-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 8 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Komal: Visal, doesn't Ramana speak English Komal: He certainly works harder than any of
the best of all of us in the class? us. At the same time he plays games
(Class™ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ English ¶«í¬ better than us too. Remember he
Ramana éπü∆)
´÷ö«x-úËC scored higher than any other member
Vishal: Yes; he does. (Å´¤†’) of our team in the last match.
Komal: Why so? (áçü¿’-éπE?) (éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Åûªúø’ ´’†-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ v¨¡´’-
Why so = áçü¿’-éπ™«?; Why not? = áçü¿’èπ◊ °æ-úø-û√úø’. Å™«Íí games ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†-
é¬ü¿’? Ñ expressions conversation ™ éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ ¢Á’®Ω’Íí. éÀç-ü¿-öÀ match ™
î√™« common. O’®Ω÷ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøçúÕ. ´’† team ™ Éûª®Ω players éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬
Vishal: From the beginning he has studied in score î˨»úø’).
English medium, that too, in very Vishal: Here he is. Let's spend some time Adjective Å®·Ø√, adverb Å®·Ø√, äéπ degree †’ç* ÉçéÓ degree éÀ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A äéπõ‰.
good schools. Moreover, he reads with him. positive comparative superlative
more than any one of us. (ÉCíÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Åûª-úÕûÓ 1. Adjective Australia is better than any Australia is the best team
(¢Á·ü¿-öÀ†’ç* Åûªúø’ îªC-NçC English í∫úø’-°æ¤ü∆ç) No other team in the world is (all) other team (teams) in in the world.
medium ™, ÅD ´’ç* English medi-
☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ so/ as good as Australia. the world.
um schools ™, ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´’†-éπçõ‰
Adverb Australia plays better than Australia plays best of all
Åûªúø’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.) lesson ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC, degrees of any other team/ all other teams in the world.
í∫-ûª No other team in the world
That too = ÅC èπÿú≈. comparison äéπ\ adjectives Íé é¬ü¿’, adverbs plays so/ as well as Australia. teams in the world.
èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Öçü¿E. Adverbs Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- 2. Adjective Australia is one of the best
Australia is better than most
èπ◊Ø√oç. verb, subject îËÊÆ °æEE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Ç Very few teams in the world other teams in the world. teams in the world.
verb îËÊÆ °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ™«çöÀ N´-®√-©†’
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 210
are as good as Australia.
ûÁLÊ°-´÷ô adverb. Adverb
Australia plays better than No proper superlative.
He plays well. Ééπ\úø verb - plays. ᙫ Very few teams in the world most other teams in the
Komal: What does he Çúø-û√úø’? ÅØË verb (ûÁLÊ° °æE)éÀ v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÊÆh, play as well as Australia. world.
read? How Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç well éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE well, adverb
much does he Å´¤-ûª’çC. äéπ sentence ™ äéπ ´÷ô îËÊÆ °æEE îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A Adjective Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰, – ÉC Comparative. verb - reads. DEo pos-
read? •öÀd, ÅC noun/ adjective/ adverb etc., OöÀ™x adverb Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰. itive èπ◊ ´÷JÊÆh, not ®√¢√L. Å°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ω’hç--
(àç îªü¿’-´¤- àC ÅE E®Ωg-®·ç-î√Lq Öçô’çC. 1) Tendulkar bats better than Sehwag. éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç – reads + not = does not
û√úø’? áçûª This is a fast train. (ÉC Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿uØË §ÚLéπ – Ééπ\úø not ™‰ü¿’– ÉC read.
îªü¿’-´¤-û√-úøç- Ééπ\úø ᙫçöÀ train? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊, fast train ÅØËC comparative degree) DEéÀ superlative Positive degree: Ravi does not read so/ as
ö«´¤?) M. SURESAN ï¢√•’. 鬕öÀd fast, adjective. Öçúø-ü¿’-éπü∆. Positive ™éÀ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’, fast as Krishna. (Krishna Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ®ΩN
Tendulkar, Sehwag Ê°®Ω’x û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·; îªü¿-´úø’)
not ´Ææ’hçC. 3) Kites fly faster than crows.

Why so? Sehwag does not bat (bats + not = does

not bat) so (as) well as Tendulkar
2) Bret Lee does not bowl faster than Shoaib
Akthar- comparative degree. (Bret Lee,
(é¬èπ◊© éπçõ‰ í∫ü¿l©’ ¢Ëí∫çí¬ áí∫’-®Ω’-û√®·)
Comparative. verb - fly. Comparative
not Positive
™‰ü¿’.
+ not = do not fly.
verb - fly. fly
™ ´Ææ’hçC.
™

