 0.826 0.695 0.793 0.801 0.821 0.853 0.834 0.850 0.718 0.860 0.829 0.902 0.875 0.874 0.878 0.857 0.833 0.885 0.891 0.889 0.836 0.875
41 MGD101 0.819 0.811 0.689 0.792 0.813 0.832 0.864 0.838 0.854 0.712 0.876 0.840 0.910 0.890 0.871 0.893 0.867 0.824 0.894 0.913 0.910 0.859 0.897
42 MTU1001 0.824 0.830 0.679 0.797 0.819 0.850 0.869 0.844 0.860 0.709 0.875 0.852 0.897 0.883 0.870 0.886 0.879 0.830 0.900 0.899 0.897 0.858 0.896

43 Rasi 0.781 0.787 0.718 0.729 0.776 0.797 0.837 0.796 0.800 0.685 0.804 0.785 0.836 0.833 0.805 0.844 0.829 0.803 0.851 0.857 0.849 0.833 0.827
44 Tellahamsa 0.778 0.791 0.736 0.738 0.757 0.787 0.829 0.771 0.783 0.711 0.808 0.767 0.814 0.811 0.810 0.809 0.800 0.793 0.830 0.829 0.814 0.838 0.804
45 Tulasi 0.801 0.807 0.717 0.772 0.8170 0.823 0.870 0.822 0.846 0.741 0.870 0.832 0.873 0.851 0.850 0.875 0.853 0.815 0.863 0.862 0.860 0.831 0.858
46 Vandana 0.782 0.787 0.696 0.774 0.804 0.844 0.857 0.824 0.847 0.711 0.877 0.840 0.874 0.852 0.865 0.875 0.867 0.836 0.857 0.882 0.867 0.852 0.872
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
1 Ambemohr
2 Annada
3 Antarsali
4 Bangarkaddi
5 Belgaumbasamathi
6 Bidarlocal
7 Bilekalavi
8 Bolasali
9 Champakali
10 Chippiga
11 Chippigaholesal
12 Dodiga
13 Hakkalasali
14 Honasu
15 Hy256
16 Kagisali
17 Karibhatha
18 Karikalavi
19 Kempunellu
20 Kumud
21 Manila
22 Mysoresanna
23 Nizamshaith
24 Ratansagar 1.000
25 Ratnachuda 0.875 1.000
26 Sampigedala 0.860 0.861 1.000
27 Shankarpunam 0.845 0.887 0.852 1.000
28 Teqing 0.853 0.861 0.845 0.881 1.000
29 Udursali 0.844 0.846 0.837 0.844 0.859 1.000
30 Waner-1 0.833 0.829 0.817 0.825 0.856 0.916 1.000
31 Abilash 0.830 0.811 0.768 0.815 0.815 0.836 0.809 1.000
32 Amruth 0.835 0.823 0.804 0.813 0.827 0.833 0.800 0.877 1.000
33 Avinash 0.829 0.864 0.800 0.822 0.822 0.807 0.803 0.828 0.859 1.000
34 BPT5204 0.792 0.768 0.767 0.770 0.769 0.744 0.770 0.798 0.797 0.821 1.000
35 Erramallelu 0.825 0.879 0.831 0.831 0.832 0.824 0.799 0.837 0.869 0.900 0.803 1.000
36 Intan 0.823 0.884 0.787 0.809 0.810 0.829 0.811 0.822 0.860 0.879 0.773 0.901 1.000
37 IR20 0.861 0.855 0.804 0.853 0.847 0.846 0.814 0.846 0.878 0.870 0.841 0.886 0.897 1.000
38 IR64 0.837 0.871 0.822 0.829 0.837 0.836 0.825 0.808 0.867 0.885 0.823 0.895 0.911 0.923 1.000
39 Jasmine 0.837 0.858 0.794 0.870 0.823 0.836 0.811 0.849 0.860 0.873 0.801 0.875 0.867 0.910 0.892 1.000
40 Jaya 0.852 0.873 0.804 0.838 0.839 0.831 0.800 0.845 0.875 0.918 0.804 0.909 0.925 0.917 0.913 0.906 1.000
41 MGD101 0.863 0.894 0.816 0.855 0.850 0.836 0.812 0.855 0.872 0.914 0.810 0.905 0.915 0.919 0.909 0.921 0.958 1.000
42 MTU1001 0.868 0.900 0.822 0.867 0.862 0.848 0.838 0.861 0.884 0.901 0.808 0.898 0.908 0.919 0.914 0.914 0.939 0.970 1.000

43 Rasi 0.815 0.838 0.786 0.815 0.808 0.793 0.796 0.828 0.860 0.873 0.815 0.850 0.861 0.884 0.867 0.874 0.888 0.903 0.903 1.000
44 Tellahamsa 0.813 0.810 0.782 0.770 0.791 0.768 0.778 0.812 0.852 0.846 0.835 0.848 0.847 0.871 0.853 0.847 0.882 0.878 0.884 0.908 1.000
45 Tulasi 0.848 0.856 0.777 0.847 0.848 0.819 0.809 0.826 0.858 0.877 0.813 0.887 0.872 0.915 0.878 0.910 0.911 0.926 0.919 0.905 0.885 1.000
46 Vandana 0.849 0.870 0.786 0.855 0.836 0.814 0.796 0.814 0.852 0.872 0.800 0.887 0.873 0.909 0.879 0.911 0.893 0.914 0.914 0.860 0.859 0.929 1.000

Plate 7a. RAPD banding profile in upland rice germplasm
1-30 correspomds genotypes as in Table 1, M-100 bp marker

Fig 6. Dendrogram depicting diversity in upland rice germplasm

The dendrogram also revealed distinct clustering of land races and improved cultivars
into two different clusters at Sij 0.862 (land race) and Sij 0.872 (cultivars). The genotypes
having diverse pedigree and derived from different crosses (MGD-101 and MTU-1001 (97%)
and IR-20 and IR-64 (92%)) exhibited more genetic similarity.

