1.

(i) attraction between oppositely charged ions 1

(ii)
C l
M g
-
C l
-
Mg and Cl both with 8 electrons in outer shell, (accept 0 electrons for Mg)
Cl must have one dot to seven crosses or vice versa (1)
correct charges on each ion (1) 2

(iii) MgCl
2
does not conduct when solid because ions are fied in lattice (1)
!
2
" does not conduct as there are no free charge carriers#water
molecules are uncharged (1)
MgCl
2
conducts when a$ueous because ions are free to move (1) %
[6]

2. (i) 2&a(s) + Cl
2
(g) 2&aCl(s)
1st mar' for e$uation 2
2nd mar' for state symbols
(ii) (iant ionic (lattice) or %)
with alternating &a
+
and Cl
*
2
[4]

3. (i) shared pair of electrons 2
i.e. shared electrons is worth 1 mark. Pair of electrons for
second mark
(ii) correct dot+and cross diagram 1
[3]
4. dative covalent, bonded pair comes from same atom# 1
electron pair is donated from one atom#
both electrons are from the same atom
[1]

5. (i)
,
* * *
* *
* * *
*
*
*
*
* * * *
* *
* * *
, ,
, , , ,
,
, ,
positive ions#cations and negative electrons
Can be described in words only for both mar's 2
(ii) contain free#mobile#delocalised electrons 1
[3]
6. (i) !
2
" &!
%
2 % (1)
2 1 (1)
2
(ii)


&
!
!
!
1 0 - .
shape (1) bond angle labelled on diagram as 10-/ (1)

1 2 0 .
0
" "
shape (1) bond angle labelled on diagram as 110*120/ (1) 1
[6]
7. (i) 2ttraction of electrons in a bond towards an atom 2
(ii) C"
2
is symmetrical#!
2
" is not symmetrical
3n C"
2
, dipoles cancel#in !
2
", the dipoles don4t cancel 2
[4]
8. !
2
"
! bonding from " of 1 molecule to ! of another
dipoles shown or described %
with lone pair of " involved in the bond
C!
1
van der 5aals4 forces from oscillating dipoles# temporary
dipoles# transient dipoles# instantaneous dipoles
leading to induced dipoles
caused by uneven distribution of electrons %
[6]

9. ice is less dense than water
hydrogen bonds hold !
2
" molecules apart in ice #
hydrogen bonds cause an open lattice structure 2
[2]

10. 6o boil Cl
2
, van der 5aals4 forces#intermolecular forces are bro'en
(with van der 5aals#intermolecular spelt correctly) (1)
6o boil C, covalent bonds are bro'en (1)
covalent bonds are stronger than van der 5aals4 forces (1)
[3]

11. (a) %
element structure 7onding
Mg giant Metallic

0i giant Covalent

0 simple Covalent

1 mark for each correct row
(b) 0i has strong forces between atoms#
covalent bonds are bro'en
8 has wea' forces between molecules#
intermolecular forces#van der 5aals4 forces are bro'en 2
(c) 9rom &a 2l, no of delocalised electrons increases
charge on positive ion increases#
ionic si:e decreases#
charge density increases
attraction between + ions and electrons increases#
metallic bonding gets stronger 2
[7]

12. (i) 0 (1) 1
(ii) 2l (1) 1
(iii) 7 (1) 1
(iv) Ca (1) 1
(v) ; (1) 1
(vi) ; (1) 1
[6]