Shoaib Akthar bowl

Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îËߪ’úø’) – Positive: Crows do not fly so/ as fast as
Vishal: For one thing, he reads the English A Cheetah runs fast. kites.
not
§ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµËu, ÖçC. DEéÀ superlative
news paper daily. He reads too, a lot Now look at the following sentences from the
(*®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤L ¢Ëí∫çí¬ °æ®Ω’-Èí-ûª’h-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø runs, ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.Positive not
™ subjects
®√ü¿’,
of fiction in English. He reads quite conversation at the beginning of the lesson.
verb. How does it run? question
ÅØË èπ◊ fast, Lee, Akthar positions
© û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·.
often English news magazines too. 1) Doesn't Ramana speak English the best of
answer fast
鬕öÀd adverb.
ÅØËC Åçõ‰ – Positive: Shoaib Akthar bowls (at least) as
(äéπ-õ‰-N’-ôçõ‰ ®ÓW English newspaper 1) ᙫçöÀ, ᙫç-öÀC (äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´’E≠œ) ÅØË fast as Bret Lee. (Shoaib Akthar Bret éπFÆæç all of us in the class? (superlative degree of
îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’. Éçé¬ English †´-©©’, éπü∑∆-E- v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†çí¬ ´îËa-´÷ô Adjective. Lee Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ bowl îË≤ƒhúø’) the adverb)
éπ©÷ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’. ûª®Ωîª÷ English news 2) °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ answer í¬ ´îËa Adverb degree ´îËa-ô-°æ¤púø’, do, does, did 2) He reads more than any of us.
magazines èπÿú≈ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.)
©
´÷ô Adverb. Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L. (comparative degree)
fiction = °∂œéπ{Ø˛ – '°∂œ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç – 3) Reading English helps you more than a
Ñ È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çõ‰ Eg: 1) Steve played more matches than Mark.
éπ©p†– éπLpç-*† éπü∑¿©’ – novels (†´-©©’), degrees of comparison á°æ¤púø’ Adjectives èπÿ, study of grammar (comparative)
(Mark éπçõ‰ Steve áèπ◊\´ matches Çú≈úø’)
short stories (éπü∑∆-E-éπ©’) ™«çöÀN. 4) He certainly works harder than any of us.
á°æ¤púø’ adverbs èπÿ ÅØËC Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. – ÉC comparative. verb - played. DEo pos-
Komal: (Do) you mean he speaks English so (comparative)
a) Australia plays best of all teams in the world. itive ™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, played + not = did not
well because of his reading? 5) At the same time, he plays games better
(v°æ°æç-îªç-™E ÅEo ïôx™ ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷ ïô’d play Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å°æ¤púø’ positive.
(Åçõ‰ †’´y-ØËC Å™« îªü¿-´ôç ´©xØË than us too. (comparative)
Åûªuçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø’-ûª’çC.) Mark did not play as/ so many games as
English Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-úøç-ö«¢√?) 6) He scored higher than any other member of
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ– Ééπ\úø 'best'- adverb, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰, Steve. (Steve games Mark
ÇúÕ-†Eo Çúø-™‰ü¿’)
Vishal: Exactly. Reading English helps you our team. (comparative)
plays ÅØË verb °æEE ᙫíÓ N´-J-≤ÚhçC 鬕öÀd. 2) Krishna reads faster than Ravi
more than a thorough study of gram- Exercise: OöÀéÀ Éûª®Ω degrees practise îËߪ’çúÕ.
(Note: Superlative degree of the adjective (
mar. ®Ω-N éπçõ‰ éπ%≠æg ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’) Answer:
´·çü¿’ the éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Öçú≈-©E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ví¬´’®˝ superlative degree of the adverb
èπ~◊ùoçí¬ Å¶µºu-Æœç-îªôç éπçõ‰, îªü¿-´ôç Å®·ûË superlative comparative positive
the 1. Doesn't Ramana speak Does any of us speak
Doesn't Ramana speak
áèπ◊\´í¬ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.) ´·çü¿’ Åçûª °æöÀdç-°æ¤-™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÕûË ´’ç*üË,
¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’.) English the best of all of us? English better than any of English so well as
thorough = ü∑¿®Ó = èπ~◊ùo-¢Á’i†
°j sentence ™ adverb, superlative degree (É*a† sentence) us? Ramana?
Komal: The language of the English newspa- ™ ÖçC éπü∆? ÉC superlative of 'well'. É°æ¤úø’ 2. Of all of us he reads the most. He reads more than any of None of us reads as much
pers is difficult to understand, isn't it? ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. us. sentence) as he (reads/ does)
How then does it help?
(É*a†
b) Tendulkar plays better than any other/ all Reading helps us more than A study of grammar doesn't
3. No superlative.
(English newspapers English Å®Ωnç other players = player/
õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ à Éûª®Ω a study of grammar. (É*a† help us so much as/ as
îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ éπ≠dçæ í¬ Öçô’çC. Å™«ç-ô- N’í∫û√players éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ Çúø-û√úø’. sentence) much as reading.
°æ¤púø’ ÅüÁ™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC?) Ééπ\úø better, comparative degree of well 4. He certainly works hardest of He certainly works harder than None of us work as/ so
Vishal: Ramana says he began with short
c) No other player hits the ball so/ as well as any of us. sentence) hard as he, certainly.
news items, and then went on to all of us. (É*a†
Dhoni= player
He plays games better than We don't play games so
ÉçÍé Éûª®Ω èπÿú≈ üµÓE Åçûª 5. Of all of us, he plays games
news stories.
ball adverb, well-
best. us too. sentence) well as/ as well as he.
¶«í¬ †’ éÌôdúø’. Ééπ\úø (É*a†
(¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô *†o ¢√®√hç-¨»-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç- positive.
Gµç*, Ç ûª®√yûª °ü¿l °ü¿l ¢√®Ωh© reports 6. He scored highest of all of us. He scored higher than any No other member of our
good= ´’ç* (adjective) better (comparative)
other member of our team. team scored so/ as high as
well= ¶«í¬ (adverb) best (superlative)
îªC-¢√-†E ®Ω´’ù ÅØ√oúø’) he.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm