ASSIGNMENT

NICMAR / CODE OFFICE

1. Name Rajesh Narayanan
2. Reg. No. .
3. Course No. IDM 22
4. Course Ti!e C"NSTR#CTI"N $#A%IT&'
SA(ET& AND EN)IR"NMENT
1 * P a g e
QUALIT Y - Its MEANING I N CI VIL WORK P ROJEC TS
Quality is a norm, sticking to !ic! "ro#uces a goo# "ro#uct !ic! $ul$ills all
t!e re%uirements an# stan#ar#s& As suc!, ci'il ork is a multi $ace# acti'ity
an# it re%uires 'ery #etaile# an# care$ul ins"ection o$ %uality at e'ery stage
o$ construction& A small "oint misse#/ o'erlooke# may result a #isaster& It is
t!ere$ore necessary t!at all t!e engineers concerne# it! construction
in#ustry s!oul# (e aare o$ %uality norms, su(stan#ar# material,
mal"ractice as ell as s!o##y orkmans!i"& )!ere is an urgent nee# $or
o(ser'ance o$ %uality in all as"ects o$ construction 'i* %uality o$ material,
%uality o$ orkmans!i" an# a "ro"er (alance in
%uality 'i* t!e %uality #esire# it! t!e increase# com"etition, timely
com"letion an# soun# construction& )!e management !as to !a'e an
actual role in t!e "rocess o$ %uality construction !et!er it is a roa#, an
air"ort a multi store# resi#ential, an o$$ice (uil#ing or an in#ustrial structure&
+o %uality management is !ig!ly nee#e#&
Quality Management re$ers to all "lans, "rocess an# acti'ities t!at are
#e'elo"e# to ac!ie'e t!e inten#e# #egree o$ con$ormance in #esign an#
e,ecution o$ any "ro-ect& )!e %uality management system conce"t $ocuses
attention on t!e $olloing as"ects o$ t!e construction "rocess./
1& Construction is a one time acti'ity&
0& Construction is (ecoming more 1 more com"etiti'e&
2& Quality in construction starts $rom #esigning "rocess to com"letion&
3& Quality is e,"erience, so it s!oul# (e #one it! com"lete
management&
0 * P a g e
4& Quality management is res"onsi(ility o$ "ro-ect aut!ority&
2 * P a g e
Quality management encom"asses 'arious "ro-ect "!ases o$ "lanning
"rocurement construction 1 $inis!e# structure& It mo(ili*es tec!nical
managerial organi*ation all an# man"oer as"ects o$ construction& )!e
result QM+ matri, is
"resente# in t!e c!art (elo.
Quality
Management
Planning Designing Procuremen
t
Constructio
n
Finis!e#
Facility
)ec!nical
Managerial
Organi*ationa
l
Man"oer
$ua!iy Conro!
Con+e,-
Quality control re$ers to t!e tec!nical "rocess t!at gat!er, e,amine, analysis
an# re"ort t!e "ro-ect is in "rogress an# in con$ormance it! t!e
"er$ormance re%uirement& Quality control mainly relates to $our (asic
$unctions&
i& +etting u" o$ stan#ar#s an#
s"eci$ications&
ii& E'aluating materials "rocesses an# out"uts t!roug! a""ro"riate
tests, ins"ection etc&
iii& A""raising $ailures to t!ese stan#ar#s an# acting !en stan#ar#
are not (eing a#!ere# to&
i'& Planning im"ro'ements in t!e stan#ar#s an#
s"eci$ication&
5arious stages o$ %uality control are liste#
(elo&
3 * P a g e
Incoming material control
Pre/Construction an# Planning Control&
Construction Process Control&
)!e #etaile# ste"s in t!e "roce#ure #e"en# u"on t!e sco"e an#
ty"e o$ ork an# oners "olicy #ecision&
$ua!iy
Managemen
Sysem
Te+hni+a!
Te+hni+a!
"rgani.aiona!
"rgani.aiona!
Man,o/er
$ua!iy
Assuran+e
$ua!iy
Man,o/er
Man,o/er
Man,o/er
Deermine 0er1orman+e
San2ar2s o1 a 1a+i!iy
Design ",ion Se u,
Se!e+ a Design Design ess
(orma!i.e S,e+i1i+aion
0!an 3
Ma+hinery
Dio2e Consru+ion
Meho2s
"rgani.aiona!
Tes Re+or2s
an2 Re,ors
3 * P a g e
$ Conro!
$4 Assuran+e $ 4Au2i
Tes Re+or2s
an2 Re,ors
3 * P a g e
0ro+uremen 0ro+uremen
)en2or
Maeria! 0ro+ess (inishe2
ST ANDARDS & S PECIFICAT IONS FOR MAKI NG & T RANSP ORTING CONCRET E
I nro2u+ ion
Concrete is t!e most 'ersatile construction material use# in ci'il
engineering structures& Its groing use in mo#ern com"le, an# large
"ro-ects inclu#ing ri'er 'alley "ro-ects merits t!e closest attention o$
#esigners an# constructors in or#er to ac!ie'e #ura(ility an# #esign le'el
ser'icea(ility o'er t!e li$e s"an o$ t!e structure it! minimum
maintenance an# re"airs& )!e nee# $or %uality management system
(ecomes an o('ious an# essential re%uirement&
St andads a nd
S!"#$%$#at $&n
)!e %uality o$ construction #e"en#s u"on rig!t materials use#, t!e correct
met!o#s $olloe# a# "ro#uce an# "ro#uct o$ acce"ta(le "er$ormance&
Quality control attem"ts to ensure -ust t!at muc!& )!e means o$ %uality
control are tests, ins"ection su"er'ision an# analysis o$ #ate etc& %uality test
are con#ucte# in la(oratories an# ins"ection an# su"er'ision are carrie#
out on t!e site an# t!e #ate analysis in #one (y e,"erts in o$$ice&
S,e+i1i+aio
n
4 * P a g e
)!e "ro-ect aut!orities "re"are t!e "rocess o$ orking out s"eci$ication o$
'arious $acilities !ere concrete ill (e use#& 6oe'er, t!e stan#ar#s an#
s"eci$ications $or
concrete an# its 'arious ingre#ients are 7ni'ersally stan#ar#i*e# an#
t!ey are re%uire# to (e in ingre#ients 'i* cement aggregates coarse
an# $ine, ater a#mi,tures an# 'arious as"ects o$ concerning its
"lacement 1 $inal acce"tance s!oul# (e as "er I+ s"eci$ication&
Sr.
No.
IS
No.
Ti!e
1& I+ 008 +"eci$ication $or structural steel
0& I+ 089 +"eci$ication $or or#inary an# lo !eat "ort lan#
cement
2& I+ 2:2 +"eci$ication $or coarse an# $ine aggregates
3& I+ 320 +"eci$ication $or mil# steel an# me#ium tensile
+teel (ars $or concrete rein$orcement
4& I+ 348 Co#e o$ "ractice $or "lain an# rein$orcement
8& I+ 84; +"eci$ication $or stan#ar# san# $or testing
<& I+ 13:9 +"eci$ication $or Portlan# Pa**olona Cement
:& I+ 1<:8 +"eci$ication $or col# ante# steel !ig!
strengt! #e$orme# (arms $or concrete
rein$orcement
9& I+ 04;0 Co#e o$ "ractice $or (en#ing an# $i,ing o$ (ars $or
concrete rein$orcement
1;& I+ 2;04 Met!o#s o$ sam"ling an# test =P!ysical an# C!emical>
$or ater use# in in#ustry
11& I+ 3;:0 Recommen#ations on stocking an#
storage o$ construction materials at site
10& I+ 91;2 +"eci$ication $or a#mi,tures $or concrete
12& I+ 1;080 Recommen#e# gui#elines $or concrete mi, #esign
13& +P 00 6an#(ook on concrete mi,es
14& +P 03 E,"lanatory !an#(ook on In#ian +tan#ar#
Co#e $or "lain an# rein$orcement =I+.348>
Coarse
Aggregae
Sone./ )!is s!all (e crus!e# or (roken $rom !ar# stone o(taine# $rom
a""ro'e# %uarry& It s!all, (e !ar# strong #ense an# #ura(le, clean an#
$ee $rom so$t $ria(le, t!in, $lat elongate# #irt an# any ot!er $oreign matter&
6oe'er, t!e total amount o$ #eleterious su(stances suc! as coal, lignite,
clay lum"s, so$t $ragments, $oreign materials an# ot!er #eleterious
materials in t!e stone aggregate s!all not e,cee#
4? o$ its
eig!t&
Gra5e!./ In can eit!er (e ri'er (e# s!ingle or "it gra'el& It s!all (e soun#,
!ar#, clean, suita(ly gra#e# in si*e it! or it!out some (roken $ragments&
)!is s!all (e $ree $rom $lat "articles o$ s!ale, "oere# clay, slit, loam an#
ot!er im"urities, !oe'er "it gra'el s!all !a'e to (e as!e# i$ it contains
soil material a#!ering to it&
6ri+7. It s!all (e o(taine# (y (reaking ell (urnt or o'er (urnt #ense
(rick (ats& It s!all (e !omogenous in te,ture, roug!ly cu(ical in s!a"e, clean
an# $ree $rom #irt or any ot!er #eleterious matter&
Sa+7ing- @!en stack "iling, t!e aggregate s!all not $orm "yrami#s
resulting in segregation o$ #i$$erent si*e# materials& It s!all (e stacke#
se"arately accor#ing to nominal si*es o$ coarse aggregates in regular
stacks o$ !eig!t not e,cee#ing 14; cm&
)esting. Coarse aggregate s!all (e teste# $or t!e
$olloing a& Determination o$ "article si*e an#
s!ale
(& Estimation o$ organic
im"urities c& +ur$ace moisture
#& Determination o$ ten "er cent $ines
5alue
Measurement )!e aggregates s!all (e measure# in stacks an# "ai# $or a$ter
making a #e#uction o$ <&4 o$ t!e gross measurements o$ stacks in res"ect o$
aggregates o$ nominal si*e 3;mm an# a(o'e& In res"ect o$ aggregates o$
si*es (elo 3;mm, no #e#uction s!all (e ma#e $rom t!e gross
measurements o$ stacks&
A2mi8ures. @!en re%uire#, a#mi,tures o$ a""ro'e# %uality s!all (e
mi,e# it! concrete, as s"eci$ie#&
Trans,oraion o1
Con+ree
Concrete $rom t!e mi,er s!oul# (e trans"orte# to t!e "oint !ere it
!as to (e "lace# as ra"i#ly as "ossi(le (y a met!o# !ic! "re'ents t!e
segregation o$ loss o$ ingre#ients& )!e concrete !as to (e "lace# (e$ore
setting !as commence#& Attem"ts !a'e (een ma#e to limit t!e time
to time (eteen mi,ing an# com"action it!in t!e $orms& )!e
s"eci$ications !oe'er "ermit a ma,imum o$ to !ours (eteen t!e
intro#uction o$ mi,ing ater to t!e cement an# aggregates, an# t!e
#isc!arge i$ t!e concrete is trans"orte# in a truck mi,er or agitator& In t!e
a(sence o$ an agitator, t!is $igure is re#uce# to one !our only& All t!ese
!oe'er "resume t!at t!e tem"erature o$ concrete !en #e"osite# is not
less t!an 4 C or more t!an 20 C& it !as no (een esta(lis!e# t!at #elays in
"lacing concrete a$ter t!e so/calle# strengt!s "ro'i#e# t!e concrete
retains a#e%uate to allo $ull com"action&
)!e re%uirements to (e $ul$ille# #uring trans"ortation
are.
=i> No segregation or se"aration o$ materials in t!e
concrete an#
=ii> Concrete #eli'ery at t!e "oint o$ "lacing s!oul# (e uni$orm an# o$
"ro"er consistency
)!e "re'ention o$ segregation is t!e most im"ortant consi#eration in
!an#ling an# trans"orting concrete& )!e segregation s!oul# (e
"re'ente# an# not correcte# a$ter its occurrence& )!e concrete (eing a
non/!omogenous com"osite o$ materials o$ i#ely #i$$ering "article si*es
an# s"eci$ic gra'ities is su(-ecte# to internal an# e,ternal $orces #uring
trans"iration an# "lacing ten#ing to se"arate t!e #issimilar constituents&
+egregation can (e "re'ente# (y ensuing t!at t!e #irection o$ $all
#uring t!e #um"ing or #ro""ing or concrete 'ertical& @!en t!e #isc!arge
it at an angle, t!e larger aggregate is t!ron to t!e $ar si#e o$ t!e
container (eing c!arge# an# t!e mortar is collecte# at t!e near si#e t!us
resulting in segregation&
)!e "lant re%uire# $or trans"orting t!e concrete 'aries accor#ing to t!e si*e
o$ t!e -o( an# t!e le'el at !ic! t!e concrete is to (e "lace#& )!e
"rinci"al met!o#s o$ trans"orting concrete $rom t!e mi,er are.
i>
Aarros
a> @!eel (arros an# !an#carts
(> Poer (arros or "oere# (uggies or #um"ers
ii> )i""ers an#
Borries
iii> )ruck mi,ers an# agitator
lorries i'> Dum" (uckets
'> )!e monorail system or trolley or
rails&
S$C
Q& C& Functions in
Concrete
)!e %uali$y control o$ concrete com"rises o$ t!e $olloing $our
$unctions.
i& Control o$ ingre#ients o$ concrete 'i*, cement, coarse an# $ine
aggregate, ater an# a#mi,tures&
ii& Concrete mi, "ro"ortioning or concrete mi, #esign to attain t!e
re%uire# strengt! s"eci$ications&
iii& Concrete "ro#uction an# "lacement
o"erations& i'& Acce"tance&
)!e res"onsi(ility o$ all t!e $our $unctions is s!are# (y contractor, t!e
#e"artment or client an# t!e %uality control sta$$& )!e $unctions are
#isc!arge# t!roug! an intricate netork o$ testing, su"er'ision an#
ins"ection "roce#ures "er$orme# in t!e "rescri(e# manner&
Quality assurance in concrete inclu#es are $olloing (asic
"rogrammesC
i& Pre"aration o$ concerning manuals $or orkers, su"er'isors an#
engineers&
ii& Pro'i#ing training to all t!ose in'ol'e# in t!e concerning
$unction to #isc!arge t!eir res"onsi(ility an# #uties in t!e manners
"rescri(e#&
iii& Pre"aration o$ a sc!e#ule o$ -o( #escri"tion an# -o(
s"eci$ication an# organi*ing c!arts $ocusing on t!e inter$ace
(eteen all "ersons an# "arties in concrete construction&
i'& Making %uality a -oint res"onsi(ility an# accounta(ility (y
creating a""ro"riate organi*ations $or t!e "ur"ose&
'& +etting u" on internal an# e,ternal %uality au#it systems&
Esta(lis!ing an# monitoring a goo# MI+ =Management In$ormation
+ystem> "roce#ure an# com"utersing t!e same !ere'er "ossi(le&
'i& Pro'i#ing t!e necessary resources "!ysical, $inancial an# "ersonnel
as an# !en re%uire#&
)!e conce"t o$ %uality assurance assumes t!at t!e contractor
is (est %uali$ie# to "er$orm, su"er'ise an# 'eri$y t!e ork assigne# to
!im& Clients an# aut!ori*e #irect t!eir e$$orts mainly to t!e au#it $unction
!ere(y t!ey make certain t!at t!e inten#e# %uality is in all res"ects
o(taine# an# ell #ocumente#& @!ere a client c!ooses to (e in'ol'e#
#irectly or in#irectly, t!e #egree o$ in'ol'ement is clearly $ormali*e#
t!roug! esta(lis!e# an# agree# Co or#ination "roce#ures& )!is may (e $or
t!e #ay to #ay control an# monitoring o$ acce"tance "roce#ures&
Quality management system is (ase# on t!e conce"t o$
Engineering $or %uality rat!er t!an ins"ection o$ %uality& It (elie'es t!at
%uality starts $rom #esign stage itsel$ an# "ermeates t!roug!out
"rocurement, construction an# acce"tance stages& I !ol# t!at t!e %uality
can neit!er (e #e"artmentali*e# nor com"artmentali*e# an# t!at it is a
matter o$ -oint accounta(ility an# res"onsi(ility o$ e'eryone in'ol'e# in t!e
construction "rocess& For t!is "ur"ose it integrates t!e %uality control
"rocesses an# %uality assurance "rogram into one uni$ie# "lan o$ action&
Tes
s
)ests are use# to #etermine t!e 'arious "ro"erties o$ t!e materials, !ic!
!el" in t!eir selection as ell as $or ascertaining t!e %uality o$ $inal "ro#uct&
)!e test results are com"are# it! t!e "rescri(e# stan#ar#s an#
s"eci$ication an# -u#gments are arri'e# at& Pro"er met!o#s o$ sam"ling,
"rescri(e# "roce#ures o$ testing, ell %uali$ie# an# traine# "ersonnel $or
testing ork an# "ro"erly e%ui""e# la(oratories are necessary&
9ha o
es
)!e manu$acture# goo#s suc! as cement an# steel carry t!eir su""liers
arrantee (ut t!is #oes not mean t!at t!ey are not to (e teste#& In case
o$ materials like aggregate an# ater t!e "ro"erties may 'ary i#ely
o'er time an# s"ace an# "ro"er selection !as to #one to meet t!e
engineering re%uirements&
)!e ra materials are "rocesse# to o(tain t!e $inal "ro#uct& )!e "rocessing
nee# to (e teste# an# su"er'ise# care$ully& +ome interme#iate "rocess
may not (e !a'ing tests an# t!ey cannot (e teste# an# t!e ina#e%uacies
i$ any can (e knon only !en t!e $inal "ro#uct is teste#& In suc!
situation t!e testing o$ $inal "ro#uct is im"ortant&
)!is !el"s to
ascertain.
i& Con$ormity to
+"eci$ication
ii& 5ali#ity o$ #esign
assum"tion
iii& Nee# o$ mo#i$ication #ue to any
error
i'& Com"arati'e "osition o$ ork at #i$$erent
sites&
)!e #ata analysis an# inter"retation (ecomes meaning$ul only i$
o(ser'ations are a#e%uate an# $re%uencies are numerous in relation to t!e
'olume an# im"ortance o$ ork&
All tests "rescri(e# un#er A+)M, A+ an# I+ $or -u#ging 'arious %uality
"arameters o$ cement aggregates ater an# a#mi,tures an# t!e $inal
concrete are "resente# in ta(le 1 an# 0 )!e $re%uencies o$ tests an#
sam"les re%uire# are s!on in ta(le 2 an# 3
TA6%E 1
T"sts %& ad'(st$n) *a$&(s !aa+"t"s &% #"+"nt a))")at" and
#&n#"t",
TESTS
A, TESTS FOR CEMENT C-ARACTERSTICS
1& +etting )ime
0& +oun#ness
2& +trengt!