V. DISCUSSION
Upland rice plays a major role in the sustainable food security of the country. Weeds
and stress conditions especially during early crop growth are the two major constraints
limiting the yield. Use of cultivars with early vigor facilitating good crop establishment and
better competitive ability with weeds is an important strategy for enhancing and stabilizing the
productivity of upland rice. Though several high yielding cultivars have been released for
cultivation in upland condition, many are not popular for lack of either high seedling vigor or
preferred grain traits. Often high seedling vigor is associated with bold and heavy seeds,
which are not preferred by consumers as compared to fine grains. Hence, there is an urgent
need to asses variability and interrelationship between seed and seedling traits to design
efficient breeding strategies to combine quality grain features with good seedling vigor in the
upland rice cultivars.
In the present study, vigor related parameters viz., 100-grain weight, grain length,
grain width, grain shape, root length, shoot length, seedling dry weight, seedling height and
vigor index were assessed for variability and interrelationship individually in germplasm and
F
3
population of BPT5204/A-67 and BPT5204/Dodiga and the results obtained and their
implications to breeding are discussed in this chapter.
5.1 VARIABILITY
Effectiveness of selection depends on the magnitude of variability that becomes
available for selection. The amount of variation present alone will not be of much use to the
breeder unless supplemented with the information on heritability, which gives a measure of
the heritable portion of the total variation (Burton and Devane, 1953). Since genetic advance
is dependent of phenotypic variability and heritability in addition to selection intensity, the
heritability in conjunction with genetic advance will be more effective and reliable in
predicting the response to selection (Johnson et al., 1955).
5.1.1 Germplasm
The analysis of variance indicated highly significant variation for all the traits namely
100-grain weight, grain length, grain width, root length, shoot length, seedling height, seedling
dry weight and vigor index. Significant variability for these traits has been observed in 38 rice
cultivars (Teng et al., 1992) and in 83 genotypes of indica and japonica subspecies, six
hybrids and their parental lines (Bharathi et al., 2004).
High genetic advance was observed for 100-grain weight, grain width, grain shape,
which was due to high heritability and moderate to high coefficient of variation. Similar results
were obtained by Singh et al. (2000) in a study comprising of 44 genotypes and (Marekar and
Siddique, 1997 and Shantha Kumar, 1998). Whereas, genetic advance was moderate for
grain length due to low to moderate coefficient of variation coupled with high heritability, which
was similar to the results obtained by Jagadhamba Singh et al., (2004) and Bharathi et al.,
(2004) in different sets of rice genotypes. Thus it can be concluded that better scope for
selection exists for grain traits like 100-grain weight, grain width and grain shape and it was
moderate for grain length.
Among the seedling traits, high genetic advance was observed for shoot length, root
length, seedling dry weight and vigor index which were due to high heritability and moderate
to high co-efficient of variation while it was low for germination due to low coefficient of
variation and moderate heritability (Fig.2). Similar results obtained by Shenoy et al. (1990),
Ramadevi (1998), Meli (2002) Bharathi et al. (2004) and Diwan et al. (2004) in different sets
of rice genotypes indicated good scope of selection for different seedling traits except
germination.

Seed traits viz., 100-grain weight, grain length, grain weight and grain shape showed
significant variation as revealed by analysis of variance in segregating F
3
population of
BPT5204/A-67 and BPT5204/Dodiga Variability parameters were estimated in the F
3

