PCCOE, Nigdi Department of

Computer Engineering
INDEX
Assignment
No.
1
Setting up a small network (2PCs, 4 PCs) and configuration for
sharing resources.
2 Stud of protocol anal!er ("thereal) Packet analsis (wireshark)
# $nstalling and configuring %&CP ser'er(windows 2((# ser'er)
4 Studing )inu* network configuration and commands.
+ $nstallation and configuration we, ser'er(Client-ser'er ,ased)
. /rite a program using socket programming for 0CP prefera,l in C.
1 /rite a program using socket programming for 2%P prefera,l in C.
3 %esign a we,site using &04) for an application.
5
%esign dnamic we, pages and 'alidate them using 67 script or
8969 script.
1( /rite a P&P script to access the data from assignment no 5
11
/rite a program to create 0CP:$P packet using standard 0CP:$P
include files and send it to the ser'er ;)inu* platform<
12
Create a %0% for a catalog of cars, where each car has the child
elements and two or three child elements ha'e their own child
elements, each of these elements are re=uired and has the possi,le
'alues >es or ?o. Create an @4) document with instances of the
car elements defined in the %0% and process this document using
the %0% and produce a displa of raw @4) document. Create an
@4) schema and CSS stle sheet for the a,o'e-mentioned @4)
document. Create an @S)0 stle sheet for one car element of the
@4) document and use it to create a displa of that element.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
Assignment No.: 01
AimA
Setting up a small network (2PCs, 4 PCs) and configuration for sharing
resources.
Objective:
9fter going through this assignment ou will ,e in a position toA
1. Purpose of ?$C card and crimping the B84+ connector
2. Sol'e ,asic network design pro,lems.
#. %esign and ,uild a simple local area network, and implement appropriate
network operating sstem client and ser'er software in a /indows and
)inu* en'ironment.
4. %efine and descri,e the function of a 49C address.
+. %escri,e the different classes of $P addresses.
.. &ow to setup $P an addressing scheme using class C9:7:CD networks
1. 2nderstand the purpose of the network mask.
3. 9pplications, merits and demerits of this assignment.
Pre-Requisites:
1. 7asic knowledge of 0ransmission media.
2. 0pes of transmission media.
#. 0pes of internetworking de'ices
4. 0CP:$P model.
Teor!:
"la,orate the following points.
1. Choosing the 7est Computer ?etwork.
2. Connector crimping for simple ca,le and cross ca,le with diagram
#. Client ser'er network ( client, ser'er , diagram )
4. 49C address and $P address ( all classes )
+. Su,netting ( %efinition, re=uirement)
.. 9pplications
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Computer Engineering
Activities:
1. %ecide which topolog is going to use.
2. )ist out all the hardware and software re=uired for network.
#. %ecide which class $P addresses are a'aila,le.
4. %ecide the num,er of user.
"A#:
1. %efine $P address.
2. %efine Eatewa.
#. )ist the different tpes of topologF
4. /hich transmission media used in star topologF
+. %efine a protocolF
.. /hat is su,net maskF
1. /hat is 49C addressF
3. /hat is the difference ,etween 49C address and $P addressF
9. /hat is the use of simple ca,le and cross o'er ca,leF
10. /hat is the difference ,etween logical address and phsical
addressF
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
Assignment No.: 0$
Aim:
Stud of protocol anal!er ("thereal) Packet analsis (wireshark)
Objective:
0his la, will introduce the network protocol anal!er (ethereal:wireshark). /e
will also ,e concentrating onA
1. ?etwork anal!ing process.
2. Packet capturing process.
Pre-Requisites:
7asic knowledge of )ocal 9rea ?etwork
7asic knowledge of protocols
Teor!:
1. /hat is a protocol anal!erF
2. "*plore different packet headers with the anal!er. /rite in ,rief a,out the
same.
In%ut:
Steam of data packets using diff. protocols
&te%s to be 'o((o)e*:
1. "*ecute the /ireshark setup
2. Select the CCaptureD option. Select C$nterfacesD under the same
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
#. Select the ?$C card and click on CStartD
4. 0he packets flowing in the network can ,e seen.
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Computer Engineering
+. Click on CStopD the capture and start e*ploring the frames
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Computer Engineering
.. Select a frame and e*plore the protocol. &ere is an e*ample of how the
e*plored 9BP protocol packet will look likeA
Out%ut: BesultA-packets captured
"A#s:
1. /hat protocols are currentl supported on /iresharkF
2. /hat tpe of sockets does ethereal use to capture packetsF
#. Can the contents of the message ,e seen on the anal!erF
4. Can we use "thereal with )inu*F
+. Can a protocol anal!er ,e used as a hacking toolF
.. /hat de'ices can a network anal!er use to capture packetsF
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
Assignment No.: 0+
Aim:
$nstalling and configuring %&CP ser'er (windows 2((# ser'er)
Teor!:
"la,orate the following points.
1. /hat is %namic &ost Configuration ProtocolF
2. /h it is usedF
$nstalling %&CP Ser'er is 'er eas in win ser'er 2((#
Girst ou need to go to StartHI9ll ProgramsHI9dministrati'e 0oolsHI4anage
>our Ser'er
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Computer Engineering
&ere ou need to select 9dd or remo'e a role
6erif the following steps click on ?e*t
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Computer Engineering
Select Ser'er Bole as %&CP Ser'er option click on ?e*t
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Computer Engineering
Summar selection click on ?e*t
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Computer Engineering
$nstalling %&CP Ser'er in progress
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Computer Engineering
?ow this will prompt new scope welcome screen click ne*t
9 scope is a collection of $P addresses for computers on a su,net that use %&CP.
enter the name and description of our scope click ne*t
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
?ow ou need to define the range of addresses that the scope will distri,ute
across the network, the su,net mask for the $P address . "nter the appropriate
details and click ne*t.
"nter the $P address range that ou want to e*clude and click on ne*t
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
Select lease duration how long a client can use an $P address assigned to it
from this scope. $t is recommended to add longer leases for a fi*ed network (in
the office for e*ample) and shorter leases for remote connections or laptop
computers and click ne*t
>ou are gi'en a choice of whether or not ou wish to configure the %&CP
options for the scope now or later. >ou can select >es, $ want toJ radion ,utton
and click ne*t.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
"nter the router, or gatewa, $P address click ne*t. 0he client computers
will then know which router to use and click ne*t.
"nter the %?S and domain name settings can ,e entered. 0he %?S ser'er
$P address will ,e distri,uted , the %&CP ser'er and gi'en to the client click
ne*t.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
$f ou ha'e /$?S setup then here is where to enter the $P 9ddress of the
/$?S ser'er. >ou can Kust input the ser'er name into the appropriate ,o* and
press Besol'eD to allow it to find the $P address itself click ne*t.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
?ow ou need to acti'ate this scope now and click ne*t.
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Computer Engineering
%&CP Ser'er new scope installation was finished and click finish.
?ow our ser'er is now a %&CP ser'er message and click finish.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
,on'iguring D-,P
?ow ou need to go to StartLI9dministrati'e 0oolsLI%&CP
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Computer Engineering
Bight Click on our ser'er click on 9uthori!e our %&CP Ser'er.
9uthori!ation completed now our %&CP ser'er is up and running.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
%&CP ser'ers permit ou to reser'e an $P address for a client. 0his means
that the specific network client will ha'e the same $P for as long as ou wanted it
to. 0o do this ou will ha'e to know the phsical address (49C) of each network
card. "nter the reser'ation name, desired $P address, 49C address and
description H choose whether ou want to support %&CP or 7MM0P and press
add. 0he new reser'ation will ,e added to the list.
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Computer Engineering
&etu%
Click %&CP in the 9dministrati'e 0ools or in the C4anager >our Ser'ersD
/indow.
$n the Scope window, enter the scope name and description and click ne*t.
$n the ne*t window, ou will ,e asked to define the range of the $P
addresses that the scope will distri,ute to the network computers.
"nter the start $P address, end $P address, length and su,net mask and click
ne*t.
$n the ne*t /indow, ou will need to add e*clusions i.e. ou can add an
$P addresses that ou dont want to ,e distri,uted to the network
computers. 9fter adding the range of the e*clusi'e $P addresses click ne*t.
(>ou can assign the e*clusi'e $P address manuall to the compans router,
gatewa or an other de'ice. 0hese $P addresses will not ,e distri,uted to
the network computers.)