3& Fineness an# Dra#ing
4& C!emical Com"osition
8& +"eci$ic gra'ity
<& 6eat e'olution
:& @ater retention
9& False set
1;& A#ulteration
., TESTS FOR EVALUATION OF C-ARACTERISTICS OF AGGREGGATES
1& Petrogra"!y e,amination
0& Dra#ing an# sur$ace area
2& Aulk unit eig!t
3& +"eci$ic gra'ity
4& A(sor"tion an# sur$ace moisture
8& C!emical sta(ility
<& Resistance to $ree*e an# t!a
:& A(rasion resistance
9& Crus!ing
1;& Im"act 5alue
11& +am"ling Aggregate
C, TESTS FOR WATER FOR CONCRETE MAKING /T"st %& $+!($t$"s0
1& Organic
0& Inorganic
2& +ul$ates =as +O3>
3& C!lori#es
4& +us"en#e# matter
8& 6y#rogen ion concentration
<& +ea ater
:& +ugar
D, TESTS FOR EVALATION OF CONCRETING PRACTICES
1& Aat!ing o$ concrete constituents
0& Pro"ortioning
+am"ling o$ $res! concrete
Analysis o$ $res! concrete
2& Mi,ing
7nit eig!t o$ concrete
Air content
Cement
Content Eiel#
3& )rans"orting
Moisture
Content
+egregation
+etting time
4& Placing
=@orka(ility> +lum"
test
Flo test
Aall "enetration test
8& Com"action 5ee
(ee test
Com"action
$actor Alee#ing
E, DESTRUCTIVE TESTS FOR CONCRETE STRENGT-
1& +tan#ar# $or making test s"ecimen
Fiel#Ba(oratory
0& Met!o# o$ ca""ing test s"ecimen
2& Drille# core an# sae# concrete s"ecimen
3& Com"ressi'e strengt! test
4& Fle,ural +trengt!
test )!ir# Point
Boa#ing Center
Point loa#ing
8& +"litting +trengt! =in#irect tension>
<& Aon# strengt!
F, NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTS FOR CONCRETE STRENGT-
1& Re(oun# !ammer test
0& Penetration "ro(e test
2& 5i(ration sonic
test Bongitu#inal
Fle,ural
)orsion
3& 7ltrasonic Pulse 'elocity test
4& Pull out test
G, TESTS FOR P-YSICAL PROPERTIES ON CONCRETE
1& Dura(ility test
0& +!rinkage an# moisture test
2& A(rasion resistance test
3& Permea(ility test
4& +tatic mo#ules o$ elasticity an# PoissionFs ratio
8& Alkali reacti'ity test
<& Cree" o$ concrete in com"ression
T A6%E 42
)ests Con#ucte# on Concrete an# its Ingre#ients =As "er I+. 02:8/1982>
Sr
No
Cemen 0o..o!ona Aggregaes
2uring sour+es
Aggrega
e sie
!a:
A2mi8ures 1or Con+ree
Coiners Fine Pro#uct
7nlomity
Per$or
m
ance
Fres!
+tate
6ar#e
ne#
+tate
1
+etting
)ime
=Initial
Moisture
Content
Dra#i
n g
Dra#in
g
Fitness
Dra#ing Density
7nit
@eig!t
7nit
@eig!t
+treng
t!
0 Faise +et
Po**olon
a
Acti'ity
+"eci$ic
Dra'ity
+"eci$ic
Dra'ity
+"eci$y
Dra'ity
Colour
Air
Conte
n t
Air
Conte
n t
Densit
y
2&
)em"erat
u re
)em"erat
u re
Akali
Aggreg
ate
Reacti'
i ty
Akali
Aggrega
t e
Reaticit
y
Moistur
e
conten
t
P6 5alue
@ater
Re%uir
e ment
@ater
Ceme
n t
Re%uir
e ment
5olum
e
C!arg
e
3 +oun#ness
@ater
Re%uirem
e nt
+oun#
n ess
+oun#ne
s s
+oun#ne
s s
C!lori#e
+ettin
g
time
)em"&
Mo#ul
e
Elastic
ity
4 Fitness Fitness
Im"ac
t
'alue
Organic
Im"erils
Im"act
5alue
Dissol'e#
Alee#i
n g
Alee#i
n g
+train
Ca"a
city
8
Com"res
si 'e
Relati'e
Designee
Crus!in
g
5alue
+el$
an#
#ay
Crus!in
g
'alue
+us"en
# e#
Matter
Cree"
<
Boss o$
Ignition
Boss on
Ignition
A(rasi
o n
5alue
Materia
l Finer
)!an
A(rasion
5alue
+treng
t !
De'el
o
)!erm
al
Pro"e
rties
:
C!emical
Com"ositi
o n
Crus!i
n g
Rock
+trengt
Auil#in
g
san#
5olume
C!arge
A(rasi
on
Resist
ance
9
Particle
+!a"e
Deleteri
o us
+u(stan
c e
Dura(il
i ty
Dura(
ility
1;
Patrogra"
! ic
e,aminati
o n
11 7nit @eig!t
7nit
@eig!t
10
@ater
A(sor"
t ion
@ater
A(sor"ti
o n
12
Mica
Conte
n t
T A6%E 3
(RE$#ENCIES "( TESTS T" 6E C"ND#CTED
Sr.
No.
Name o1 Tes Mass Con+ree
Sma!! Con+ree ;o:s
an2
R. C. C.
Remar7s
1 A#ulteration o$
cement
One e'ery 4; o$
cement
One e'ery 4; o$
Cement
Also carry
out tests as
mentione#
in
A""en#ices
M& N& P& an# O
at t!is
0
Particle si*e analysis
o$ aggregates
i> Once a
#ay ii>
A##itional in
2
Flakiness in#e, o$
coarse
As "er a(o'e As "er a(o'e
3
+till test o
line
aggregate
i> Once a
#ay ii>
A##itional it
i> Once a
#ay ii>
A##itional i$
4
Clay, line slit an#
line #ust in
aggregate
=se#imentation
Once a eek Once a $ornig!t
8
+ur$ace
moisture
One "er s!i$t "er
stock "ile
One "er s!i$t "er
stock "ile
aggregate =6ot
"lace met!o#>
<
+ur$ace moisture
content in line
aggregate
=Ba(oratory met!o#>
Once a eek Once a $or Nig!t
:
Aulking o$
$ine
One "er s!i$t "er
stock "ile
9
+"eci$ic gra'ity
an# ater
a(sor"tion $or
aggregateFs u" to
One a eek
1;
+"eci$ic gra'ity an#
ater a(sor"tion $or
aggregates a(o'e
1; mm si*e>
Once a eek Once a $or nig!t
11
+lum" o$
cement
One "er e'ery to
!ours orking "er
One a $or nig!t
10
+lum" o$
cement
One "er e'ery to
!ours orking "er
One "er e'ery to
!ours orking "er
12
Density an# air
contents o$
$res! concrete
i> One "er
mi,er "er
eek
ii> A##itional i$
source o$
aggregate
i> One "er mi,er
"er mout!
ii> A##itional i$
source o$
aggregate
is c!ange#
13
Com"ressi'e
strengt! o$ #rille#
As #irecte# (y
#esign o$$ice
As #irecte# (y
#esign o$$ice
14
Ba(oratory
Permea(ility
a> Moul#e#
+"ecimen (> Drille#
One "er mont! $or
e'ery mi, "ro"ortion
One "er mont! "er
2m #e"t!
Nil
Nil
18 In/situ "ermea(ility
One !ole at 0;m,
#istance "er
orking season $or
$ull #e"t! #uly
T A6%E 4
S$1" &% Sa+!2" R"3($"d %& Va$&(s T"sts
Sr No. 0ur,ose o1 es Maeria!
9eigh
o1
sam,!e
Remar7s
1 A#ulteration o$ Cement 1
A(out 1;; kg o$
t!e
sam"les s!all (e "er
ser'e# in air lig!t
0
)ests on
aggregate suc!
Coarse
Aggregate
1;;
$lakiness in#e,,
sur$ace moisture,
(ulking s"eci$ic
gra'ity an# ater
Fine
aggregate
s
3;
2
Com"lete mi,
#esign o$
concrete/mortar
Cement
Coarse
aggregat
e +urk!i
Deai!s o1 Tess
)!e #etail in$ormation on t!e tests $or measuring 'arious c!aracteristics ty"es
o$ test, test s"ecimen a""aratus "arameters #eri'e# signi$icance /
a""lication an#
rele'ant A+)M, A+ an# I+ stan#ar#s is gi'en as "er list (elo&
Sr.
No.
Iem Ta:!e
1 Cement 4
0 Aggregate 8
2 @ater <
3 A#mi,tures :
4 E'aluation o$ concrete "ro"erties 9
8 Destructi'e tests $or concrete strengt! 1;
< Non #estructi'e test $or concrete strengt! 11
: P!ysical "ro"erties o$ concrete 10
T A 6 % E <
Sr
No
Ty,e o1
Tes
Tes
S,e+imen=A,,ar
a us
0aramee
r
Deri5e2
Signi1i+an
+ e=
A,,!i+aio
n
Remar7s ASTM 6S IS
1
+etting
)ime
5icat a""aratus or
Dull more nee#le
)ime
a'aila(l
e $or
concret
e
Quality
control
on
cement
su""lie#
Di$$erent
)y"e o$
nee#les $or
initial an#
$inal
C191
C088
344;
=2>
3;21
0 +oun#ness
Be C!attier, Part
an# Autocla'e
test met!o#s
E,"ansion
in
#imension
s
Presence
o$ e,cess
gy"sum,
lime or
magnesi
C!ecks $or
#e'elo"men
t o$ ser'e
cracks
C/14
344;
=2>
3;21
2 +trengt!
Ari%uettes
an# cu(es
Boa#
"er unit
area
+trengt!
o$
cement
Boss o$
strengt!
#ue to
C19;
C1;9
C91<
344;
=2>
3;21
3
Fitness an#
Dra#ing
Air "ermea(ility
or "!oto electric
+"eci$i
c
sur$ace
7ni$ormity
in %uality
o$
Rate o$
gain in
strengt!
C113
344;
=2>
3;21
4
C!emical
Com"ositi
o n
C!emical Analysis
Percent o$
'arious
cement
constituen
t s
Quality
o$
cement
Classi$icatio
n o$ cement
C113
344;
=2>
3;20
8
+"eci$ica
ti on
Dra'ity
Be C!attier $lask
@eig!t
"er unit
'olume
7ni$ormit
y in
cement
C11:
344;
=2>
3;21
<
6eat
e'olutio
n
6eat o$
solution
met!o#
Calories
o$ !eat
e'ol'e#
Mass
connecti
n g col#
eat!er
concerni
n g
+im"le
Ba(orator
y )est
344;
=2>
089
:
@ater
retentio
n
Mortar ma#e it!
cement in
stan#ar# manner
Percent
o$ ater
suction
Masonr
y
cement
@orka(ility
o$ mortar
mi,
C91
9 False set 5icatFs A""aratus
De"t! o$
"enetrati
o n
False
setting,
"remature
, sti$$ening
Rate o$
setting
o$
cement
C249
T A6%E >
T"sts %& E*a2(at$&n &% C4aa#t"$st$#s &% A))")at"
S.
No.
Tess
Chara+erisi
+ s
Signi1i+an+
e o1
Im,oran+e
Tes
meho2
s
S,e+i1i+aio
n
re?uiremen

ASTM 6S IS
1
Petrogra"!y
E,amination
Presence o$
Im"urities
5isual
E,aminat
i on
C094
D<4
::0
02:8
='i>
0
Dra#ing an#
+ur$ace area
@orka(ilit
y o$ $res!
concrete
Economy
+tate
Analysis
Ma,& an# Min&
"ercent
"assing
stan#ar#s
C128
C104
C22
:10=I>
31;1123
02:8 GI>
2
Aulk
unit
Mi, #esign
calculation
@eig!in
g
Ma,& an#
Min& 7nit
C09 :10=0> 02:8=I>
an#
classi$icati
o n
3
+"eci$ic
Dra'ity
Mi, #esign
calculatio
n o$
ensure
uni$orm
Aatting
met!o
#
C10<
C10:
:10=0> 02:8=I>
4
A(sor"tion
an#
+ur$ace
moisture
Quality
control
o$
concret
Drying
Met!o#
Min& Percent
o$ ater
C<;
C10<
C10:
C488
:10 =3>
02:8
G'ii>
8
C!emical
+ta(ility
+trengt!
an#
#ura(ility
o$ all
structures
)o #elete
!arm$ul
inorganic
C!emical
Analysis
Ma,& e,"ansion
o$ motor (ar&
Not reacti'e
it! cement
alkalies
C0<
C0:9
C4:8
C::
C11<
C3;
<
Resistance
to $ree*e
an# t!a
Deci#es
t!e
"orosity
structures
su(-ect to
Icing
an#
#eci#ing
test
Ma,& e,"ansion
o$ motor (ar
Not reacti'e
it! cement
C09;
,
C091
,
:
A(rasion
resistanc
e
In#e, o$
agg&
%uality
+oun#ness
an#
crus!ing
Mec!ani
c al )est
Ma,& "ercent loss C121 :10=2>
0298=i'
>
9
Crus!ing
+trengt!
In#e, to
agg&
Quality
+oun#nes
s an#
crus!ing
'alue
+t#&
Boa#
a""lie#
test
Minimum 'alue
:10 =2>
::0
0298
=i'>
1; Im"act 5alue
In#e, to
im"act
'alue
soun#nes
s in
com"assion
+t#&
Im"act
loa#
test
Minimum 5alue :10 =2>
0298=i'
>
11
+am"ling
aggregat
e
In$luence
s on test
result
+am"ling
tec!ni%u
e s
Ma,& 1
Min&
sam"les
D<4
C<;0
:10=I> 032;
2@ * P a g e
01 * P a g e
T A 6 % E
A
T"sts %& Wat" %& C&n#"t"
Ma5$n)
/T&2"an#" L$+$t and E%%"#t &%
In)"d$"nts0
Sr.
No.
Ingre2iens
To!eran+e %imi BIS 4<>C
In1!uen+e an2 e11e+ in
Con+ree
BDigher )a!ueBDC=%o/er 5a!ue
B%C
Rein1or+e
2
Con+ree
Mass
Con+ree
Ma8
1 Organic 0;; mg/I 0;;mg/I
A#'ersely a$$ect !ar#ening
o$ cornet
0 Inorganic 2;;;mg/I 2;;;mg/I
Dreatly retar# (ot! setting
an# strengt!
2
+ul"!ates
=as +O3>
4;; mg/I 4;; Mg/I Re#uces t!e 0: #ay strengt!
=6>&
3
C!lori#es
=as CI>
1;;; mg/II 0;;; Mg/I
En!ances (ot! !ar#ening
an# strengt! rate& Result in
Corrosion an# #eterioration
4
+us"en#e#
Matter
0;;; Mg/I 0;;; Mg/I A#'erse e$$ect on strengt!
8
6y#rogen
concentrati
o n
More t!an 8 More t!an 8 Result $or corrosion o$ steel =6>
< +ea @ater 24,;;; ""m Re#uction in strengt! =6>
: +ugar ;&04 ;&04?
Re"ai# setting (ut, re#uction in
strengt!, Retar#s setting time
=6 1 B 'alue>
T A 6 % E
E
C&d" &% Pa#t$#"s %& Ad+$6t("s and $ts $n%2("n#"
Sr.
No.
C!assi1i+aion 0ur,ose=In1!uen+es ASTM 6S IS
1
Air
entraining
a#mi,ture
Im"ro'es #ura(ility
to $ree*ing an#
t!aing, sur$ace
scaling Re#uces
segregation an#
C08;
C022
C008
C1<4
4;<4=0> 91;2
0
@ater
re#ucing
a#mi,ture
Increases strengt!
an# slum" o$
concrete increase in
#rying s!rinkage
4;<4=1> 91;2
2 Retar#ing Agents
Retar#ing an#
setting time o$
concrete an# grout
4;<4=1> 91;2
3
Accelerating
A#mi,ture
)o accelerate t!e
setting time an#
strengt!
#e'elo"ment early
remo'al o$ $orms
increase t!e #rying
D9:, D234 4;<4=1> 91;2
4 Po**olona
Fine "articles
com(ines it!
Calcium
6y#ro,i#e to $orm
comentitious
"ro"erties, control
internal tem"erature
C019, C81: 2:90
2:10,
1233
8 @orka(ility
agents
Im"ro'e slum",
re#uce, ater
comment ratio,
$acilitate#, "lacing
an# $inis!ing
C81: 3::<
<
Dam"
Proo$ing/Permea
( ility re#ucing
agent
Re#uce t!e
ca"illary $lo o$
moisture t!roug!
concrete t!at
is in contact it!
<32 0834
: Drouting agents
)o alter t!e
"ro"erties o$ grout $or
s"eci$ic like sta(iles,
$oun#ation, crack, $ill
-oints, seal oil alls
C92<
9 Forming Agent
)o entrain gas $orm
in concrete (e$ore
!ar#ening a""lie#
$or grouting in "ost
tensioning
C:89, <98
T A 6 % E
F
D"st(#t$*" T"sts %& C&n#"t" St"n)t4
Sr.
No.
Ty,e o1 Tes
Ty,e
S,e+im
e n
0arameer
Measure2
Signi1i+an+e=A,,!i+
ai on
ASTM 6S IS
1
+tan#ar#
$or making
test
s"ecimen a
Fiel# (&
In$luences to test
result
C21
1::1
=3>
1::1
=3>
1199
1199
0
Met!o# o$
ca""ing
test
7ni$orm loa#ing in test C81<
1::1
=3>
418
2
Drille#
core an#
sae#
concrete
Cu(e
an#
Cylin#e
r
Fiel# A""lication C30
1::1
=3>
1199
3
Com"ressi'e
+trengt! test
Cu(e
an#
Cylin#e
r
7ltimate
$ailure
loa#
+trengt! in
com"ressio
n
C29,
C412,
C:<2,
C118
1::1
=3>
418
4
Fle,ural
strengt!
test
a& )!ir#
"oint
loa#ing
(& Center
Aeam
Aeam
7ltimate
$ailure
loa#
7ltimate
$ailure
Mo#ule o$ re"ute
Mo#ule o$
re"ute %uality
control
C<:,
C8:2
,
C092
1::1
=3>
1::1
418
8&
+"litting
strengt
!
Cylin#er
+"littin
g loa#
)ensile strengt!
o$ concrete
C398
1::1
=3>
4:18
< Aon# +trengt!
Cu(e
s an#
Prisms
Aon#
+trengt!
(etee
n steel
an#
Com"aring Concrete
Mi,es
C023 0<<;
T A6%E 1 @
N&n D"st(#t$*" T"sts %& C&n#"t" St"n)t4
S
N
o.
Ty,e o1
Tes
Ty,e
S,e+im
e n
0arame
e r
measur
e 2
0arame
e r
2eri5e2
A,,!i+aio
n=
Signi1i+an
+ e
A25ana
g es
Disa25a
n
ages
ASTM 6S
I
S
1 Re(oun
#
6ammer
)est
)est
+"ecime
n or in
sills
concret
e
Degree
o$
re(oun#
recei'e
#
+trengt!
t!roug!
cali(rati
o n
)esting o$
concretru
c tual
mem(ers
Paya(le
sim"le in
o"eratio
n
5aria(le
results
only
%uality
o$
sur$ace
C:;4 33;:
=3>
0 Penetrati
o n
)est
+"ecime
n or in
silu
concret
e
Dimensi
o n o$
in#entat
i on
)esting
concret
e
stractual
Porta(le
sim"le in
o"eratio
n
5aria(le
results
only
%uality o$
sur$ace
concrete
5aria(l
e result
only
%uality o$
sur$ace
o$
concret
C:;2 33;:
=3>
2 5i(ration
+onic test
a&
Bongit
Aeams
Cylin#er
s Aeams
Cylin#er
s Aeams
Resonan
t
$re%uen
c y o$
elasticity
Quality
control,
#eterior
a tion o$
concret
+ingle
s"ecime
n sim"le
accurate
an#
Bimite#
to
s"ecially
ma#e
s"ecime
C014
Do
1::1
//#o//
(&
Fle,ur
a l
c& )orsion
Cylin#ers #ynami
c
mo#ules
o$
mo#ules
o$
elasticit
y in
//#oH
//#o//
res"ro#uc
ti y
//#oH
as
a(o'e
PoissonFs
//#o//
3 7ltrasoni
c Pule
'elocity
test
)est
cu(es
concret
e
mem(er
s
5elocit
y o$
"ulse
time
Com"re
s si'e
t!roug!
cali(rati
o n
Ba(orator
y test,
testing o$
concret
e in silu
$or
strengt!
5aria(ilit
y o$
concrete
strengt!
can (e
measure
#
+"ecial
"re"arati
on
re%uire#,
Access
to to
o""osite
$aces o$
mem(er
is
re%uire#
C49< 33;:
=4>
4 Pull Out
)est
Pull Put
Interest
Failure
loa#
$ractur
T A6%E 1 1
T"sts %& P47s$#a2 P&!"t$"s &% C&n#"t"
Sr.
No
.
Ty,es o1 es
Tes
Meho2s
0arameer
Deri5e2
Signi1i+an+e
or
a,,!i+aions
ASTM 6S IS
1
Dura(ility
)est
Free*e an#
t!a
cycles
+trengt!
to
it!stan#
stan#ar#
+trengt! o$
concrete $or
s"ecial
con#ition
C888
C8<1
C8<0
0
+!rinkage
an#
moisture
@et an#
#ry "rocess
Dimensions
measureme
n ts
Relati'es
s!rinkage in
structural
C14<
C:0<
1::1
=4>
8331
=11>
2
A(rasion
resistanc
e test
Dry
a(rasion
test
a(rasion
tools
De"t! o$
a(ra#e
#
material
In#ustrial $looring
!y#raulic
c!annel etc&
C933,
C<<9,
C13:
90:3
3
Permea(ilit
y test
@ater
a(sor"tio
n met!o#
Amount
o$ ater
a(sor(e#
@ater tank,
$lui#, retaining
C830
1::1
=4>
2;:4
4
+tatic
mo#ules o$
elasticity
an#
+train
measurem
e nts
+tress an#
strain
'alues
Quality
o$
concrete
C389
1::1
=4>
ratio
8
Alkali
reacti'ity
test
Mortar
(ar
met!o#
Elongation
in lengt!
Per$ormance
o$ cement
an#
C00<
<
Cree" o$
concrete in
Com"ressio
Bongitu#ina
l
com"ressio
+train 'alues
Per$ormance o$
concrete
structure
C410
INSP ECT ION & C- ECKLIST S
Ins,e+ion
Ins"ection is t!e act o$ "!ysical 'eri$ication o$ t!e su(-ect ork on t!e site
an# un#er normal #ay/to #ay orking con#itions& )!e ins"ection $or %uality is
#one (y %uality control ins"ectors !o are "oste# at al acti'e sites an# !o
s!oul# (e "ersons at #e"uty engineer an# a(o'e le'els& )!ey are a mem(er
o$ t!e %uality control team an# unrelate# to t!e "ro#uction "rocess #irectly&
)!e #uties o$ %uality control ins"ectors are as un#er.
1& C!eck t!at t!e orking is "rocee#ing in accor#ance it! t!e
s"eci$ications an# (ring t!e su(stan#ar# ork to notice o$
concerne# aut!orities&
0& Ins"ect "ersonally an# regularly t!e ork in "rogress at sites&
2& Re'ie t!e "re'ious #ays IDaily QCJ re"orts $ile# (y t!e Fiel# Quality
Control units an# con'ey imme#iately to t!e concerne# site in
c!arge an# any a#'erse results an# recommen#ation $or
recti$ication&
3& 5eri$y t!at t!e results o$ t!e tests recei'e# $rom la(s !a'e (een #uly
atten#e# to an# sen# t!em to seniors in t!e #e"artment&
4& Pre"are #aily re"ort o$ ins"ection on t!e "rescri(e# $orms an# sen# to
seniors in t!e #e"artment&
8& C!eck to ensure t!at QA manual $or orkers an# su"er'isors are
a'aila(le at !an# at ork stations t!at t!ey are not in torn stage, t!at
t!ey are easily accessi(le an# t!at t!ey are (eing re$erre# to&
<& C!eck to ensure t!at co"ies o$ contract con#itions "articularly
regar#ing s"eci$ications an# relate# matters are a'aila(le at site
o$$ices an# are (eing re$erre# to&
:& C!eck t!at all e%ui"ment "lants are in "ro"er orking con#ition
an# t!at t!ey con$orm to I+ s"eci$ications&
9& In'estigate t!e case !ere t!e test results o$ in"ut materials are
satis$actory (ut t!at o$ in "rocess stage are not, or t!ere is a
#iscre"ancy in test results #uring in "rocess an# en# "ro#uct stage
an# $in# out t!e causes o$ mis!a"& In'estigate t!e !uman $actor an#
mac!ine con#ition/ca"a(ility more "articularly&
Iems o :e Ins,e+e2
Folloing items must (e co'ere# #uring ins"ection o$ t!e ins"ectors.
Ins"ection o$ t!e constituent material cement, steel, aggregate, an#
ater an# a#mi,ture& )!e test results o$ t!ese materials an# t!eir
con#ition o$ storing nee#s to (e c!ecke#&
Ins"ection o$ $orm ork, em(e##e# "arts, la##er an# gangay
"lant an# mac!inery&
Ins"ection o$ concrete making an# "lacing&
Ins"ection o$ t!e en# "ro#uct&
Dui#elines $or concrete ins"ection are gi'en (elo.
Sr.
No.
IS
No.
Ti!e
1& I+ 008 +"eci$ication $or structural steel
0& I+ 089 +"eci$ication $or or#inary an# lo !eat "ort lan#
cement
2& I+ 2:2 +"eci$ication $or coarse an# $ine aggregates
3& I+ 320 +"eci$ication $or mil# steel an# me#ium tensile
+teel (ars $or concrete rein$orcement
4& I+ 348 Co#e o$ "ractice $or "lain an# rein$orce# concrete
8& I+ 84; +"eci$ication $or stan#ar# san# $or testing
<& I+ 13:9 +"eci$ication $or Portlan# Pa**olona Cement
:& I+ 1<:8 +"eci$ication $or !ig! strengt! steel
#e$orme# (ars $or concrete rein$orcement
9& I+ 04;0 Co#e o$ "ractice $or (en#ing an# $i,ing o$ (ars $or
concrete
rein$orcement
1;& I+ 2;04 Met!o#s o$ sam"ling an# test =P!ysical an# C!emical>
$or ater use# in in#ustry
11& I+ 3;:0 Recommen#ations on stocking an# storage o$
Construction materials at site
10& I+ 91;2 +"eci$ication $or concrete a#mi,tures
12& I+ 1;080 Recommen#e# gui#elines $or concrete mi, #esign
13& +P 00 6an#(ook on concrete mi,es
14& +P 03 E,"lanatory !an#(ook on In#ian +tan#ar#
Co#e $or "lain an# rein$orcement =I+. 348>
Su,er5ision o1
Con+reing
+u"er'ision is t!e t!ir# as"ect o$ QC along it! testing an#
ins"ection& )!e su"er'ision relates to t!e construction "rocess an# is to
(e ma#e (y "ro#uction grou"& It is t!e task o$ t!e engineers in c!arge o$
construction t!at t!e contractors an# orkers e,ecuting t!e -o( kno t!e
s"eci$ications, use t!e teste# an# certi$ie# materials are $ully skille# to
#o -o( t!ey are engage# in an# t!at tests are con#ucte# at t!e
sate# $re%uencies an# accor#ing to "rescri(e# "roce#ures& )!e +u"er'isors
(ot! $rom t!e si#e o$ contractors as ell as t!e clients s!oul# (e
con'ersant it! a(o'e an# kno t!e tec!ni%ues o$ su"er'ision an# o$
"re$erring #aily "rogress re"orts o$ ork %uality&
All resorts on QC acti'ity eminating $rom la(oratories, $ile# %uality
control units, ins"ections o$ su""liers material stores, in "rocess acti'ity
$inis!e# "ro#uct (y QC ins"ectors an# su"er'ision as ell as $orm t!e
corres"on#ing "ersonnel o$ contraction !as to (e as "er "roce#ure o$ MI+
lai# #on (y aut!orities&
ASSU RANCE OF
QUALITY
For assurance o$ %uality $olloing ste"s s!all (e taken.