population of BPT5204/A-67 and BPT5204/Dodiga to know the amount of variability available
for selection in seed and seedling traits. High genetic advance was observed for 100-grain
weight, which was due to high heritability and moderate coefficient of variation, while high
heritability and low coefficient of variation resulted in low to moderate genetic advance for
grain length, grain width and grain shape. Similarly, Chauhan and Nanda, (1983), Redona
and Mackill (1998) and Srinivas et al., (2004), reported much better potential for selection for
seed weight as compared to grain length, grain width and grain shape in different segregating
populations.
Similarly, the two populations exhibited significant variation for all the seedling traits
namely germination percent, root length, shoot length, seedling height, seedling dry weight
and vigor index. High genetic advance was recorded for shoot length, root length and vigor
index which could be attributed to high heritability and moderate to high coefficient of
variation, but it was moderate for seedling dry weight and seedling height, which was due to
low coefficient of variation coupled with high heritability. Akram et al. (1993), Redona
and Mackill (1996), Yamauchi and Winn (1996) and Subba Rao et al. (1996) observed similar
pattern of variability in different populations. High genetic advance was due to predominance
of additive genetic variation for shoot length (Li and Rutger, 1980). Shoot and root
length of seedlings at a given growth stage were found to be highly heritable and stable
(Sivasubramanian and Ramakrishnan, 1978 and Shibuya and Oka, 1994) and they have
been used for characterizing the rice genotypes.
Based on estimates of genetic advance, both in germplasm and F
3
populations root
and shoot length at 10
th
DAS was found to be better than at 14
th
DAS indicating suitability of
observations at10
th
DAS for selection in the laboratory.
5.2 PATTERN OF DISTRIBUTION FOR SEED AND SEEDLING
TRAITS IN F
3
POPULATIONS
Normal distribution for the seed and seedling traits indicated quantitative nature of
inheritance for the traits. 100- Grain weight and grain width had a distribution within the
parental range indicating possibility of contribution of positive alleles from A-67 and Dodiga
and negative alleles from BPT-5204. Grain shape had a distribution beyond the bold grained
parents A-67 and Dodiga indicating the contribution of alleles for boldness from fine-grained
parent (BPT-5204) also. But distribution for seedling dry weight and vigor index
was beyond the low vigor parent BPT-5204 revealing the contribution of negative alleles from
the better vigor parents A-67 and Dodiga.
Significant transgressive segregants were observed for grain length, root length and
shoot length beyond both the parents, which indicated that neither parents carried all the
positive or negative alleles and were distributed in both the parents (Fig-7). Transgressive
segregants were observed earlier for root and shoot length by Redona and Mackill (1996) and
Zhang et al., (2005) and for grain characters by Xiao et al., (1996), Redona and Mackill
(1998) and Hagiwara (2006). The transgressive segregants could be due to complementary
action of additive genes that were dispersed among the parents (Xu et al., 1998).
5.3 SEED MORPHOLOGY
In the present study the germplasm (46) consisted of short (5), medium (31) and long
(10) grained types based on length and narrow (15), medium (21) and broad (10) grained
types based on grain width indicating the existence of an array of different types. Differences
among rice genotypes for seed size and shape was earlier reported by various scientists

Fig 7. Frequency distribution of early vigour related traits in F
3
population of BPT-
5204/A-67 and BPT-5204/ Doddiga

3
population of BPT-

3
population of BPT-

(Oka, 1958, Bhattacharya and Sowbhagya, 1980, Chauhan and Nanda, 1983, Gupta and
Agarwal, 1988 and Wang and Shen, 1992).
Length to width ratio of grain was estimated and the grains were classified into four
different types (slender, medium, bold and round) (Ramaiah and Rao, 1953) but the
germplasm in the present study comprised only slender (32) and medium (14) grain types,
which are much-preferred categories by the consumers. Variation for grain shape has also
been reported (Kato and Matsunaga, 1990, Chauhan et al., 1991, Koutroubas et al., 2004 and
Vanaja and Babu, 2006) earlier in rice but the present study has revealed the predominance
of slender types in the upland rice germplasm.
Similarly, grain weight has been used in characterizing the accessions into different
categories (Rosta, (1975), Bhattacharya and Sowbhagya, (1980) and Chauhan and Nanda,
(1983) Chauhan et al., (1991), Sarma et al., (1996) and Rohini, (2000). The germplasm
consisted of light (7), medium (7) and heavy (32) grained types, thus indicating predominance
of heavy types. In conclusion, the upland rice germplasm was found to comprise different
categories but dominated by specific grain types.
In both the segregating populations, mean for all grain traits fell within the parental
limit. The range was wider and beyond the parental values. Based on grain weight, length,
width and shape, the F
3
lines were grouped into different classes in BPT-5204/A-67 and BPT-
5204/Dodiga. The F
3
lines within different classes were compared for root and shoot length
and the lines with on par performance with better parents were considered superior (Table-
28a and 28b). The wide range for root and shoot length within different grain classes
indicated the presence of ample amount of variability and the combination of different grain
characters with early vigor traits (Fig-8a and 8b).
5.4 ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS
Early vigor is a complex character and is multiplicative end product of many factors
called vigor parameters. To make effective selection for early vigor, a thorough understanding
of vigor indicating parameters, interrelationship among them and vigor is necessary. Selection
for one component may bring about a simultaneous change in the other if the association is
positive leading to simultaneously improvement in both the characters. But, if they are
negatively associated, improvement in one character may adversely affect the other and the
net gain may be towards negative side. Correlation is a powerful tool to study the association
of characters and is therefore very useful to decide selection strategy for improvement of a
character without sacrificing gain in the other traits.
An understanding of the nature of association among early vigor related traits like
grain characters namely 100-grain weight, grain length, grain width and seedling traits namely
root length, shoot length, seedling height, seedling dry weight and vigor index with early vigor
is expected to provide new dimension in planning selection strategy and in understanding the
relationship among seed and seedling traits. The results of present investigation on
association studies in upland rice germplasm and in two segregating F
3
populations for early
vigor and its related traits are discussed.
5.4.1 Seed traits
Correlation among grain characters in germplasm and segregating populations
revealed significant positive association of 100-grain weight with grain length and width. But it
was negative with grain shape. The association was much stronger with grain width
than grain length. Grain length had positive association with grain shape. On contrary grain
width correlated negatively with grain shape. Similar results were earlier reported by Singh et
al., (2000), Nirala Ramchiary (2001), Bharathi et al., (2004), Jagadamba Singh et al., (2004)
and Vanaja and Babu (2006). Associations among grain characters in segregating
populations were earlier reported by Rabiei et al., (2004a), Govindaraj et al. (2005) and
Hagiwara et al., (2006).

