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VACCINES AND VACCINATIONS

Vaccination:
-The act of Giving antigen from an infectious agent to an animal so
that a protective immune response is stimulated;
-It is also Giving sufficient preformed anti body to animal so that protection is
achieved...

CRITERIA TO DETERMINE WHETHER VACCINATION IS NECESSARY TO CONTROL
A SPECIFIC DISEASE
01.)THERE SHOULD BE ABSOLUTE IDENTIFICATION OF THE CAUSAL
ORGANISM.
02.)it should be established that an immune response can protect against the
disease.
-vaccines must induce an immune response superior to that produced by
natural infections .
03.)know that the risks of vaccination do not exceed those associated with the
disease itself.
:HERB IMMUNITY:
This resistance of an entire groupof animal to a disease by a presence. In
that group, a proportion of immune animal; This immunity reduce he probability
of a suspectible animal meeting an infected one so that spread of the disease is
slowed down or terminated.
TYPES OF IMMUNIZATION
01.) PASSITIVE IMUNIZATION

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- Produces temporary resistance y transferring antibodies from a
resistant to a susceptible animal.
-passitively transferred antibodies give immediate protection but
are gradually atabolized , protection wanes ang recifien eventually becomes
susceptible to re-infection
TERMS:
-Antisera
-Toxoids:
-Tetanus Immune globulin.
02.)Active immunization
-administration of an antigen to an animal s that it responds by mounting a
protective immune response (EITHER ANTIBODY OR CELL MEDIATED OR BOTH).

-Advantage of prolonged period of protection & recall & boosting of the
protective response
By repeated injection of antigen or by exposure infection.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL VACCINE
01.) Should give prolonged strong immunity. Conferred on both the
imminizied animal ang any fetus it carrie.
02.) Should be free from adverseside effects .
03.) Cheap, stable & adaptable to mass vaccination..
04.) Should stimulate immune response distinguishable form that due to
natural infection so that immunization & eradication may proceed
simultaneously.


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;REQUIREMENTS OF AN EFFICIENTS VACCINE;

01.) Must stimulate antigen presenting cells
so that they process antigen efficiently & release appropriate
inteleukins.
02.) Must stimulate both T & B cells so that
they generate large numbers of memory cells.
03.) Helper & effectors T cells must be
generate to several epitopes in the vaccine so that variations in MHC
class II polymorphism & epitope properties are overcome.
04.) The antigen must persist in apropriate
sites in lymphoid tissuesnso that antibody
Producing cells are generated over a period of time & protection
persists for a long time.

LIVE AND KILLED VACCINES
Modified live virus vaccines infect host cells & undergo viral
replication

Linfected cells process endogenous antigens

Live viruses trigger a response dominated by cytotoxic T cells
Residual virulence: vaccine viruses may themselves causedisease or
persistent infection.

KILLED(IN ACTIVATED) ORGANISM ACT AS EXSOGENOUS ANTIGEN.
They are processed & stimulate reponses dominated by
CD4+helper T cells . Not the desire response.

BROCELLA ABORTUS infection in cattle are best controlled by T cells
-mediated response and a vaccine containing a living avirulent strain of
B.Abortus is required

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For the control of this infection.
B. abortus strain 19 cause systemic rxns;abortion in pegnant cows
,orchitis in bulls and un dullant fever in humans. The serological test
used to detectin fected animals could not di tinguish a vaccine
response from a natural infection.

STRAIN 45/20, killed vaccine protect cattle for less than 1 year..
- No residual virulence
- Easy storage since the organism rare already dead.
STRAIN RB51, a live attenuated strain of B. Abortus (1996), A rough
nutant that fails to
Produce lipopolysaccharide O actigen.
-produces a stong cell-meidatedimmune response test
Positive results in standard diagnostic test
-Can distinguish vaccinated from infected animals
-Will not cause in abortion in pregnant expose cattle
-Can cause disease in accidently expose humans


{ADVA NTAGE}
01.)Fewer in oculation doses required
02.)Adjuvants uncessary
03.)Less chance of hypersensitivity
04.)Induction of Interferon
05.)Relatively cheap

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{DISADVANTAGE}
01.)May possess residual virulence only for the animal for which
the vaccine was
Made but for other animals
02.)May revert to a fully virulent type or spread to unvaccinated
animals
03.)Live vaccine always run the risk of contamination with
unwanted organism
EG.Reticuloendotheliosis in chickens in Japan & Australia from
Mareks vaccine Mycoplasma.
04.)vaccine containing living attenuated organism require care in
their preparations,
Storage & handling to avoid kill the organism
05.)Maintaing a COLD CHAIN accounts to 20%-80% of the
vaccine cost in the tropics.
{ADVANTAGES}
01.)Stable on the storage
02.)unlikely to cause disease through residual virulence
03.)Unlike to contain contaminating organism
{DISADVANTAGE}
01.)Use of adjuvants to increase effectively antigenicity can cause
sever local reaction
02.)Multiple closing or high individual doses of antigen increase the
risks of producing hypersensitivity reaction

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03.)Cost may be higher due to multiple dosing
04.)Less stronger immunity conferred
{INACTIVATION}
-Killed organisms must remain antigenically similar to the living
organisms as possible
-Chemical is used should not alter the anti gens responsible for stimulating
protective immunity
EXAMPLES:
01.)FORMALDEHYGE-----} acts an proteins & nucleic acids to form across-links
& so confer structural rigidity..
02.)Acetone & Alcohols----} mildly denature proteins
03.)Alkilating agents that across----} link nucleic acid chains living surface
proteins of the organism unmodified: ethylene oxide,ethyleneimine
{ATTENUATION}
REDUCING VIRULENCE OF LIVING ORGANISMS SO THEY CAN NO
LONGER CAUSE DISEASE.
_Most common virulence method of attenuaton involved adapting organisms
to grow in unusual conditions so that they lose their adaption to their usual
host.