1. 0RE%IMINAR&
i& Plans an# s"eci$ications a'aila(ility at sites&
ii& Organi*ation c!art, -o( #escri"tions an# ork
assignments& iii& Permissi(le tolerance o$ measurements&
i'& Pro'ision o$ recor#s an# re"orts&
'& ContractorFs "lant cali(rations, e%ui"ment organi*ation an#
met!o#s&
2. 0R"0"RTI"NING
i& )ests o$ aggregates
ii& Pro"ortioning o$
mi, iii& Mi,
com"utations
i'& Dra#ing o$ mi,e# aggregatesC (atc! %uantitiesC
yiel#, air '& Content
3. MATERIA%S
i& Deneral =a""lies to all materials>
ii& I#enti$icationC %uantities =7se# on !an#>C acce"ta(ilityC
7ni$ormityC storage con#itions, !an#ling met!o#s, asteC
sc!e#ule o$ testing
iii Cement
i' +am"ling $or la(oratory
test ' Protection $rom
#am"ness 'i& Aggregates
'ii& Acce"ta(ility tests
'iii& Dra#ationC organic matterC #eleterious un#esira(le su(stanceC
soun#ness, resistance to a(rasionC ot!er
tests& i,& Control tests
,& MoistureC a(sor"tionC s"eci$ic gra'ityC unit eig!tC 'oi#s
4. ST"CG0I%ING-
i& @ater
ii& A#mi,ture
iii& Rein$orcing +teel
i'& +i*e, Aen#ing, sur$ace
con#ition '& Accessories
'i& Fi,tures
'ii& Ot!er materials
<. ("RM9"RG
i& +"eci$ie# ty"e o$ $orms
ii& E,ca'ationC $oun#ations location, #imensions, s!a"e,
#rainage, "re"aration o$ sur$aces&
>. ("RM9"RG
i& +"eci$ie# ty"e o$
$orms ii& Bocation
iii& Alignment "ro'ision $or settlement
i'& +ta(ility =(earing, s!ores ties an# s"aces>
'& Ins"ection o$
o"enings 'i& Pre"aration
o$ sur$aces& 'ii& Final
clean u"
<& GATE9A& AND %ADDERS
i& @orking "lat$ormsC location i#t!, guar#rails it! no&
ii& +ca$$ol#ings o$ a#e%uate strengt! su""orte#, "ro"erly
(race#& iii& +uita(le guar#s on all gangay an# stairs&
i'& Ba##ers securely $i,e#
:& 0%ANT AND MACDINER&
i& A'aila(ility o$ +"are concrete mi,ers 'i(rators an# ot!er
mac!ines& ii& A#e%uate electric an# "etroma, lam"s $or
concerning at nig!t&
iii& A#e%uate %uantity o$ tar"aulin to co'er concrete in case o$
rains&
9& 6ATCDING AND MIHING "( C"NCRETE
i& For eac! (atc! c!eck t!e %uantity o$ coarse aggregate,
$in# aggregate, cement an# ater %uantity o$ ater (eing
correcte# $rom
t!e 'ie"oints o$ #ry et con#itions o$ t!e coarse an#
t!e $ine aggregate&
ii& Perio#ical c!ecking o$ accuracy, ser'icea(le con#ition
an# cleanliness o$ all t!e measuring e%ui"ment&
iii& C!ecking t!at ater/cement ratio is maintaine# at t!e
sti"ulate# 'alue& Furt!er control o'er t!e amount o$ ater
use# s!all (e e,ercise# in terms o$ slum"/com"action $actor
'alue&
i'& P!ysical c!ecking o$ t!e %uantities o$ t!e constituents "er
(atc! "erio#ically&
'& C!ecking o$ orka(ility o$ concrete at $re%uent
inter'als& 'i& C!ecking cleanliness o$ t!e mi,er
mac!ine #rum&
'ii& C!ecking cleanliness an# a#e%uacy o$ c!airs in t!e
area o$ concerning&
'iii& C!ecking cleanliness an# a#e%uacy o$ c!airs in t!e
area o$ concerning&
i,& C!ecking t!at concrete is "lace# an# com"acte# (e$ore t!e
e,"iry o$ initial setting time o$ cement an# le$t un#istur(e#
a$terar#s&
,& C!ecking t!at concrete is "lace# in e'en layers, eac! layer
(eing com"acte# (e$ore "lacing t!e ne,t layer&
,i& Ensuring t!at concerning is carrie# out continuously
u"to t!e construction -oint&
,ii& Ensuring t!at !ile concerning an ol# ork, t!e sur$ace is
c!i""e#, cleane# it! ire (rus! an# ette# it! a coat o$
cement slurry, (e$ore laying ne concrete&
,iii& Ensuring t!at !ile connecting an ol# ork, t!e sur$ace is
c!i""e#, cleane# it! ire (rus! an# ette# it! a coat o$
cement slurry, (e$ore laying ne concrete&
1;& EM6EDDED 0ARTS-
i& Ins"ection o$ em(e##e# "arts an# em(e#ment
o$ lugs ii& Position an# le'el o$ em(e##e# "arts
iii& Precautionary measures to kee" t!e em(e##e# "arts in
"osition i'& Position, #e"t! an# si*e o$ (olt !oles&
11& REIN("RCEMENT IN 0%ACE.
i& +i*e =#iameterC lengt!C (en#sC an# anc!orage>
ii& Bocation =num(er o$ (arsC minimum clear s"acing minimum
co'er>
iii& +"licing
i'& +ta(ility =(in#ing (y ireC c!airs an# s"acers>
'& Cleanliness =no loose rust, no oil, "aint #rie# mortar etc&>
'i& Fi,tures =location, sta(ility,
cleanliness>& 'ii& O"ening s!on on
"lans
'iii& Cali(ration o$ (atting #e'ices&
i,& Con#itions o$ mi,er s"ee# o$
o"eration ,& Pro'ision $or continuous
"lacement
,i& Pro'ision $or curing
,ii& Pro'ision $or "rotection against sun, rain, !ot or co#
eat!er ,iii& A#e%uate tools an# men $or com"action,
$inis!ing an# curing
12 C"NCRETING
i& @orking Con#itions
@!et!er "re"arations com"lete#, s"eci$ie# inter'al since
"re'ious "lacement, lig!ting $or nig!t ork, co'ering an#
"rotection&
ii> Aatc!ing
CementC aggregatesC aterC a#mi,tures
C!eck (atc!ing #e'ices
C!eck yiel# o$
concrete iii> Mi,ing
Minimum )ime, (atc!es #elaye# in mi,er ma,imum time
loa#ing num(er o$ re'olutions o$ #rum ater use# mi,ing
ca"acity o$ #rum amount o$ concrete&
i'& Control o$ consistency
a& O(ser'ations o$ concrete (eing "lace#C testsC
a#-ustments o$ ater or a#mi,tures in mi,&
(& Monitoring o$ air content
c& Concrete tem"erature
c!eck #& Con'eying
e& No segregation o$ materialsC no e,cessi'e sti$$ening or
#rying out time limits&
'& Placing uni$orm an# #ense concreteC continuous
o"erationC "re"aration o$ contract sur$ace mortar (e##ing,
'ertical #ro", no #ro""ing against $orms or rein$orcementC
little or no $lo a$ter #e"ositing #e"t! o$ layers ater
gain rock "ockets remo'al o$ tem"orary ties an# s"acers
#is"osal o$ re-ecte# (atc!es "lacing concrete un#er ater&
'i& Contraction
-oints a&
Bocation
(& Forming or tooling
c& Doels o$ ties =i$ any> in "lace an#
aligne# 'ii& Construction an# !inge -oints
a& Bocation "re"aration o$ sur$ace
(& Doels or ties =i$ any> in "lace an#
aligne# c& E,"ansion an# isolation -oints
#& Koint $iller material location, alignment sta(ility $ree#om,
$rom inter$erence it! su(se%uent mo'ement&
'iii& Finis!ing o$ $orme# sur$aces s!allo sur$ace layer o$ mortar
ater gain no o'er orking $irst $loating alignment o$ sur$ace,
$inal !ar# traling "lastic s!rinkage cracksC rain&
i,& +c!e#ule o$ testing
12& A(TER C"NCRETING
i& Protection $rom #amage im"act o'erloa#ing o$
sur$aces ii& )ime o$ remo'al o$ $orms
iii& Curing sur$ace continuously moistC time o$ (eginning curingC
lengt! o$ curing "erio#, in col# an# !ot eat!er re%uire#
"recaution&
i'& Koints Clean an# seal
'& )ests o$ concreteC Detaile#
else!ere 'i& Recor#s an# re"orts
a& Recor#sC materials mi, com"utations, (atc!ing an#
mi,ing, "lacing an# cutting&
(& Re"ortsC #ailyC
summary c& Diary
#& P!otogra"!s 1 'i#eo recor#ing
14. S0ECIA% 9"RG
i& Col# !et!er concerning
Bimiting tem"eratures an# times out#oor, air enclosure,
materials, concrete 6eating materials, contact sur$aces,
an# enclosures, Protection $rom #rying car(onation an#
car(on mono,i#e )ig!t enclosure or insulate# $orms
Remo'al o$ $orms "rotection $rom too re"ai# cooling&
ii& 6ot eat!er concerning
Cooling materials "resetting aggregates an# contact
sur$aces "rotecting concrete& Bimiting com(inations o$ in#
relati'e !umi#ity an# am(ient tem"erature&
iii& Filling un#er (ase "lates
Pre"aration o$ (aseC "ro"er mi,C com"leteC $illing o$
'oi#s
i'& Pressure grouting
6oles =#e"t!, s"acing, $ree#om $rom clogging> Material
=acce"ta(ility %uantities use#> in-ection =se%uence, "ressure
times, com"leteness o$ "enetration no #amage to structure>
'& +!otcrete&
Materials =acce"ta(ility %uantities> con#ition o$ e%ui"ment
"reliminary mi,ing, "ressure =air, ater> "re"aration o$
sur$aces a""lication t!ickness no sagging, construction -oints>C
sur$ace $inis!C sur$ing tests&
'i& )erra**o
)!ickness o$ layersC uni$ormityC curing #i'i#ing
stri"s
'ii& +tucco
MortarC "re"aration o$ (acking sur$aceC (on#ing to (acking
sur$aceC
uni$orm $inis!ing curing eac!