Table 28a: Frequency and percentage of F
3
lines in different grain types in BPT-5204 ANTARSALI

Number of F
3
lines
Number of F
3
lines with superior root
growth
Number of F
3
lines with superior shoot
growth
Grain
types
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
100-Grain weight
Lig
ht
87 39 69 79.01 36 41.37
Medium 129 58 91 70.54 71 81.61
Heavy 7 3 4 57.14 4 57.14
Grain length
Sh
ort
113 50.67 92 81.41 44 38.93
Medium 110 49.33 72 65.45 67 60.91
Long - - - - - -

Grain width
Nar
row
27 12.1 25 92.59 7 25.92
Medium
196 87.89 139 70.91 104 53.06
Broad - - - - - -
Grain shape
Sle
nder
157 70.41 122 77.71 46 29.29
Medium 66 29.51 42 63.63 35 53.03
Bold - - - - -
Round - - - - - -

Table 28b: Frequency and percentage of F
3
lines in different grain types in BPT-5204 DODIGA

Number of F
3
lines
Number of F
3
lines with superior root
growth
Number of F
3
lines with superior shoot
growth
Grain
types
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
100-Grain weight
Lig
ht
39 17.48 20 51.28 3 7.69
Medium 148 66.36 93 62.83 63 42.56
Heavy 36 16.14 23 63.88 20 55.55
Grain length
Sh
ort
137 61.43 78 56.93 43 31.38
Medium 86 38.56 58 67.44 43 67.44
Long - - - - - -

Grain width
Nar
row
2 0.89 2 100 1 50
Medium
199 89.23 126 63.31 75 37.68
Broad 22 9.86 8 36.36 10 45.45
Grain shape
Sle
nder
48 21.52 39 81.25 25 52.08
Medium 175 78.47 97 55.42 61 34.85
Bold - - - - - -
Round - - - - - -

3
9
7
9
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0
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0
10
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80
90
100
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
Light Medium Heavy Short Medium Long Narrow Medium Broad Slender Medium Bold Round
Grain types
Number of F3 lines
Number of F3 lines with
superior root growth
superior shoot growth
Fig. 8a: Percentage of F
3
lines in different grain types in BPT-5204 x ANTARSALI
100-grain weight Grain length Grain width Grain shape
Fig. 8a: Percentage of F3 lines in different grain types in BPT-5204 x ANTARSALI

1
7
.
4
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5
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.
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9
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8
5
0
10
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60
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80
90
100
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
Light Medium Heavy Short Medium Long Narrow Medium Broad Slender Medium Bold Round
Grain types
Number of F3 lines
superior root growth
superior shoot growth
Fig. 8b: Percentage of F
3
lines in different grain types in BPT-5204 x DODIGA
100-grain weight Grain length Grain width Grain shape
Fig. 8b: Percentage of F3 lines in different grain types in BPT-5204 x DODIGA

However, based on the magnitude of association, grain length correlated highly with
grain shape as compared to grain width indicating that grain slenderness increased as the
grain length increased. Many reports indicated association of grain length with grain
shape (Brondani et al., 2002; Lin et al., 2001, Xing et al., 2001 and Wan et al., 2005). Based
on such results it was concluded that grain shape could be effectively modified through
selection in grain length and grain breadth (Rabiei et al., 2004b). There is a definite
association between length and grain shape and the longer the grain the finer it tends to be
(Ramaiah and Rao, 1953). In a study of 318 European rice genotypes a strong association of
brown rice grain characters was evident with the corresponding traits of rough rice indicating
that the size and shape of brown rice could be predicted by measurements on rough rice
(Koutroubas et al., 2004).
5.4.2 Seedling traits
Seedling shoot and root length had significant positive association with seedling
height, seedling dry weight and vigor index. Similar results of positive and highly significant
association of root and shoot length has been reported by Makhasi, (2001) and Bharathi et
al., (2004), whereas the association of shoot length with seedling dry weight and vigor index
was stronger as reported by Krishnaswamy and Seshu (1989), Ramadevi (1998)
and Akram (2004) as compared to root length in our study. This difference in the results could
be attributed to the material used in the different studies.
In the segregating populations, correlation among seedling traits revealed significant
association of germination percent, shoot length and root length with seedling height, seedling
dry weight and vigor index. But the association was stronger in BPT5204/Dodiga.
However, significant negative association was obtained between shoot length and root length
in BPT5204/A-67, but it was positive in BPT5204/Dodiga revealing possibility of simultaneous
improvement of both the characters in the later cross. Distinct association between root and
shoot length in different populations, was earlier reported by Redona and Mackill (1996a) and
Subba Rao et al. (1996).
The association among seedling traits was high at initial stages, but reduced in the
later stages. This could be due to shared metabolic pathway during the early heterotrophic
stage, which eventually may become relatively independent of each other when the seedling
switches over to autotrophic phase during the later developmental stages (Cui et al., 2002a).
5.4.3 Seed and seedling traits
Besides the correlations the data was also subjected to path coefficient analysis
among seed and seedling traits, as a result the association among traits could be attributed to
the cumulative effect of direct and indirect effect of component traits.
Significant positive association was observed for root length with 100-grain weight
and grain width, which was due to high indirect positive effect of 100-grain weight and grain
width through grain shape. But association was negative with grain shape due to
high negative direct effect of grain shape on root length. On the contrary, grain length was
not associated as per correlation but had high positive direct effect on root length but
compensated by indirect negative effect of grain length through grain shape.
In segregating populations, association of grain length and grain width with root
length was negative in BPT5204/A-67 and as revealed by path coefficient analysis it was due
to high negative direct effect of grain length and negative indirect effect of grain width through
grain shape.
In BPT5204/Dodiga the association of root length with grain width was negative but it
was positive with grain shape. This difference was due to cumulative effect of direct and
indirect effects of grain characters on root length. Correlations did not show any association of
100-grain weight with root length in both the crosses but path coefficient analysis revealed