$n the ne*t window, ou need to enter the lease duration. $t is
recommended that ou add longer lease duration for the fi*ed computer
networks and the shorter leased time for the remote connections and
)aptops.
Mn the ne*t screen, ou will ,e gi'en the choice to configure these options
for the %&CP scope now or later. Check C>es $ want to configure these
options nowD and click ne*t.
Mn the ne*t screen, ou need to enter the Bouters $P address from the
e*clusi'e list, which we defined on the a,o'e steps. 9fter ou add the
routers address click ne*t.
$n the ne*t window, %?S settings can ,e entered i.e. $P address, domain
name and ser'er name.
Mn the screen ne*t to %?S, /$?S ser'er settings can ,e entered.
Mn the ne*t window, ou need to acti'ate the scope. Click C>es $ want to
acti'ate the scope nowD.
0hats all. >ou ha'e successfull setup the %&CP in our /indows 2((#
Ser'er.
,on'igur.tions
9fter ou ha'e successfull setup the %&CP ser'er, ou ma need to
configure the multiple options ,ased up the re=uirements of our network. Gor
configuring the "*clusions after setting up the %&CP ser'er, please follow the
,elow steps.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
$n the %C&P main windows right click the 9ddress Pool on the left side
and click C9dd "*clusionsD. &ere ou can define the range of the $P addresses
which ou dont want to distri,ute among the network computers.
$f ou want to reser'e an $P address for a client computer, ou can
configure it , the following steps. Gor reser'ing the $P addresses for client
computer, ou need to know the 49C address of that client.
$n the %&CP main window, right click Beser'ations in the left side.
Pro'ide the re=uired parameters for fi*ing the $P addresses for the client
computers.
>ou need to e*plore the 'arious features of the %&CP ser'er as ou can
configure multiple other options.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
Assignment No.: 0/
Aim:
Studing )inu* network configuration and commands.
Teor!:
Discus .n* e0ecute 'o((o)ing 1inu0 comm.n*s:
1. $fconfig
2. 0raceroute
#. Ping
4. route
Det.i(s o' ,on'iguring 1inu0
TIP 1. /hen ou need to find a particular file:director then use the NlocateN
command (on Gedora slocate works well too) to find things on our ser'er. )ike,
tpingA locate *inetd
TIP $. $f ou did not know this alread, all of the we, ser'er html files for
Gedora are placed underA :'ar:www:html
&te% 1. /hich Processes are Bunning Mn >our Ser'erF
$f ou donNt know, then ou need to find out asapO 2se the commandA
2sbin2c3con'ig --(ist
0he output would look something likeA
J
httpd (Aoff 1Aoff 2Aoff #Aoff 4Aoff +Aoff .Aoff
telnetA off
J
0he a,o'e command will gi'e ou a long list of processes with info ,eside
them like PoffP. 9n process with the word PoffP ne*t to it can ,e assumed
disa,led , default during startup. >ou should look for our processes that are
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
usuall needed for running a we,ser'er like httpd, telnet, wu-ftp, ms=ld. 9ll of
these should ,e PonP , default.
&te% $. 4et Processes &t.rte*
Starting up our we,ser'er (httpd), ms=l (ms=ld), sendmail, etc. is eas so
long as ou follow the directions from the steps ,elow.
Gor our we,ser'er and ms=l, ou can ena,le these things right awa for
use during this session.
Change to the initiali!ation (aka init) directorA
c* 2etc2rc.*2init.*2
0his director (when listed) shows all processes ou can start like httpd and
ms=ld. Gor now letNs start our we, ser'er with the command A
.2tt%* st.rt
>ou should then seeA
Starting httpdA ; MQ <
?ow ena,le our we,ser'er (httpd) for A11 'uture &TART5P&6
1. "dit the config files as applied to the PrcP director of our choice. Bemem,er
that all resource files acti'ated at different run times are in different rc.d
directories. Gor instance, when our ser'er is loaded at runtime le'el + (usual)
then all the resources under rc+.d are acti'ated. Change director toA
2etc2rc.*2rc7.*
Bemem,er that the rc5.d is a resource director (under :etc) for run le'el +... etc.
>ou e*it files in these directories to control what occurs at different run le'els.
Giles with a prefi* of 8 are ?M0 installed to run at startup. Giles with & are read
to run at startup. "*ample namesA Q14pser' or S14nfslock.
>ou can alwas use something like the commandA
:s,in:chkconfig --add httpd
to add the we, ser'er to the future startups. &owe'er, $ prefer doing m change
manuall.
2. >ou can manuall force this , simpl using a command likeA
mv 817tt%* &17tt%*
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
Summar for those needing one... >ou now should ha'e our we,ser'er started
and read as default for all future starts withA
.:httpd start
m' k1+httpd s1+httpd
&te% +. 9.t About te(net .n* 't%:
Mk, ouNre smart enough to ha'e noticed that following the steps a,o'e ou can
not get telnet or ftp started. 0hatNs ,ecause te! .re not %.rt o' te init*
%rocess; ,ut rather the 0inet* process. 0he *inetd process handles the startup of
all of our network related protocols etc.
1st Start telnet first , changing directories to *inetdA
c* 2etc20inet*.*2
?e*t tpe (s to list all of the processes that can ,e configured. >ouNll notice for
instance the file telnet.
2nd "dit the telnet file and change two linesA
< *e'.u(t: on
...
*is.b(e* = no
0hese lines are not adKacent, ,ut usuall the first and last lines of the
configuration file (in our case telnet). >ou need to e*it .(( con'igur.tion 'i(es
that appl to things ouNre tring to start. 4an processes come , default turned
off and disa,led Res. >ou can edit files like telnet, wu-ftp, etc.
#rd Mnce ou ha'e edited and sa'ed the files with the default on and disa,led R
no, ou can force an automatic restart of the *inetd to load without re,ootingA
2etc2rc.*2init.*20inet* rest.rt
Ginall, ou should seeA
Stopping *inetdA ; MQ < Starting *inetdA ; MQ <
7elie'e it or not, following all of this ou should now ha'e runningA
httpd (we,ser'er)
telnet
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
?ow check to see what processes ou ha'e running again , usingA
:s,in:chkconfig Hlist
or use the long PprocessP ps command likeA ps -e S grep http.
>ou can use these same steps a,o'e to get ms=l and ftp running. Beplace httpd
with ms=l, and telnet with wu-ftpd. 9lwas remem,er there is a difference
,etween configuration and startup files under initd and *inetd.
&opes this helps ou get goingO Special thanks to 8ohn for his inspiration and to
0om for catching a tpo that could ha'e mislead readersO
9ll of these commands should work from our command prompt
(regardless which shell ouNre using). 8ust in case some folks were not aware, ou
42S0 press enter to in'oke the command and the "@A stands for e*ample and is
not part of the command. Commands are denoted in courier tpe font. 9nd of
course, if the donNt work or help ou, we appologi!eO
>.sic 1inu0 ,omm.n*s NOTEA
9ll of these commands should work from our command prompt (regardless
which shell ouNre using).
Command Summar 2se
2se cd to change
directories
0pe cd followed , the name of a director to access
that director.
Qeep in mind that ou are alwas in a director and
allowed access to an directories hierarchicall a,o'e
or ,elow. "*A
cd games
$f the director games is not located hierarchicall
,elow the current director, then the complete path
must ,e written out. "*A
cd :usr:games
0o mo'e up one director, use the shortcut command.
"*A
cd ..
2se finger to see whoNs
on the sstem
0ping finger allows ou to see who else is on the
sstem or get detailed information a,out a person who
has access to the sstem.
0pe finger followed , the name of a userNs account to
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Computer Engineering
get information a,out that user. Mr, tpe finger and
press enter to see whoNs on the sstem and what the
are doing. "*A
finger Kohndoe
2se logout to =uit using
the sstem
>ep, ou guessed it, tping logout will log our
account out of the sstem.
0pe logout at the prompt to disconnect from our
)inu* machine or to logout a particular user session
from the sstem. Qeep in mind that although
rudimentar, lea'ing our critical account logged on
ma ,e a securit concern. /e alwas recommend
promptl using logout when ou are finished using
our root accountO "*A
logout
2se ls to list files and
directories
0pe ls to see a list of the files and directories located
in the current director. $f oure in the director
named games and ou tpe ls, a list will appear that
contains files in the games director and su,-
directories in the games director. "*amplesA
ls 4ail
ls :usr:,in
0pe ls -alt to see a list of all files (including .rc files)
and all directories located in the current director. 0he
listing will include detailed, often useful information.