layer&
'iii& Arc!itectural Concrete
Bocation an# neat -oining o$ mol#sC sur$ace coating to a'oi#
sticking or staining curing Rein$orcement near sur$ace
su""ort location 1 material& 5i(rating to minimi*e (ug!oles
Colour an# te,ture mocku" "rotection against #ri" stains
sur$ace re"airC !ole $illing&
i,& Coloure# Concrete
PigmentsC matc!ing o$ colorsC t!roug! an# intimate mi,ing o$
colour it! cement uni$orm a""lication an# traling, curing&
,& Painting
Cleaning sur$aceC neutrali*ing sur$ace =i$ nee#e#>C uni$orm
a""licationC
curing Portlan# cement
"aints&
,i& Mass Concrete
)imes an# rates o$ "lacement, a'oi#ance o$ !ig! or non
uni$orm tem"eratures instrumentation em(o#iment, a$ter
em(e#ment care monitoring, analysis an# inter"retation
t!ermal stresses an# tem"erature control (on#ing o$
liters "re'ention o$ aggregate (reakage&
,ii& Air entertaining
Accurate measurement o$ air entraining agentC tests $or air
content o$ Concrete, regulations o$ air content a#-ustment o$
mi, o$ com"ensate $or air a'oi#ance o$ e,cessi'e mi,ing o$
'i(ration ,a'oi#ance o$ et consistencyC $inis!ing&
,iii& 7n#er ater construction
A'oi#ance o$ $loing aterC tem"eratureC continuous
"lacement,
o"eration o$ treme or (ucket minimi*ing o$ as!C "rotection
$rom $loing ater $or se'eral #ays&
,i'& 5accum Concrete.
Final t!ickness o$ sla(sC timing an# #uration o$ a""lication o$
'acuum uni$ormity o$ "rocessing con#ition o$ mats&
,'& Prestresse# ConcreteC
+trengt! o$ concrete at time o$ "restressingC
s!eat!ing o$ rein$orcement, in s"eci$ie#, accurate
"lacing o$ rein$orcement a'oi#ance o$ o(struction o$
e,cessi'e $rictionC measurement o$ tension (y means o$ -ack
"ressure an#/or lengt!ening o$ steel t!oroug!ness o$ grou"ing, i$
s"eci$ie#&
CREATING QUALIT Y ASSU RANCE ORGANIS AT ION8UNI T AT S IT E
)!e c!art enclose# s!os t!e "ersons $or t!e organi*ation o$ %uality
assurance an# t!eir !ierarc!y&
(#NCTI"NS AND D#TIES
)!e Su,erinen2ing Engineer !o is hea2 o1 he $ua!iy Managemen
Sysem
#e"artment may !a'e t!e $olloing #uties an# res"onsi(ilities&
i& Ensuring com"liance (y contractors it! t!e "lans,
s"eci$ications an# contractual "ro'isions regar#ing t!e %uality in
selection an# "rocessing o$ materials, an# #uring construction an#
acce"tance stages o$ ork&
ii& Monitoring an# !ere a""ro"riate, ensuring t!at t!e %uality in t!e
"ro-ect construction is maintaine#, !ere it cannot, "rom"t action is
taken recti$y t!e situation&
iii& Coor#ination an# monitoring o$ re'ies a""ro'als, an# tests as
re%uire# (y t!e s"eci$ications an# contract&
i'& +to""ing ork an# "rogress !en %uality concerns
o'erri#e ot!er consi#erations or !en continuation o$ ork ill result
in su(/stan#ar# ork&
'& Pre"aring c!eck lists, manuals an# gui#elines on %uality $or
"ersonnel at 'arious le'els o$ 'ertical !ierarc!y o$ t!e "ro-ect an#
making t!em a'aila(le to all concerne#&
'i& Arranging training in Quality Control an# Quality Assurance t!roug!
e,"ert consultants on a continuous (asis, "romoting Quality Circles,
an# un#ertaking ot!er measures to create aareness t!at Quality is
e'ery(o#y res"onsi(ility&
'ii& +u"er'ising t!e ork o$ la(oratories an# Fiel# Q& C& units, recei'ing test
results an# re"orts an# "ro'i#ing $ee#(ack to t!e e,ecuting
#e"artments&
'iii& Pro'i#ing tec!nical (ack sto""ing an# inter$ace it! e,ecuting
#e"artments regar#ing all matters "ertaining to QM+&
i,& Pre'enting (acksli#ing on %uality (y taking timely correcti'e actions
t!roug! gui#ance ins"ections, training, an# ot!er suita(le met!o#s&
,& )o (e res"onsi(le $or QM+ #e"artment, its o"erations,
(u#get an# "er$ormance&
E.E. = Chie1 Training "11i+er
i& )o carry out training nee#s assessment sur'eys o$ "ersonnel at 'arious
le'els o$ t!e "ro-ect organi*ation, contractors an# t!eir sta$$ an# ot!ers
concerne#&
ii& )o a""oint training consultants, a""ro'e training "rogrammes an#
su"er'ise t!e con#uct o$ training courses&
iii& )o maintain stock o$ training materials, tec!nical literature an#
training e%ui"ment&
i'& )o e'aluate training "rogrammes $rom time to time&
'& )o "romote %uality circles in t!e "ro-ect organi*ation an#
contractors sta$$&
'i& )o liaise it! t!e ot!er e,"ert agencies in t!e su(-ect an# (ring t!eir
in"uts to t!e "ro-ect&
E.E. = Chie1 Resear+h
"11i+er
i& )o ensure t!at t!e central la(oratory an# t!e Full QC 7nits carry out
s"eci$ie# la(oratory tests an# t!at test recor# s!eets are $ille# in
a# registers are maintaine#&
ii& )o ensure t!at so"!isticate# tests are got carrie# out in
s"eciali*e# an# e,"ert la(oratories
iii& )o e,amine all test carrie# out at s"eci$ie# $re%uencies not
'ariances i$ any an# re"ort t!e same to a""ro"riate aut!orities&
i'& )o organi*e "ro"er u"kee" an# account o$ t!e e%ui"ment an#
instruments&
'& )o remain in constant touc! it! t!e e,ecution o$ orks, an#
coor#ination relations it! contractors
'i& )o maintain an# "rogress c!arts, su(mit #aily "lacement re"orts to
!ig!er aut!orities an# suggest ay an# means to im"ro'ement t!e
stan#ar#s o$ ork&
Dy. E=
Ins,e+or
Quality Control Ins"ector is t!e Pro-ect Aut!ority contact it! t!e -o(&
)!roug! t!e ins"ection "rocess !e #e'elo"s not only t!e knole#ge o$
s"eci$ic "ro(lems (ut a general aareness o$ t!e attitu#e o$ contractors&
6e can i#entity t!e "ro(lems areas an# single out situations t!at re%uire
Aut!ority attention&
)!e organi*ation "ro"ose# $or t!e Quality Management #e"artment
recommen#s 4 ins"ectors eac! to look a$ter materials, concerning
eart!ork Rockell an# mec!anical e%ui"ment& )!e Ins"ector must (e
a(le to look u"on an# 'ie critically
t!e "articular "!ase o$ t!e "ro-ect com"re!en# an# inter"ret t!e
contract "lans an# s"eci$ications an# "re"are notices t!roug! !is #aily
ins"ections t!at certain "!ases o$ ork are not (egin #one accor#ing to t!e
%uality re%uire# or !en ot!er "ro(lems occur, !e is to imme#iately re"ort
t!ese errors, 'iolations or "ro(lems to t!e !ig!er aut!ority $or $urt!er action&
)!e Dui#elines $or ins"ection !a'e (een gi'en in C!a"ters 0, 2 1 3&
De,uy Engineer =Resear+h
"11i+er
i& )o remain in constant touc! it! t!e e,ecution o$ orks o$ t!e
"ro-ect (y ins"ection an# $re%uently&
ii& )o suggest ays an# means to im"ro'e t!e stan#ar#s o$ ork in case
t!e test results in#icate $alling stan#ar#s&
iii& )o organi*e "ro"er u"kee" an# account an# cali(ration o$ t!e
e%ui"ment in t!e central an# $iel# la(oratory at "ro"er inter'als&
i'& )o organi*e test "roce#ures an# to su(mit #aily re"orts on t!e %uality
o$ orks to !ig!er aut!orities&
'& )o maintain co"ies o$ a""ro'e# #esign, re"orts "lants, an#
estimates s"eci$ications, e,tracts o$ ins"ection notes an# #ata o$
mac!inery use# on orks&
'i& )o carry out at least a $e o$ t!e im"ortant tests in a mont! "ersonally
so t!at t!e #e$iciencies, i$ any are (roug!t to lig!t&
'ii& )o a""ro'e t!e instrumentation #etaile# "lan s!oing t!e ca(le
lengt!s etc& an# c!eck t!e installation o$ a $e re"resentati'es
instruments "ersonally&
'iii& Perio#ically ins"ect t!e stores o$ t!e #e"artment an# o$
contractors $or c!ecking storage an# issue# "roce#ures $rom t!e
%uality "oint o$ 'ie an# su(mit re"orts to !ig!er aut!orities&
i,& )o assess !et!er s!uttering an# centering an# "ro"er an#
!et!er steel is "ro'i#e# as "er #raing an# #esign an# s!oul#
also c!eck an# a#'ice "ro"er co'er o$ concrete o'er rein$orcement&
,& )o ins"ect all ot!er relate# o"erations "rior to "lacement, #uring
"lacement an# a$ter "lacement is "ro"erly e,ercise#&
Assisan Resear+h "11i+er in +harge o1 %a:oraory
i& )o ensure "ro"er u"kee" an# maintenance on la(oratory,
e%ui"ment in la(oratory, core li(rary t!e curing room, t!e store yar#
o$ #estructi'ely teste# sam"les etc&
ii& )o ensure "ro"er u"kee" o$ recor#s o$ all sam"les (eing teste#
in t!e la(oratory an# ensure su(mission o$ test results in
"rescri(e# $orms o$ t!e Researc! O$$icer&
iii& )o su"er'ise t!e testing orks o$ Researc! Assistants an#
Ba(oratory tec!nicians an# to "ersonally c!eck re"resentati'e tests to
get an insig!t into t!e e$$iciency o$ t!e ork&
i'& )o ensure correct met!o# o$ sam"ling an# testing&
'& )o "re"are mont!ly re'ie o$ all t!e test results, an# su(mit to
t!e R& O& 'i& )o con#uct suc! ot!er ork as may (e assigne# (y R&
O&
Resear+h Assisan B0ose2 in %a:oraoryC
+!all "er$orm im"ortant tests as "rescri(e# in rele'ant stan#ar#s, an# as
#irecte# (y t!e su"eriors&
Resear+h Assisans 0ose2 in (ie!2
i& )o regularly su"er'ise t!e ork to ensure t!at material as "er
a""ro'e# s"eci$ication are recei'e# at t!e site an# O& L& car#s issue#
accor#ingly&
ii& )o collect sam"les as "er norms an# $re%uency $or testing t!e
mortar concrete etc&
iii& )o kee" atc! o'er eig!ing o$ cement use o$ materials
as "er s"eci$icationsC cement (ag containing lum"s an# time
(arre# s!oul# (e re-ecte#&
i'& )o c!eck mi,ing time an# ater cement ratio an# mi,ing o$ air
entraining agents in re%uire# %uantity&
'& )o c!eck (ulkage o$ san# as re%uire# an# con#uct ater
content test& 'i& )o atten# to any ot!er #uties assigne# to !im (y
t!e R&O or A& R& O&
%a:oraory Te+hni+ians=(ie!2 Assisan.