positive direct effect as well as positive indirect effect through grain width, but it was nullified
by negative indirect effect through grain length.
In germplasm, association of grain characters with shoot length was not significant.
However, the path analysis revealed positive direct effect of 100-grain weight, grain width and
grain shape on shoot length, but larger indirect negative effects resulted in non-significant
correlations. Grain length had direct negative effect but association was positive
because of indirect positive effect through grain shape.
In the segregating populations, grain characters namely 100-grain weight, grain
length, grain width had positive association with shoot length, which was due to either positive
direct or indirect effects through other traits. Though association of grain shape was non-
significant, it had negative direct effect, which was compensated by indirect positive effects
through other traits.
All the grain traits except grain shape had positive association with seedling dry
weight, which was due to positive direct effects. Grain shape had negative association, which
was due to negative direct and indirect effect through 100-grain weight, association of seed
and seedling traits was earlier reported by Teng et al., (1992) Pandey et al., (1992) and
Pandey et al., (1994).
In the germplasm significant association was observed for root and shoot length with
seed traits on 14
th
but not on 10
th
DAS, indicating the role of differences in food reserve
utilization at 14
th
DAS. Association among seed and seedling traits indicated clearly the
utilization of food reserves in seeds for vigorous seedling growth in early stages of crop
growth. However, early development process in rice seedlings were independent of cultivar
and seed size and initial growth of rice plant immediately after germination is completely
heterotrophic and the autotrophic process start after the establishment of photosynthetically
active organs but heterotrophic process also continues until the seed reserve is consumed
(Sasaki and Hoshikawa, 1997; Salam et al., 1997, 1999 and Asch et al., 1999).
Thus the varied associations shown by correlations between seed and seedling traits
at different stages and in germplasm as well as segregating populations was due to net effect
of positive and negative as well as direct and indirect effects of grain characters and path
coefficient has revealed the importance of all the grain traits in determining the early vigor.
5.5 SELECTION OF MATERIAL
In general, most of the vigorous genotypes had heavier grains, which was clearly
explained from the association studies for seed and seedling traits. In rice, it is recommended
to use larger seeds to ensure heavier seedlings (Vergara, 1979 and Arranudeau and Vergara,
1988). Whalley et al. (1966) expressed similar view but emphasized that this might be
true within a seed lot and not between cultivars. However with this view, 100-grain weight and
grain width, which had significant association with shoot and root length, were considered for
detailed analysis. The analysis was made under the assumption that heavy and broad
features of the grain were the dominant contributing characters for early growth.
The association among these characters was estimated at 95 per cent confidence
limit and a scatter plot was drawn. Taking into consideration the strong association between
grain weight with root and shoot length (Fig-9a and 9b), the light grained genotypes Manila,
Chippiga Holesalu, Shankar Poonam, Jasmine, Ratansagar and Kagisali, had better root
length in spite of their low grain weight. As for as shoot length is concerned Bangarkaddi,
Manila, Shankar Poonam, Ratansagar, Mysore Sanna, Ambemohr and Belgaum Basmati
were superior. Considering their grain weight these genotypes had better potential for early
growth and it also indicates that light grained genotypes can also have good response for
early vigor.
Grain width exhibited positive association with root and shoot length and scatter
diagram (Fig-10a and 10b) indicated that some narrow grained types had good vigorous

Fig 9b. Relation of 100-grain weight with root and shoot length at 14
th
DAS. Dashed lines indicate 95% confidence limit

Fig 9a. Relation of 100-grain weight with root and shoot length at 10
th

Fig 10a. Relation of grain width with root and shoot length at 10
th

Fig 10b. Relation of grain width with root and shoot length at 14
th

growth. The accessions Ratansagar, Chippiga holesalu, IR-64, Shankar Poonam, IR-
20, and Jasmine were superior for root length and Belgaum Basamati, Bangarkaddi,
Ambemohr and Manila for shoot length.
Early development process in rice seedlings was independent of cultivar and seed
size, although seed dry matter loss is proportional to the initial seed dry matter, which was
significantly higher for larger seeds (Salam et al., 1997). This indicated that larger grains
were less efficient than smaller grains in the utilization of reserves. A more than two fold
difference in seedling weight was observed among 63 diverse cultivars (Shiraiwa et al., 2006)
and the model analysis substituting cultivar-specific parameters indicated that the
contribution of heterotrophic process to genotypic variation in seedling growth was relatively
limited as compared to autotrophic process.
Though in different QTLs studies for seed and seedling vigor characters revealed that
this complex nature could be dissected which influence seedling vigor independently. Four
QTLs for seed and four QTLs for seedling traits shared several similar regions suggesting a
close association between seed and seedling traits, however had no effects on seedling traits
suggesting possibility to improve seedling vigor without affecting grain characters (Cui et al.,
2002b and Lu et al., 2006).
Based on Duncans Multiple Range Test, extreme genotypes with respect to different
traits were identified and the genotypes that were on par with them were grouped together
into different categories (Table 29). Among the superior genotypes for grain characters
some narrow and light grain types like Bangar Kaddi, Chippiga Holesalu, Shankar Poonam,
Ratansagar and Ambemohr had vigorous growth. Similarly, long slender genotypes like
Champakali, Ambemohr, Hakkalasali, Hy-256, Nizam Shaith, Ratna Chuda, Udursali, Waner-
1 and IR-64 had good root and shoot growth. In the germplasm the accessions Waner-1,
Udursali, Bolasali, Dodiga, Antarsali and Vandana had better root and shoot growth. In
general land races were found superior over improved cultivars for vigor related traits in
different grain categories.
Rice is the most diversified crop species due to its adaptation to a wide range of
geographical ecological and climatic regimes (Chang, 1976). Thousands of years of selection
by farmers and by the process of dispersal during domestication rice has evolved into a
tremendously broad base for genetic diversity as reflected by number of land races existing
today (Jackson, 1995). Land races provide an enormous genetic variability for the present
day rice improvement programme (Jackson and Huggan, 1993 and Zhenshan et al., 1996).
Though, domesticated, unadapted germplasm and land races are phenotypically less
desirable, breeders have long recognized their intrinsic value for the improvement of many
traits including disease and pest resistance (Malik et al., 1992 and Sharma et al.,
1987). Genetic diversity provides scientific basis for the utilization of germplasm resources
efficiently in crop improvement.
Though, a range of plant characters are available for distinguishing closely related
individuals, because of sensitivity of genotypes to environment, it may not be efficient in
characterization. Hence, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), a PCR based DNA
marker technology was chosen in the present study, because the procedure involved is
simple, random coverage of the genome and relatively higher level of polymorphism.
Molecular diversity analysis was carried on 46-selected upland rice germplasm with
23 pre-selected random primers. A total 194 bands were amplified of which 147 (75.77%)
were polymorphic. On an average 8.5 bands were amplified per primer, 6.39 band per primer
were polymorphic as summarized in Table 26. Higher polymorphism in the present study
could be due to pre selection of polymorphic primers from the earlier studies (Ko et al., 1994,
Mackill, 1995, Parminder et al., 1995, Arti et al., 1998, Xie et al., 1998, Cao and Oard, 1997,
Song ge et al., 1999, Raghunathachari et al., 2000, Naghia et al., 2002, Barooah and Sarma,
2004). Among the different primers polymorphism ranged from 56.56 to 100 per cent .The