"*amplesA
ls -alt
ls -alt :usr:,in
$f the screen flies , and ou miss seeing a num,er of
files, tr using the Smore at the end likeA
ls -alt Smore
T $n 7ash ()inu* shell) often the a,,re'iated command
) is a'aila,le. 0o get a 'er,ose listing of files and
directories ou could therefore simpl tpeA l
2se man to pull up
information a,out a
)inu* command
0pe man followed , a command to get detailed
information a,out how to use the command. "*A
man ls
0pe man -k followed , a word to list all of the
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Computer Engineering
commands and descriptions that contain the word ou
specified. "*A
man -k finger
2se more to read the
contents of a file
0pe more followed , the name of a te*t file to read
the files contents. /h do we e*mphasi!e using this
on a Pte*tP fileF 7ecause most other tpes of files will
look like gar,ageO "*A
more testfile.t*t
2se passwd to change
our current password
0pe passwd and press enter. >ouNll see the message
Changing password for ourname.
9t the Mld passwordA prompt, tpe in our old
password .
0hen, at the "nter new passwordA prompt, tpe in our
new password .
0he sstem dou,le checks our new password. 7eside
the 6erifA prompt, tpe the new password and press
again.
Create a secure password that com,ines parts of words
and num,ers. Gor instance, our dogNs name ma ,e
Bufus. &e ma ha'e ,een ,orn in 1555. Create a
password that uses parts of ,oth the name and date of
,irth, such as 55rufu. 0his is a fairl secure password
and eas to remem,er.
2se print to print a file. 0pe print filename . 7e sure to replace the word
filename with a name of a te*t file. Printing the file
doesnt take 'er long, so run o'er to the printer and
see if it worked.
Some alternati'e optionsA
/ant to print to a lan printerF >oull ha'e to refer to
the network configuration section to make sure our
)inu* is read for printing across the network. Mf
course, ou could tr and see what happens , holding
shift and pressing Print Screen when 'iewing a file to
see if it works.
/ant to print out on our own personal printerF 2sing
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Computer Engineering
the printscreen ke or a screen capture command is
most con'enient.
2se pwd to list the
name of our current
director
0pe pwd and hit enter. >ouNll see the full name of the
director ou are currentl in. 0his is our director
path and is 'er hand. 0his is especiall hand when
ou forget which director ou'e changed to and are
tring to run other commands.
?.ni%u(.ting "i(es
Command
Summar 2se
Chmod 0he chmod command allows ou to alter access rights to files and
directories. 9ll files and directories ha'e securit permissions that
grant the user particular groups or all other users access.
0o 'iew our filesN settings, at the shell prompt tpeA ls -alt
>ou should see some files with the following in front of them (an
e*ample follows)A
total 4
drw*rwsr-* 1 reallli reallli 1(24 9pr . 14A#( .
drw*r-s--* 22 reallli reallli 1(24 4ar #( 13A2( ..
d-w*-w*-w* # reallli reallli 1(24 9pr . 14A#( content
drw*r-*r-* 2 reallli reallli 1(24 4ar 2+ 2(A4# files
/hat do the letters mean in front of the files:directories meanF
r indicates that it is reada,le (someone can 'iew the files contents)
w indicates that it is writa,le (someone can edit the files contents)
* indicates that it is e*ecuta,le (someone can run the file, if
e*ecuta,le)
- indicates that no permission to manipulate has ,een assigned
/hen listing our files, the first character lets ou know whether
oure looking at a file or a director. $ts not part of the securit
settings. 0he ne*t three characters indicate >our access restrictions.
0he ne*t three indicate our groupNs permissions, and finall other
usersN permissions.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
2se chmod followed , the permission ou are changing. $n 'er
simple form this would ,eA
chmod 1++ filename
0he e*ample a,o'e will grant ou full rights, group rights to e*ecute
and read, and all others access to e*ecute the file.
U Permission
1 Gull
. read and write
+
read and
e*ecute
4 read onl
#
write and
e*ecute
2 write onl
1 e*ecute onl
( ?one
Still confusedF 2se the ta,le a,o'e to define the settings for the
three Pusers.P $n the command, the first num,er refers to our
permissions, the second refers to group, and the third refers to
general users.
0ping the commandA chmod 1+1 filename
gi'es ou full access, the group read and e*ecute, and all others
e*ecute onl permission.

cp 0pe cp followed , the name of an e*isting file and the name of the
new file.
"*A
cp newfile newerfile
0o cop a file to a different director (without changing th
e files name), specif the director instead of the new
filename. "*A
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Computer Engineering
cp newfile testdir
0o cop a file to a different director and create a new file name, ou
need to specif a director:a new file name. "*A
cp newfile testdir:newerfile
cp newfile ..:newerfile
0he .. represents one director up in the hierarch.
Gile 0pe file followed , the name of an e*isting file in the director.
"*A
file emergenc#Vdemo.e*e
M20P20A 4S-%MS e*ecuta,le ("@")
0his command allows ou to figure out what the file tpe is and how
to use it. Gor instance the command will tell ou whether it is an
e*ecuta,le, a compressed file and which tpe, or something unusual.
0his command is simplistic, ,ut often can allow ou to determine
wh a file does not respond the wa ou e*pect.
4' 0pe m' followed , the current name of a file and the new name of
the file.
"*A
m' oldfile newfile
0pe m' followed , the name of a file and the new director where
ouNd like to place the file. "*A
m' newfile testdir
0his mo'es the file named newfile to an e*isting director named
testdir. 7e certain oure specifing a director
name or the m' command alters the name of the file instead of
mo'ing it.
rm 0pe rm followed , the name of a file to remo'e the file.
"*A
rm newfile
2se the wildcard character to remo'e se'eral files at once. "*A
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Computer Engineering
rm nT
0his command remo'es all files ,eginning with n.
0pe rm -i followed , a filename if oud like to ,e prompted
,efore the file is actuall remo'ed. "*A
rm -i newfile
rm -i nT
7 using this option, ou ha'e a chance to 'erif the remo'al of
each file. 0he -i option is 'er hand when remo'ing
a num,er of files using the wildcard character T.
Director! Re(.te* ,omm.n*s
Command
Summar 2se
Cd 2se cd to change directories. 0pe cd followed , the name of a
director to access that director. Qeep in mind that ou are alwas
in a director and can na'igate to directories hierarchicall a,o'e or
,elow. "*A
cd games
$f the director games is not located hierarchicall ,elow the current
director, then the complete path must ,e
written out. "*A
cd :usr:games
0o mo'e up one director, use the shortcut command. "*A
cd ..
2se cp -r to cop a director and all of its contents
0pe cp -r followed , the name of an e*isting director and the
name of the new director. "*A
cp -r testing newdir
>ou must include the -r or oull see the following messageA
cpA testing is a director and -r not specified.
0his command sa'es ou time if ou need to make a mirror image of
a director packed with files.
4kdir 2se mkdir to make:create a ,rand new director
0pe mkdir followed , the name of a director. "*A
mkdir testdir
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
4' 2se m' to change the name of a director
0pe m' followed , the current name of a director and the new
name of the director. "*A
m' testdir newnamedir
Pwd
0ring to find out where on our )inu* ser'er ou currentl are
locatedF 0he pwd (print working director) command will show ou
the full path to the director ou are currentl in. 0his is 'er hand
to use, especiall when performing some of the other commands on
this pageO
Bmdir 2se rmdir to remo'e an e*isting director (assuming ou ha'e
permissions set to allow this).
0pe rmdir followed , a directorNs name to remo'e it. "*A
rmdir testdir
>ou C9?N0 remo'e a director that contains files with this
command. 9 more useful command is rm -r that remo'es directories
and files within the directories. >ou can read more a,out this in
Commands for 7eginning 9dmins
0he rmdir command is used mostl to remo'e empt directories. $f
ou ha'e a desire to use this command then ouNll need to delete or
mo'e the files ,efore attempting to remo'e a full director. Gor more
help please read the m' command and also Gile Belated Commands.