i& )o assist, Researc! Assistant !ene'er re%uire# in la(oratory an#
$iel# ork& ii& )o "er$orm tests in la(oratory suc! as
a> Analysis o$ $ine
aggregates (> +it in
aggregates
c> Aulking in $ine
aggregates #> +lum" test
e> Collection o$ sam"les o$ concrete an# mortars $or $illing
moul#s $or com"action test&
$> Num(ering sam"les etc&
METD"DS "( $#A%IT& ASS#RANCE
Alrea#y liste# a(o'e un#er !ea#ing assurance o$ %uality
CONCLUSI ON
Quality assurance re$ers to t!e managerial "rocesses !ic!
#etermine t!e organi*ation #esign, o(-ecti'es an# resources, t!e "ro-ect
team, $un#ing agencies, "er$ormance stan#ar#s an# $ee#(ack on t!e
"ro-ectFs "er$ormance a""ro"riate actions to #eal it! #e'iations an#
all ste"s necessary $or "romoting %uality aareness at all le'els an# in all
"arts o$ t!e "ro-ect organi*ation&
A ty"ical %uality assurance "rogramme a##resses itsel$ to t!e
$olloing.
i& Organi*ation structure o$ t!e "ro-ect team an#
%uality
assuranc
e
#e"artment&
ii& Res"onsi(ilities an# "oers o$ t!e 'arious "ersonnel
in'ol'e#&
iii& I#enti$ication o$ t!e coor#ination "ersonal&
i'& Quality an# its Programs&
'& Quality e#ucation an# aareness&
'i& Quality circles
'ii& )raining
'iii& +etting u" to MI+ $or %uality
i,& Resolution o$ tec!nical #i$$erences an# #is"utes&
,& Pre"aration o$ %uality assurance manuals an# t!eir
c!ecklists&
,i& 5en#or sur'ey "roce#ure
,ii& 5en#or sur'eillance "roce#ure&
Quality assurance "ro'i#es "rotection against %uality "ro(lems t!roug!
early arnings "lay an im"ortant role in t!e "re'ention o$ (ot! internal
an# e,ternal "ro(lems& )!e assurance is "ro'i#e# $rom o(-ecti'e
e'i#ence (ut t!e ty"e o$
e'i#ence (ut t!e ty"e o$ e'i#ence #i$$ers i#ely accor#ing to "ersons
re%uiring t!e assurance an# t!e nature o$ t!e "ro#uct&
It nee# not (e em"!asi*e# t!at %uality assurance is an essential
"rere%uisite $or all construction "ro-ects& O'er years t!e accent on %uality
!as gra#uate# "rogressi'ely $rom sim"le ins"ection to %uality control to
%uality assurance an# to %uality management& @!ereas t!e limitations o$
ins"ections are %uite o('ious, a %uality control system inclu#es testing o$
ra materials at selection an# "rocessing stage, testing at 'arious stages o$
"ro#uction, acce"tance an# t!e $ee# (ack&
Quality assurance goes muc! (eyon# t!e intro#uction o$ %uality manuals,
au#iting $or %uality an# com"uteri*e# MI+ $or it& It inclu#es (uil#ing
%uality in t!e "ro-ect #esign itsel$, "lanning an# selection o$ e%ui"ment
"er$ormance maintenance o$ mac!ines, im"ro'ing orker skills an#
tec!nical/managerial Quality assurance #eman#s on organi*ational
structure !erein co/or#ination an# inter$ace (eteen 'arious "arties to
constriction (ecomes "ossi(le $rom t!e loest to t!e to"
management le'el&
Quality assurance "ro'i#es "rotection against %uality "ro(lems
t!roug! early arnings to trou(le a!ea#& +uc! early arnings "lay an
im"ortant role in t!e "re'ention o$ (ot! internal an# e,ternal "ro(lems&
)!e assurance is "ro'i#e# $orm o(-ecti'e e'i#ence (ut t!e ty"e o$
e'i#ence #i$$ers i#ely accor#ing to t!e "erson re%uiring t!e assurance an#
t!e nature o$ ork&
)a(le 2&13
L $ s t & % E 3 ( $ ! + "nt 8 A ! ! a a t (s R " 3 ( $ "d % & C & n# " t " T " s t $ n ) L a 9 & a t & 7
Sr.
No.
Des+ri,io
n
%a:oraor
y
C!ass A
%a:oraor
y
C!ass 6
Remar7s
1
I+ +ie'e sets 2;;, 0;;:;, 3;, 04, 0;, 1;,
8,0,3,4, <4 2&24, 0&28, 1&<; an# 1&:
mm
0 +ie'e +!aker
2 Cu(e Moul#s <;&8, 1;;, 14; mm& G1:> =10>
3 Cylin#er Moul#s 14;/2;;mm
4 Aeam Moul# 1;;/1;;/4;;mm =8> =2>
8 +lum" cone a""aratus
< Com"action $actor a""aratus
: Flo ta(les
9 Air entertainment meter
1; +!rinkage tester
Sr.
No.
Des+ri,io
n
%a:oraor
y
C!ass A
%a:oraor
y
C!ass 6
Remar7s
11 Bengt! com"actor
10 6ot (ot!
12 5(ee Consistometer
13 )a(le 5i(rator
14 6ig! $re%uency ta(le 'i(rator
18 5icat nee#le a""aratus
1< Be C!aterlier Moul#
1: 6ot Plate
19 Dra#uate# Moul#
0; Concrete Placing an# $inis!ing tools
01 )rays, (ig =1;;;,4;;,4;mm> an#
small
00 Mortar Cu(e testing a""aratus 0;;
02
Aeakers 1;;cc, 1;;;cc Aalance in
1kg an# 0;; kg ca"acity
03
Crus!ing 'alue a""aratus
$or aggregate
04 +to" atc!
08
+tan#ar# !an# tools an# gauges
$or metal ork
0< Ba(oratory ty"e concrete mi,er
0: Curing tanks o$ 'arious si*es
09 Alains air "ermea(ility tester
2;
Cylin#er Measures, metallic 2,14,
2; liter ca"acity
21 Ca""ing a""aratus $or Cylin#ers
20 Electric o'en 0;; c 1mm,1mm1,mm
22 Electric o'en 14;, c, ;&4, ;&4, ;&4
23
6y#raulic -ack it! remote control
4&0;, 4;, 0;;1
24 Concrete test !ammers
28 Com"ression testing mac!ine 0;;;
2< )rans'erse testing attac!ment
2: 7ni'ersal testing mac!ine 3;;
.$92$&)a!47
N I CMAR "u( l ic a ti on le s son (ook on Constru c ti on Qu a li t y M a n a g e ment
A ut t e r o rt! / 6 e ine m a nn "u(l i ca ti on, )!e Ma n a g e ment o$ Constru c ti on ( y B a re n c e
A e nn e tt