primers OPA-12 and OPC-09 showed 100 per cent polymorphism followed by OPF-09, OPA-
11, OPL-17, OPV-15 and OPB-11 were found to be highly polymorphic.
The maximum polymorphic information content was observed in primer OPC-09
(0.39) indicating that OPC-09 was able to distinguish between accessions more effectively
than other primers followed by OPA-12 (0.34), OPL-17 (0.33), OPA-11 (0.32) and OPK-
14 (0.32).
The Dice similarity coefficient was generated from pooled data of the primers (Table
27). The genetic similarity ranged from 0.67to 0.97 indicating moderate diversity in the
germplasm. The highest (0.97) genetic similarity was shown by MGD-101 and MTU-1001.
The lowest (0.67) genetic similarity was noticed between Antarsali (land race) and MTU-
1001 (improved cultivar).
The dendrogram revealed 11 distinct clusters from Sij 0.83 to Sij 0.85. Antarsali,
Chippiga, BPT5204 and Bangarkaddi clustered distinctly from rest of the genotypes indicating
their diverse nature. The landraces Dodiga, Champakali and Bolasali, which combined
drought tolerance and good early vigor, clustered together. Similarly, the genotypes (Udursali,
Waner-1, Teqing, Sampigedala and Shankar Poonam) with good root length and tolerance to
drought clustered together. Some of the improved cultivars namely MTU1001, Jaya, Intan and
IR-64, which were high yielding also, clustered together indicating their genetic similarity.
Dendrogram revealed distribution of land races into number of clusters indicating the
exploitable variation in the landraces as compared to improved cultivars, which were
distributed in one or two clusters and it also revealed distinct clustering of land races and
improved cultivars into mega clusters revealing their genetic distinctness. The genotypes IR-
20 and IR-64 clustered together with 92 per cent similarity though it has been derived from
different crosses, but the clustering may be due to the similarity in the pedigree of their
parents, where as MGD101 and MTU1001 which had diverse pedigree derived with different
cross had 97 per cent similarity respectively.
Among the several DNA bands generated by different RAPD primers some
genotypes exhibited a unique banding pattern. DNA bands that were identified as unique to
a particular accession made that genotype distinct from other accessions. Genotype
Belgaum Basamati (1.2Kb) showed a specific band with primer OPA-20. Similarly,
Sampigedala (1.0Kb) with primer OPB-11, Karikalavi (0.7Kb) with primer OPC-15 and HY
256 (1.1Kb) with primer OPF-09. Genotype specific banding pattern was reported in Biliakki
with primer OPBF-13 was reported (Shivapriya and Shailaja Hittalamani, 2006) and other
researchers (Ragunathachari et al., 2000, Verma et al., 1999 and Parsons et al., 1997),
which could be useful in fingerprinting the varieties. The genetic basis of the
specialty uses of the native genetic resources is to be worked out and DNA fingerprints of
native varieties provide a powerful tool for establishing their identity (Bhat and Gowda, 2004)
5.7 IMPLICATIONS TO BREEDING
Seedling vigor is a desirable trait for improving and stabilizing crop productivity
especially under resource limited condition. Variability for seedling vigor has been recognized
by number of studies (Chen et al., 1986; Lee et al., 1986) and identification of genetic factors
for seedling vigor has been recently attempted by Redona and Mackill, (1996) and Zhang et
al., (2005). Close association of seed and seedling trait indicate that vigor is strongly affected
by seed reserve utilization. However the extent to which seed contributes to genotypic
variation of seedling has not been quantified properly and association of seed and seedling
traits is not completely clear.
The current study indicated the genetic variability accumulated and conserved in the
germplasm could be exploited and is immediately valuable for shaping new varieties, which
forms basic genetic wealth on which plant breeders could operate for reconstructing the
existing genotypes based on specific needs.

Upland rice germplasm and segregating populations revealed that selection on 10
th

DAS will be effective in identifying the genotypes with actual genetic potential. It also revealed
existence of early vigor in different categories of grain types. Detailed analysis of germplasm
revealed some of the narrow and light grained genotypes could be good source for early
vigor. The differences in the crosses in combining desirable grain characters with early vigor
revealed the importance of selection of parents in generating breeding materials that combine
appropriate grain characteristics with early vigor.
Molecular diversity analysis revealed the distinct nature of the land races and the
distribution of the landraces in large number of different clusters in the dendrogram indicated
greater diversity, which could be exploited in developing high yielding genotypes that combine
grain traits and early vigor. Some of the land races exhibited unique banding patterns, which
could be useful in fingerprinting for proprietary purposes.
FUTURE LINE OF WORK
To exploit the fine grain germplasm for early vigor in shaping new varieties for upland
condition.
Developing mapping populations will be helpful in genetic enhancement of upland
rice varieties.
QTL mapping for early vigor, drought tolerance and disease resistance which should
be coupled with grain characters.

VI. SUMMARY
Upland rice plays a major role in the sustainable food security and weeds and stress
conditions are the major yield limiting factors. The early seedling vigor makes the rice plant to
compete with weeds and give initial establishment under harsh upland condition. Some of the
landraces and cultivars grown in upland, posses good early vigor but characterized by
undesirable grain shape, size and low yield. Hence, there is an urgent need to assess genetic
variability and interrelationship between seed and seedling traits to design efficient breeding
strategies to combine high yield and grain appearance quality with good seedling vigor.
The present study was undertaken with an aim to assess the variation for early vigor
related traits namely seed and seedling traits, the pattern of association among themselves
and early vigor in germplasm and segregating populations to identify genotypes with high
vigor and good appearance quality for use in breeding programmes. The study also aimed at
assessing genetic diversity in germplasm using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA.
The analysis of variance indicated highly significant variation for all the traits namely
100-grain weight, grain length, grain width, root length, shoot length, seedling height, seedling
dry weight and vigor index in both germplasm as well as segregating populations.
Based on estimates of genetic advance, both in germplasm and F
3
populations root
and shoot length at 10
th
DAS was found to be better than at 14
th
DAS indicating suitability of
observations on 10
th
DAS for selection in the laboratory. The upland rice germplasm was
found to comprise different categories but dominated by specific grain types.
Differences with respect to grain types were observed between segregating
populations, where lighter, short, narrow and slender grain types were observed in BPT-5204/
A-67 than BPT-5204/Dodiga.
In segregating populations, significant transgressive segregants were observed for
grain length, root length and shoot length beyond both the parents, which indicated that
neither parents carried all the positive or negative alleles and were distributed in both the
parents
In both germplasm and segregating populations the wide range for root and shoot
length within different grain classes indicated the presence of ample variability and the
combination with early vigor and different grain types.
Based on the magnitude of association, grain length correlated highly with grain
shape as compared to grain width indicating that grain slenderness increased with the
increase in the grain length. It was concluded that grain shape could be effectively modified
through selection in grain length and grain breadth
Correlation among seedling traits revealed significant association of germination;
shoot length and root length with seedling height, seedling dry weight and vigor index in the
germplasm and segregating populations. Significant negative association was obtained
between shoot length and root length in germplasm and BPT5204/A-67 cross, but it was
positive in BPT5204/Dodiga revealing possibility of simultaneous improvement of both the
characters in the later cross.
Besides the correlations the data was also subjected to path coefficient analysis
among seed and seedling traits, as a result the association among traits could be attributed to
the cumulative effect of direct and indirect effect of component traits.
The varied associations shown by correlations between seed and seedling traits at
different stages and in germplasm as well as segregating populations, was due to net effect of
positive and negative as well as direct and indirect effects of grain characters and path
coefficient has revealed the importance of all the grain traits in determining the early vigor.

In the germplasm significant association was observed for root and shoot length with
seed traits on 14
th
but not on 10
th
DAS, indicating the role of differences in food reserve
utilization at 14
th
DAS.
In general heavy and bold types exhibited greater vigor but light and narrow grained
genotypes like Manila, Bangarkaddi, Ambemohr, Belgaum Basmati Chippiga Holesalu,
Shankar Poonam, Jasmine, Ratansagar and Kagisali also had better potential for early
growth.
Among the superior genotypes for grain characters some narrow and light grain types
like Bangar Kaddi, Chippiga Holesalu, Shankar Poonam, Ratansagar and Ambemohr had
vigorous growth. Similarly, long slender genotypes like Champakali, Ambemohr, Hakkalasali,
Hy-256, Nizam Shaith, Ratna Chuda, Udursali, Waner-1 and IR-64 had good root and shoot
growth.
Molecular diversity analysis was carried on 46-selected upland rice germplasm with
23 pre-selected random primers. A total 194 bands were amplified of which 147 (75.77%)
were polymorphic. The primers OPA-12, OPC-09, OPF-09, OPA-11, OPL-17, OPV-15 and
OPB-11were found to be highly polymorphic. The primers OPC-09 (0.39), OPA-12 (0.34),
OPL-17 (0.33), OPA-11 (0.32) and OPK-14 (0.32) showed maximum polymorphic information
content and therefore could distinguish accessions more effectively.
The genetic similarity ranged from 0.67to 0.97 indicating moderate diversity in the
germplasm. The highest (0.67) genetic similarity was shown by MGD-101 with MTU-1001
(0.97) while it was lowest between Antarsali (land race) and MTU-1001 (improved cultivar).
The dendrogram revealed 11 distinct clusters from Sij 0.83 to Sij 0.85 and Antarsali,
Chippiga, BPT5204 and Bangarkaddi clustered distinctly from rest of the genotypes.
Distribution of land races into more clusters than the improved cultivars indicated
greater diversity in the land races. The landraces Dodiga, Champakali and Bolasali, which
combined drought tolerance and good early vigor, clustered together. Similarly, clustering was
observed for the genotypes (Udursali, Waner-1, Teqing, Sampigedala and Shankar Poonam)
with good root length and tolerance to drought. Some of the improved cultivars namely
MTU1001, Jaya, Intan and IR-64, which were high yielding also, clustered together indicating
their genetic similarity.
Unique banding pattern was exhibited with some of the accessions like Belgaum
Basamati (OPA-20), Sampigedala (OPB-11), Karikalavi (OPC-15) and HY 256 (OPF-09),
which were primer specific and could be useful in fingerprinting.

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Evaluation of early vigor related traits in upland rice (oryza
sativa)

SUJAY.V. 2007 Dr. M V C Gowda
Major advisor

ABSTRACT

Biotic and abiotic stresses including weeds are the major yield limiting factors in
upland rice. Early vigor equips the rice plant to compete with weeds and give better
establishment under harsh upland condition. High yielding cultivars are less vigorous where
as many landraces are vigorous but suffer from low productivity. In the present study genetic
variability and interrelationship between seed and seedling traits were assessed in upland
germplasm and two segregating populations, to generate information for breeding high
yielding upland rice varieties with better grain quality and early vigor.
Substantial variation was observed for seed and seedling traits and revealed
effectiveness of selection on 10
th
DAS for seedling traits. While correlations and path analysis
revealed significant influence of seed traits on seedling traits. Varied associations between
seed and seedling traits at different stages of seedling growth was due to cumulative effect of
positive and negative as well as direct and indirect effects of grain traits.
Upland germplasm and two segregating populations showed substantial variation for
early vigor in different categories of grain types. Detailed analysis of germplasm resulted in
identification of narrow and light grained genotypes with early vigor namely Manila,
Bangarkaddi, Ambemohr, Belgaum Basmati Chippiga Holesalu, Shankar Poonam, Jasmine,
Ratansagar and Kagisali. The differences in crosses in combining desirable grain traits with
early vigor revealed the importance of selection of parents in generating breeding materials
with appropriate grain traits with early vigor.
Molecular diversity analysis of 46 upland rice germplasm was performed with 23 pre-
selected random primers. A total of 194 bands were amplified and among them 147 were
polymorphic. The primers OPC-09, OPA-12, OPL-17, OPA-11 and OPK-14 with higher PIC
values could distinguish accessions effectively. Antarsali (landrace) and MTU-1001 (improved
cultivar) were found to be most divergent. Cluster analysis revealed greater diversity in
landraces and were genetically distinct from improved cultivars.

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