&ome ?ore comm.n*s
Command
Summar 2se
%u
0he du command prints a summar of the amount of
information ou ha'e stored in our directories on the
mounted disks.
snta*A du ;options< path
e*A du -a :?ews
MptionsA
-s print the sum of ,tes in our directories
-a print a line for each file in our director
Erep 0he grep command searches te*t files for a particular
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
word or string of words. 6er helpful when tring to
find that needle in a hastack, like a particular line in a
large log file.
snta*A grep te*tstring filename(s)
e*A grep centur histor.te*t.doc
&ead
0ail
headA prints the ,eginning of a te*t file
tailA prints the end of a te*t file
0hese commands allow ou to 'iew parts of a te*t file.
e*A tail -+ te*tfile.t*t
0he e*ample a,o'e will print the last + lines of the file
te*tfile.t*t.
)ocate
0ring to find out where on our )inu* ser'er a
particular file residesF &a'ing a real nast time doing
itF $f ou ha'e the 7ash shell ou can tr using the
locate command to identif where it is on our mounted
dri'es.
0peA locate filename and press enter. Beplace filename
with the name of the file ou are looking for. 0his is a
real time sa'ing command as ou start na'igating our
)inu* ser'erO
$f locate does not work for ou tr using which.
?ice
?ohup
?iceA runs programs:commands at a lower sstem
priorit
?ohupA runs nice programs e'en when oure logged
off the sstem
7 using the two commands simultaneousl, our large
processes can continue to run, e'en when ou ha'e
logged off the sstem and are rela*ing.
"*A nice nohup c program.c .
0his command will allow the c compiler to compile
program.c e'en when ou ha'e logged off the sstem.
ps
related to Pstopped
Ko,sP
0he ps command displas all of the e*isting processes.
0his command is also directl linked to issues with
stopped processes (also known as Pstopped Ko,sP).
Mccasionall, ou ma see the message 0here are
Stopped 8o,s.
$f ou log off the sstem without properl stopping our
Ko,s, some Ko,s:processes ma remain in memor ting
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
up the sstem and drawing unnecessar processing
,andwidth.
0pe ps and hit enter. 0his will list all of our current
processes running, or stopped.
P$% 00 S090 0$4" CM449?%
2#(#. pl S (A(( -csh
2#(1( pl B (A(( 'i
0he num,er under P$% is the process identification
num,er. 0o kill a process that is stopped, tpeA kill pid.
Beplace pid with the e*act num,er of the process.
"*A /hile in 6i, ou accidentall press the wrong kes.
6iNs operation is stopped and ou are kicked ,ack to the
prompt. 0o kill the stopped 6i command, ou ma tpeA
kill 2#(1(.
St
0he stt command allows ou to 'iew a listing of our
current terminal options. 7 using this command, ou
can also remap ke,oard kes, tailoring to our needs.
"*A stt and hit enter. 0his lists our terminal settings.
"*A stt eraseWXh . 0his remaps our erase ke
(,ackspace) to the Ctrl and h kes. Grom now on,
holding down Ctrl and pressing h will cause a
,ackspace. So ouNre scratching our head asking wh
is this handF >ouNll see at some point how stt is also
used for a num,er of other useful settings.
0alk
$n order to contact someone who is on the sstem, at the
prompt ou tpeA talk accountname . Beplace
accountname with the full account name of the person.
$f ou dont want anone to distur, ou using the talk
command, at the prompt
tpeA mesg n. 0his pre'ents others from using talk to
reach ou.
tar
also related to g!ip
>ouNre ,ound to come across files that are g-!ipped and
tarred. Mka, now whatF 0hese are methods of
compressing and storing directories and files in a single
Pfile.P 4ost new )inu* programs come off the we, as
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
something like coolnew-game.4-4-(1.g!. 0his file is
likel a tar file that has then ,een g!ipped for
compression. 0he wa to handle these files is simple,
,ut re=uires that ou put the file into an appropriate
director. $n other words, donNt plop the file in our root
or :,in unless it ,elongs there.
?ow ou can do a one fell swoop un-g!ip it and untar it
into its original form (usuall multiple files in man su,
directories) , tpingA tar -*'!f T.g!
0his will programmaticall un-g!ip and then untar all
files in the current director into their full original form
including su,-directories etc. Please ,e careful where
and how ou run thisO
/
0his command allows ou to list all users and their
processes who are currentl logged in to the )inu*
ser'er, or a particular users processes. 0peA w to 'iew
all users processes. 0peA w Ksmith to 'iew Ksmiths
processes. /e use this all the time from a sstem admin
standpoint. Please also see more commands to get user
information on this page. >ou need to know who logs
on to our sstemO Mka, so ou ha'e a stand alone
)inu* ,o* and no one else uses itF 0r this command
Kust to ,e sure. Y)
OO %ont waste time and energ retping commands at the
prompt. $nstead, use the O option. 0o automaticall re-
displa the last command ou tped at the prompt, tpeA
OO and press enter. Press again to in'oke the command.
>ou can also automaticall re-displa a command ou
tped earlier , using the O and the first few letters of
the command.
"*A 9t the )inu* prompt ou had tped the command
clear, followed , the command pico, followed , the
command ftp. $n order to re-displa the clear command
ou tpeA Ocl and press enter. $n order to re-displa the
last command ou tped, simpl tpeA OO . 0r it out.
>oull find this a time sa'er when dealing with long
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
commands. "speciall commands like tarO
Assignment No.: 07
Aim:
$nstallation and configuration we, ser'er (Client-ser'er ,ased)
Objective:
0o understand
1. Concept of we, ser'er
2. /orking of we, ser'er
#. $nstallation of the $$S ser'er
4. Configuration of $$S ser'er
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
Teor!:
"la,orate the following points
1. /e, ser'er
2. %ifferent we, se'ers a'aila,le in market.
#. $nstillation steps of 9pache.
4. Configuration of 9pache.
Inst.(( A%.ce
1.Bun .%.ce@$.0.77-)in+$-0AB-no@ss(.msi.
2.Choose P$ accept the terms in the license agreementP, and then click Ne0t C.
#.Click Ne0t C.
4.Gill in the appropriate information. Select Pfor 9ll 2sers, on Port 3(, as a
Ser'iceP, and then click Ne0t C. $f ou do not know what to enter, ou can put in
PlocalhostP for the network domain and ser'er name.
+.Choose P0picalP, and then click Ne0t C.
..Click Ne0t C.
1. Click Inst.((.
3. Click "inis
5. $f ou ha'e /indows Girewall ena,led, select 5nb(oc3 on the /indows
Securit 9lert. Gor other firewalls, make sure port 3( is open.
APP1I,ATION&
1.2sed to de'elop the client ser'er applications using different
technologies.
,onc(usion:
Succeful install 9pache Ser'er.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
"A#&
1. 9.t is *i''erence II& 2 P9& D A%.ce &erver:
$. -o) to run A%.ce on 9in*o)s O%er.ting &!stem:
+. 9ic is better server 'or )eb *eve(o%ment:
Assignment No.: 0B
Aim:
/rite a program using socket programming for 0CP prefera,l in C.
Objective:
0o understand
1. /hat is Socket
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
2. /hat is 0CP
#. Client and Ser'er connecti'it
1. &ow to create Socket
2. &ow to esta,lish connection with socket
Teor!:
"la,orate the following points
1. 0CP
2. Socket
#. Client and ser'er operation
4. %ifferent sstem calls used in program
Procedure for 0CP for client A
1. Create a socket on client side.
2. 9ssign destination address Z port to CsockaddrVin Cstructure.
#. Client connects to the ser'er using CconnectD function.
4. $t sends message to ser'er using D writeD function.
+. Becei'e repl from echo ser'er using CreadD function..
.. Close the socket.
Procedure for 0CP for ser'er A
1. Create a socket on client side.
2. 9ssign destination address Z port to CsockaddrVin Cstructure.
#. Ser'er ,inds to the source address Z port.
4. Ser'er listens clients re=uest using ClistenD function.
+. Ser'er will accept re=uest from the client using CacceptD function
Z it will create new socket for further communication ,etween
client Z ser'er.
.. Ser'er will read the message sent , client using CreadD function.
1. Sends repl to the Client using CwriteD function.
In%ut:
Send an file.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
Out%ut:
Betrie'e the data and ask from ser'er socket.
A(goritm2"(o)c.rt:
1. Create socket , the SMCQ"0 ( ) sstem call
2. 7ind the socket , 7$?%( ) sstem call
#. 2sing CM??"C0( ) sstem call to connect client to the ser'er
4. %ata transfer ,etween ser'er and client
,onc(usion:
Succesful implemented 0CP socket.
"A#Es:
1. 9.t is &oc3et:
$. Di''erence bet)een T,P .n* 5DP:
+. E0%(.in ,ONNE,T F G .n* >INDF G:
Assignment No.: 0H
Aim:
/rite a program using socket programming for 2%P prefera,l in C.
Objective:
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
0o understand
1. /hat is Socket
2. /hat is 2%P
#. Client and Ser'er connecti'it
4. %ifference ,etween 0CP and 2%P
+. 9pplications
Teor!:
"la,orate the following points
1. 2%P
2. Socket
#. %ifference ,etween 0CP and 2%P
4. Client and ser'er operation
+. %ifferent sstem calls used in program
Proce*ure:
Procedure for 2%P for client A
1. Create a socket on client side.
2. 9ssign destination address Z port to sockaddrVin structure.
#. Client sends the string using Sentto function.
4. Becei'e repl from echo ser'er.
+. Close the socket.
Procedure for 2%P for ser'er A
1. Create a socket on client side.
2. 9ssign destination address Z port to CsockaddrVin Cstructure.
#. Ser'er ,inds to the source address Z port.
4. Ser'er recei'es re=uest from client usi,g rece'prompt function.
+. Sends repl to client using Send to function.
In%ut:
Send an file.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
Out%ut:
Betrie'e the data and ask from ser'er socket.
A(goritm2"(o)c.rt:
1. Create socket , the SMCQ"0 ( ) sstem call
2. 7ind the socket , 7$?%( ) sstem call
#. 2sing CM??"C0( ) sstem call to connect client to the
ser'er
4. %ata transfer ,etween ser'er and client
,onc(usion:
Succesful implemented 2%P socket.
Assignment No.: 0A
Aim:
%esign a we,site using &04) for an application.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
Objectives:
1. 0o learn Z understand the ,asic concepts of we, page designing.
2. 0o design we, page using different tpes of tags.
Teor!:
What is an HTML File?
&04) stands for -per Te*t ?arkup 1anguage
9n &04) file is a te*t file containing small m.r3u% t.gs
0he markup tags tell the /e, ,rowser o) to *is%(.! the page
9n &04) file must ha'e an tm or tm( file e*tension
9n &04) file can ,e created using a sim%(e te0t e*itor
HTML Tags
&04) tags are used to mark-up &04) e(ements
&04) tags are surrounded , the t)o c.r.cters I .n* C
0he surrounding characters are called .ng(e br.c3ets
&04) tags normall come in %.irs like [,I and [:,I
0he first tag in a pair is the st.rt t.g; the second tag is the en* t.g
0he te*t ,etween the start and end tags is the e(ement content
&04) tags are not c.se sensitive; [,I means the same as [7I
&04) 0e*t Gormatting
&04) defines a lot of elements for formatting output, like ,old or italic te*t.
Text Formatting Tags
0ag Descri%tion
[,I %efines ,old te*t
[,igI %efines ,ig te*t
[emI %efines emphasi!ed te*t
[iI %efines italic te*t
[smallI %efines small te*t
[strongI %efines strong te*t
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
[su,I %efines su,scripted te*t
[supI %efines superscripted te*t
[insI %efines inserted te*t
[delI %efines deleted te*t
[sI %eprecated. 2se [delI instead
[strikeI %eprecated. 2se [delI instead
[uI %eprecated. 2se stles instead
-T?1 T.b(es :
0a,les are defined with the [ta,leI tag. 9 ta,le is di'ided into rows (with the
[trI tag), and each row is di'ided into data cells (with the [tdI tag). 0he letters
td stands for Pta,le data,P which is the content of a data cell. 9 data cell can
contain te*t, images, lists, paragraphs, forms, hori!ontal rules, ta,les, etc.
Table Tags
T.g Descri%tion
[ta,leI %efines a ta,le
[thI %efines a ta,le header
[trI %efines a ta,le row
[tdI %efines a ta,le cell
[captionI %efines a ta,le caption
[colgroupI %efines groups of ta,le columns
[colI %efines the attri,ute 'alues for one or more columns in a ta,le
[theadI %efines a ta,le head
[t,odI %efines a ta,le ,od
[tfootI %efines a ta,le footer
9it -T?1 !ou c.n *is%(.! im.ges in . *ocument.
Image Tags
T.g Descri%tion
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
[imgI %efines an image
[mapI %efines an image map
[areaI %efines a clicka,le area inside an image map
-T?1 "orms .n* In%ut
&04) Gorms are used to select different kinds of user input.
Forms
9 form is an area that can contain form elements.
Gorm elements are elements that allow the user to enter information (like te*t
fields, te*tarea fields, drop-down menus, radio ,uttons, check,o*es, etc.) in a
form.
Form Tags
T.g Descri%tion
[formI %efines a form for user input
[inputI %efines an input field
[te*tareaI %efines a te*t-area (a multi-line te*t input control)
[la,elI %efines a la,el to a control
[fieldsetI %efines a fieldset
[legendI %efines a caption for a fieldset
[selectI %efines a selecta,le list (a drop-down ,o*)
[optgroupI %efines an option group
[optionI %efines an option in the drop-down ,o*
[,uttonI %efines a push ,utton
[isinde*I %eprecated. 2se [inputI instead
Proce*ure:
%esign said form using re=uired tags.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
A%%(ic.tions:
1.5se* to *esign te )eb %.ges 'or )eb-b.se* .%%(ic.tions.
"A#&:
1. /hat are the different tpes of tags supported , &04) F
2. /hat are the different issues used to design a we, page F
#. /hether the components of a we, page affects the speed of accessF
&ow F
Assignment No.: 0J
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
Aim:
%esign dnamic we, pages and 'alidate them using 67 script or 8969
script.
Objectives:
1. 0o learn Z understand client side 'alidation of we, page using 8969
script.
Teor!:
What is JavaScript?
8a'aScript was designed to add interacti'it to &04) pages
8a'aScript is a scripting language (a scripting language is a lightweight
programming language)
9 8a'aScript consists of lines of e*ecuta,le computer code
9 8a'aScript is usuall em,edded directl into &04) pages
8a'aScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts e*ecute without
preliminar compilation)
"'erone can use 8a'aScript without purchasing a license
What can a JavaScript Do?
K.v.&cri%t gives -T?1 *esigners . %rogr.mming too( - &04) authors
are normall not programmers, ,ut 8a'aScript is a scripting language with
a 'er simple snta*O 9lmost anone can put small PsnippetsP of code into
their &04) pages
K.v.&cri%t c.n %ut *!n.mic te0t into .n -T?1 %.ge - 9 8a'aScript
statement like thisA document.write(P[h1IP \ name \ P[:h1IP) can write a
'aria,le te*t into an &04) page
K.v.&cri%t c.n re.ct to events - 9 8a'aScript can ,e set to e*ecute when
something happens, like when a page has finished loading or when a user
clicks on an &04) element
K.v.&cri%t c.n re.* .n* )rite -T?1 e(ements - 9 8a'aScript can read
and change the content of an &04) element
K.v.&cri%t c.n be use* to v.(i*.te *.t. - 9 8a'aScript can ,e used to
'alidate form data ,efore it is su,mitted to a ser'er, this will sa'e the
ser'er from e*tra processing
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
K.v.&cri%t c.n be use* to *etect te visitorLs bro)ser - 9 8a'aScript
can ,e used to detect the 'isitorNs ,rowser, and - depending on the ,rowser
- load another page specificall designed for that ,rowser
K.v.&cri%t c.n be use* to cre.te coo3ies - 9 8a'aScript can ,e used to store
and retrie'e information on the 'isitorNs computer
JavaScript Functions
0o keep the ,rowser from e*ecuting a script as soon as the page is loaded, ou
can write our script as a function.
9 function contains some code that will ,e e*ecuted onl , an e'ent or , a call
to that function.
>ou ma call a function from anwhere within the page (or e'en from other
pages if the function is em,edded in an e*ternal .Ks file).
Gunctions are defined at the ,eginning of a page, in the [headI section.
E0.m%(e
[htmlI
[headI
[script tpeRPte*t:Ka'ascriptPI
function displamessage()
]
alert(P&ello /orldOP)
^
[:scriptI
[:headI
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
[,odI
[formI
[input tpeRP,uttonP 'alueRPClick meOP
onclickRPdisplamessage()P I
[:formI
[:,odI
[:htmlI
$f the lineA alert(P&ello worldOOP), in the e*ample a,o'e had not ,een written
within a function, it would ha'e ,een e*ecuted as soon as the line was loaded.
?ow, the script is not e*ecuted ,efore the user hits the ,utton. /e ha'e added an
onClick e'ent to the ,utton that will e*ecute the function displamessage() when
the ,utton is clicked.
How to Define a Function
0he snta* for creating a function isA
function functionname(var1var!...var")
]
some code
^
'ar1, 'ar2, etc are 'aria,les or 'alues passed into the function. 0he ] and the ^
defines the start and end of the function.
Note: 9 function with no parameters must include the parentheses () after the
function nameA
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
function functionname()
]
some code
^
Note: %o not forget a,out the importance of capitals in 8a'aScriptO 0he word
function must ,e written in lowercase letters, otherwise a 8a'aScript error occursO
9lso note that ou must call a function with the e*act same capitals as in the
function name.
The return Statement
0he return statement is used to specif the 'alue that is returned from the
function.
So, functions that are going to return a 'alue must use the return statement.
E0.m%(e
0he function ,elow should return the product of two num,ers (a and ,)A
function total(a,,)
]
*RaT,
return *
^
/hen ou call the function a,o'e, ou must pass along two parametersA
productRtotal(2,#)
0he returned 'alue from the total() function is ., and it will ,e stored in the
'aria,le called product.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
Events
7 using 8a'aScript, we ha'e the a,ilit to create dnamic we, pages. "'ents are
actions that can ,e detected , 8a'aScript.
"'er element on a we, page has certain e'ents which can trigger 8a'aScript
functions. Gor e*ample, we can use the onClick e'ent of a ,utton element to
indicate that a function will run when a user clicks on the ,utton. /e define the
e'ents in the &04) tags.
"*amples of e'entsA
9 mouse click
9 we, page or an image loading
4ousing o'er a hot spot on the we, page
Selecting an input ,o* in an &04) form
Su,mitting an &04) form
9 kestroke
0he following ta,le lists the e'ents recogni!ed , 8a'aScriptA
Note: "'ents are normall used in com,ination with functions, and the function
will not ,e e*ecuted ,efore the e'ent occursO
onloa an on!nloa
0he onload and on2nload e'ents are triggered when the user enters or lea'es the
page.
0he onload e'ent is often used to check the 'isitorNs ,rowser tpe and ,rowser
'ersion, and load the proper 'ersion of the we, page ,ased on the information.
7oth the onload and on2nload e'ents are also often used to deal with cookies
that should ,e set when a user enters or lea'es a page. Gor e*ample, ou could
ha'e a popup asking for the userNs name upon his first arri'al to our page. 0he
name is then stored in a cookie. ?e*t time the 'isitor arri'es at our page, ou
could ha'e another popup saing something likeA P/elcome 8ohn %oeOP.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
onFocus" on#lur an on$hange
0he onGocus, on7lur and onChange e'ents are often used in com,ination with
'alidation of form fields.
7elow is an e*ample of how to use the onChange e'ent. 0he check"mail()
function will ,e called whene'er the user changes the content of the fieldA
[input tpeRPte*tP si!eRP#(P
idRPemailP onchangeRPcheck"mail()PIY
onSu%mit
0he onSu,mit e'ent is used to 'alidate 9)) form fields ,efore su,mitting it.
7elow is an e*ample of how to use the onSu,mit e'ent. 0he checkGorm()
function will ,e called when the user clicks the su,mit ,utton in the form. $f the
field 'alues are not accepted, the su,mit should ,e cancelled. 0he function
checkGorm() returns either true or false. $f it returns true the form will ,e
su,mitted, otherwise the su,mit will ,e cancelledA
[form methodRPpostP actionRP***.htmP
onsu,mitRPreturn checkGorm()PI
onMouse&ver an onMouse&ut
on4ouseM'er and on4ouseMut are often used to create PanimatedP ,uttons.
7elow is an e*ample of an on4ouseM'er e'ent. 9n alert ,o* appears when an
on4ouseM'er e'ent is detectedA
[a hrefRPhttpA::www.w#schools.comP
onmouseo'erRPalert(N9n on4ouseM'er e'entN)Yreturn falsePI
[img srcRPw#schools.gifP widthRP1((P heightRP#(PI
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
[:aI
Proce*ure :
1.Create an &04) form for Koining report to the new class.
2. $dentif the different e'ents Z write down the script with different
functions.
#. Call the re=uired functions using suita,le e'ents in the form for
'alidation.
Assignment No.: 10
Aim:
/rite a P&P script to access the data from assignment no 5 .
Teor!:
P&P is a powerful tool for making dnamic and interacti'e /e, pages.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
What is 'H'?
P&P stands for P&PA -perte*t Preprocessor
P&P is a ser'er-side scripting language, like 9SP
P&P scripts are e*ecuted on the ser'er
P&P supports man data,ases (4S_), $nformi*, Mracle, S,ase, Solid,
PostgreS_), Eeneric M%7C, etc.)
P&P is an open source software (MSS)
P&P is free to download and use
What is a 'H' File?
P&P files ma contain te*t, &04) tags and scripts
P&P files are returned to the ,rowser as plain &04)
P&P files ha'e a file e*tension of P.phpP, P.php#P, or P.phtmlP
Wh( 'H'?
P&P runs on different platforms (/indows, )inu*, 2ni*, etc.)
P&P is compati,le with almost all ser'ers used toda (9pache, $$S, etc.)
P&P is GB"" to download from the official P&P resourceA www.php.net
P&P is eas to learn and runs efficientl on the ser'er side
Where to Start?
$nstall an 9pache ser'er on a /indows or )inu* machine
$nstall P&P on a /indows or )inu* machine
#asic 'H' S(ntax
9 P&P file normall contains &04) tags, Kust like an &04) file, and some P&P
scripting code.
7elow, we ha'e an e*ample of a simple P&P script which sends the te*t P&ello
/orldP to the ,rowserA
[htmlI
[,odI
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
[Fphp echo P&ello /orldPY FI
[:,odI
[:htmlI
9 P&P scripting ,lock alwas starts with I:%% and ends with :C. 9 P&P
scripting ,lock can ,e placed anwhere in the document.
"ach code line in P&P must end with a semicolon. 0he semicolon is a separator
and is used to distinguish one set of instructions from another.
0here are two ,asic statements to output te*t with P&PA eco and %rint. $n the
e*ample a,o'e we ha'e used the echo statement to output the te*t P&ello /orldP.
'H' Form Hanling
0he most important thing to notice when dealing with &04) forms and P&P is
that an form element in an &04) page will .utom.tic.((! ,e a'aila,le to our
P&P scripts.
)ook at the following e*ample of an &04) formA
[htmlI
[,odI
[form actionRPwelcome.phpP methodRPPMS0PI
"nter our nameA [input tpeRPte*tP nameRPnameP :I
"nter our ageA [input tpeRPte*tP nameRPageP :I
[input tpeRPsu,mitP :I
[:formI
[:,odI
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
[:htmlI
0he e*ample &04) page a,o'e contains two input fields and a su,mit ,utton.
/hen the user fills in this form and hits the su,mit ,utton, the Pwelcome.phpP
file is called.
0he Pwelcome.phpP file looks like thisA
[htmlI
[,odI
/elcome [Fphp echo `VPMS0;PnameP<Y FI.[,r :I
>ou are [Fphp echo `VPMS0;PageP<Y FI ears oldO
[:,odI
[:htmlI
9 sample output of the a,o'e script ma ,eA
/elcome 8ohn.
>ou are 23 ears oldO
&ere is how it worksA 0he `VPMS0;PnameP< and `VPMS0;PageP< 'aria,les are
automaticall set for ou , P&P. 0he `VPMS0 contains all PMS0 data.
Proce*ure :
1. /rite a P&P script to access the form information.
"A#:
/hat is P&PF
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
Assignment No.: 11
Aim:
/rite a program to create 0CP:$P packet using standard 0CP:$P include files
and send it to the ser'er ;)inu* platform<
Teor!:
T,P &egment "orm.t:
9 packet in 0CP is called a asegment.
0he segment consist of a header of 2( to .( ,tes.
0he header is 2( ,tes if there are no option and upto .( ,tes if it contains.
&ource Port A**ress-
0his is a 1. ,it field that defines the port num,er.
Destin.tion %ort .**ress-
0his is a 1. ,it field that defines the port num,er of the application program in
0he host.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
&equence Number-
0his is a #2 ,it field that defines the port num,er of the application program.
Ac3no)(e*ge Number-
0his is a #2 ,it field defines the ,te num,er that reci'es as the segment.
-e.*er 1engt-
0his is a 4 ,it field indicates the num,er of 4 ,tes word in the 0CP header.
Reserve*-
0his is a 1. ,it field and reser'ed for future.
9in*o) &iMe-
0his field defines the window si!e of sending 0CP in ,tes.
,e3sum-
0his field contains the checksum.
5rgent Pointer-
0his is a 1. ,it field which is 'alid onl if the urgent flag is set.
O%tions-
0his can ,e upto 4( ,tes as optional information in the 0CP header.
,onc(usion:
0hus, /e ha'e studied and implemented 0CP:$P packet using standard
0CP:$P files and send it to ser'er.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
Assignment No.: 1$
Aim:
Create a %0% for a catalog of cars, where each car has the child elements and
two or three child elements ha'e their own child elements, each of these elements
are re=uired and has the possi,le 'alues >es or ?o. Create an @4) document with
instances of the car elements defined in the %0% and process this document using
the %0% and produce a displa of raw @4) document. Create an @4) schema
and CSS stle sheet for the a,o'e-mentioned @4) document. Create an @S)0 stle
sheet for one car element of the @4) document and use it to create a displa of that
element.
Objectives:
1. 0o learn Z understand @4) %0%, @4) Schema Z @S)0.
2. 0o create @4) %0%, @4) document Z @4) Schema for an
application.
#. 2se @S)0 for formatting of @4) document.
Teor!:
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
@4) was designed to descri,e data and to focus on what data is. &04)
was designed to displa data and to focus on how data looks.
What is )ML?
@4) stands for "Xtensi,le ?arkup 1anguage
@4) is a m.r3u% (.ngu.ge much like &04)
@4) was designed to *escribe *.t.
@4) tags are not predefined. >ou must *e'ine !our o)n t.gs
@4) uses a Document T!%e De'inition (%0%) or an X?1 &cem. to
descri,e the data
@4) with a %0% or @4) Schema is designed to ,e se('-*escri%tive
@4) is a /#C Becommendation
&ow can @4) ,e 2sedF
@4) was designed to store, carr, and e*change data. @4) was not designed to
displa data.
)ML can Separate Data from HTML
@4) is used to "*change %ata
@4) can ,e used to Share %ata
)ML can %e use to Store Data
)ML can ma*e (our Data more !seful
)ML can %e use to $reate new Languages
X?1 &!nt.0
0he snta* rules of @4) are 'er simple and 'er strict. 0he rules are 'er eas
to learn, and 'er eas to use.
7ecause of this, creating software that can read and manipulate @4) is 'er
eas.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
+n example )ML ocument
X?1 *ocuments use . se('-*escribing .n* sim%(e s!nt.0.
[F*ml 'ersionfilteredRP1.(P encodingRP$SM-33+5-1PFI
[noteI
[toI0o'e[:toI
[fromI8ani[:fromI
[headingIBeminder[:headingI
[@7M%>I%M?N0 p weekendO[*,odI[ this me forgetI
[:noteI
0he first line in the document - the @4) declaration - defines the @4) 'ersion
and the character encoding used in the document. $n this case the document
conforms to the 1.( specification of @4) and uses the $SM-33+5-1 ()atin-1:/est
"uropean) character set.
0he ne*t line descri,es the root element of the document (like it was saingA Pthis
document is a noteP)A
[noteI
0he ne*t 4 lines descri,e 4 child elements of the root (to, from, heading, and
,od)A
[toI0o'e[:toI
[fromI8ani[:fromI
[headingIBeminder[:headingI
[@7M%>I%M?N0 p weekendO[*,odI[ this me forgetI
9nd finall the last line defines the end of the root elementA
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
[:noteI
Can ou detect from this e*ample that the @4) document contains a ?ote to
0o'e from 8aniF %onNt ou agree that @4) is prett self-descripti'eF
X?1 E(ements
@4) "lements are e*tensi,le and the ha'e relationships.
@4) "lements ha'e simple naming rules.
@4) "lements are "*tensi,le
@4) documents can ,e e*tended to carr more information.
)ook at the following @4) ?M0" e*ampleA
[noteI
[toI0o'e[:toI
[fromI8ani[:fromI
[@7M%>I%M?N0 p weekendO[*,odI[ this me forgetI
[:noteI
-o) to )rite .n X?1 Document:
9ll @4) elements must ha'e a closing tag.
@4) tags are case sensiti'e.
9ll @4) elements must ,e properl nested.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
+ll )ML ocuments must have a root element,
+ttri%ute values must alwa(s %e -uote,
With )ML" white space is preserve,
With )ML" $. / LF is converte to LF,
)ML ocuments are Extensi%le,
)ML Elements have .elationships
Elements are relate as parents an chilren,
Elements have $ontent
Elements can have ifferent content t(pes,
9n X?1 e(ement is e'erthing from (including) the elementNs start tag to
(including) the elementNs end tag.
9n element can ha'e e(ement content, mi0e* content, sim%(e content, or em%t!
content. 9n element can also ha'e .ttributes.
$n the e*ample a,o'e, ,ook has e(ement content, ,ecause it contains other
elements. Chapter has mi0e* content ,ecause it contains ,oth te*t and other
elements. Para has sim%(e content (or te0t content) ,ecause it contains onl
te*t. Prod has em%t! content, ,ecause it carries no information.
@4) 9ttri,utes
@4) elements can ha'e attri,utes in the start tag, Kust like &04).
9ttri,utes are used to pro'ide additional information a,out elements.
#lement $aming
X?1 e(ements must 'o((o) tese n.ming ru(es:
?ames can contain letters, num,ers, and other characters
?ames must not start with a num,er or punctuation character
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
?ames must not start with the letters *ml (or @4) or @ml.)
?ames cannot contain spaces
"ML %T%
A DTD *e'ines te (eg.( e(ements o' .n X?1 *ocument.
Te %ur%ose o' . DTD is to *e'ine te (eg.( bui(*ing b(oc3s o' .n X?1
*ocument. It *e'ines te *ocument structure )it . (ist o' (eg.( e(ements
0he purpose of a %ocument 0pe %efinition is to define the legal ,uilding ,locks
of an @4) document. $t defines the document structure with a list of legal
elements.
9 %0% can ,e declared inline in our @4) document, or as an e*ternal
reference.
0nternal D&$T1'E eclaration
$f the %0% is included in our @4) source file, it should ,e wrapped in a
%MC0>P" definition with the following snta*A
[O%MC0>P" root-element ;element-declarations<I
"*ample @4) document with a %0%A
[F*ml 'ersionfilteredRP1.(PFI
[O%MC0>P" note ;
[O")"4"?0 note (to,from,heading,,od)I
[O")"4"?0 to (UPC%909)I
[O")"4"?0 from (UPC%909)I
[O")"4"?0 heading (UPC%909)I
[O")"4"?0 ,od (UPC%909)I
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
<I
[noteI
[toI0o'e[:toI
[fromI8ani[:fromI
[headingIBeminder[:headingI
[@7M%>I%M?N0 p this me forget weekend[*,odI[I
[:noteI

0he %0% a,o'e is interpreted like thisA
6DO,TNPE note (in line 2) defines that this is a document of the tpe note.
6E1E?ENT note (in line #) defines the note element as ha'ing four elementsA
Pto,from,heading,,odP.
6E1E?ENT to (in line 4) defines the to element to ,e of the tpe PUPC%909P.
6E1E?ENT 'rom (in line +) defines the 'rom element to ,e of the tpe
PUPC%909P
and so on.....
External D&$T1'E eclaration
$f the %0% is e*ternal to our @4) source file, it should ,e wrapped in a
%MC0>P" definition with the following snta*A
[O%MC0>P" root-element S>S0"4 PfilenamePI
0his is the same @4) document as a,o'e, ,ut with an e*ternal %0%
[F*ml 'ersionfilteredRP1.(PFI
[O%MC0>P" note S>S0"4 Pnote.dtdPI
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
[noteI
[toI0o'e[:toI
[fromI8ani[:fromI
[headingIBeminder[:headingI
[@7M%>I%M?N0 p weekendO[*,odI[ this me forgetI
[:noteI
9nd this is a cop of the file Pnote.dtdP containing the %0%A
[O")"4"?0 note (to,from,heading,,od)I
[O")"4"?0 to (UPC%909)I
[O")"4"?0 from (UPC%909)I
[O")"4"?0 heading (UPC%909)I
[O")"4"?0 ,od (UPC%909)I
&h' use a %T%(
/ith %0%, each of our @4) files can carr a description of its own format with
it.
/ith a %0%, independent groups of people can agree to use a common %0% for
interchanging data.
>our application can use a standard %0% to 'erif that the data ou recei'e from
the outside world is 'alid.
>ou can also use a %0% to 'erif our own data.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
%0% - @4) ,uilding ,locks
0he main ,uilding ,locks of ,oth @4) and &04) documents are tags like
[@7M%>I....[@7M%>I.[ pI
The %uiling %loc*s of )ML ocuments
Seen from a %0% point of 'iew, all @4) documents (and &04) documents) are
made up , the following simple ,uilding ,locksA
"lements
0ags
9ttri,utes
"ntities
PC%909
C%909
0he following is a ,rief e*planation of each of the ,uilding ,locksA
Elements
"lements are the m.in bui(*ing b(oc3s of ,oth @4) and &04) documents.
"*amples of &04) elements are P,odP and Pta,leP. "*amples of @4)
elements could ,e PnoteP and PmessageP. "lements can contain te*t, other
elements, or ,e empt. "*amples of empt &04) elements are PhrP, P,rP and
PimgP.
Tags
0ags are used to m.r3u% e(ements.
9 starting tag like [elementVnameI marks up the ,eginning of an element, and
an ending tag like [:elementVnameI marks up the end of an element.
"*amplesA
,od element marked up with ,od tagsA
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
[@7M%>I7M%> p ,etween[*,odI.[ in te*tI
message element marked up with message tagsA
[messageIsome message in ,etween[:messageI
)ttributes
9ttri,utes pro'ide e0tr. in'orm.tion .bout e(ements.
9ttri,utes are alwas placed inside the starting tag of an element. 9ttri,utes
alwas come in name:'alue pairs. 0he following PimgP element has additional
information a,out a source fileA
[img srcRhttpA::mail.ahoo.com:config:loginF:Pcomputer.gifP :I
0he name of the element is PimgP. 0he name of the attri,ute is PsrcP. 0he 'alue
of the attri,ute is Pcomputer.gifP. Since the element itself is empt it is closed ,
a P :P.
#ntities
"ntities are 'aria,les used to *e'ine common te0t. "ntit references are
references to entities.
4ost of ou will know the &04) entit referenceA PZn,spYP. 0his Pno-,reaking-
spaceP entit is used in &04) to insert an e*tra space in a document. "ntities are
e*panded when an @4) parser parses a document.
0he following entities are predefined in @4)A
Entit! Re'erences ,.r.cter
ZltY [
ZgtY I
ZampY Z
Z=uotY P
ZaposY N
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering

'$D+T+
PC%909 means parsed character data.
0hink of character data as the te*t found ,etween the start tag and the end tag of
an @4) element.
P,DATA is te0t t.t )i(( be %.rse* b! . %.rser. 0ags inside the te*t will ,e
treated as markup and entities will ,e e*panded.
$D+T+
C%909 also means character data.
,DATA is te0t t.t )i(( NOT be %.rse* b! . %.rser. 0ags inside the te*t will
?M0 ,e treated as markup and entities will not ,e e*panded
DTD 2 Elements
$n a %0%, @4) elements are declared with a %0% element declaration.
Declaring an Element
$n the %0%, @4) elements are declared with an element declaration. 9n element
declaration has the following snta*A
[O")"4"?0 element-name categorI
or
[O")"4"?0 element-name (element-content)I
Empt( elements
"mpt elements are declared with the categor keword "4P0>A
[O")"4"?0 element-name "4P0>I
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
e*ampleA
[O")"4"?0 ,r "4P0>I
@4) e*ampleA
[,r :I
Elements with onl( character ata
"lements with onl character data are declared with UPC%909 inside
parenthesesA
[O")"4"?0 element-name (UPC%909)I
e*ampleA
[O")"4"?0 from (UPC%909)I
Elements with an( contents
"lements declared with the categor keword 9?>, can contain an com,ination
of parsa,le dataA
[O")"4"?0 element-name 9?>I
e*ampleA
[O")"4"?0 note 9?>I
Elements with chilren 3se-uences4
"lements with one or more children are defined with the name of the children
elements inside parenthesesA
[O")"4"?0 element-name
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
(child-element-name)I
or
[O")"4"?0 element-name
(child-element-name,child-element-name,.....)I
e*ampleA
[O")"4"?0 note (to,from,heading,,od)I
/hen children are declared in a se=uence separated , commas, the children
must appear in the same se=uence in the document. $n a full declaration, the
children must also ,e declared, and the children can also ha'e children. 0he full
declaration of the PnoteP element will ,eA
[O")"4"?0 note (to,from,heading,,od)I
[O")"4"?0 to (UPC%909)I
[O")"4"?0 from (UPC%909)I
[O")"4"?0 heading (UPC%909)I
[O")"4"?0 ,od (UPC%909)I
%0% - 9ttri,utes
$n a %0%, 9ttri,utes are declared with an 900)$S0 declaration.
Declaring +ttri%utes
9n attri,ute declaration has the following snta*A
[O900)$S0 element-name attri,ute-name
attri,ute-tpe default-'alueI
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Computer Engineering
e*ampleA
%0% e*ampleA
[O900)$S0 pament tpe C%909 PcheckPI
@4) e*ampleA
[pament tpeRPcheckP :I
0he .ttribute-t!%e can ha'e the following 'aluesA
O.(ue E0%(.n.tion
C%909 0he 'alue is character data
(en1Sen2S..) 0he 'alue must ,e one from an enumerated list
$% 0he 'alue is a uni=ue id
$%B"G 0he 'alue is the id of another element
$%B"GS 0he 'alue is a list of other ids
?40MQ"? 0he 'alue is a 'alid @4) name
?40MQ"?S 0he 'alue is a list of 'alid @4) names
"?0$0> 0he 'alue is an entit
"?0$0$"S 0he 'alue is a list of entities
?M090$M? 0he 'alue is a name of a notation
*mlA 0he 'alue is a predefined *ml 'alue
0he *e'.u(t-v.(ue can ha'e the following 'aluesA
O.(ue E0%(.n.tion
6alue 0he default 'alue of the attri,ute
UB"_2$B"% 0he attri,ute 'alue must ,e included in the element
U$4P)$"% 0he attri,ute does not ha'e to ,e included
UG$@"% 'alue 0he attri,ute 'alue is fi*ed
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
Enumerate attri%ute values
Snta*A
[O900)$S0 element-name
attri,ute-name (en1Sen2S..) default-'alueI
%0% e*ampleA
[O900)$S0 pament tpe (checkScash) PcashPI
@4) e*ampleA
[pament tpeRPcheckP :I
or
[pament tpeRPcashP :I
2se enumerated attri,ute 'alues when ou want the attri,ute 'alues to ,e one of
a fi*ed set of legal 'alues
)ML Schema
X?1 &cem. is .n X?1 b.se* .(tern.tive to DTD.
/#C supports an alternati'e to %0% called @4) Schema. .
@4) Schema is an @4) ,ased alternati'e to %0%.
9n @4) schema descri,es the structure of an @4) document.
0he @4) Schema language is also referred to as @4) Schema %efinition
(@S%).
What is an )ML Schema?
0he purpose of an @4) Schema is to define the legal ,uilding ,locks of an @4)
document, Kust like a %0%.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
An X?1 &cem.:
defines elements that can appear in a document
defines attri,utes that can appear in a document
defines which elements are child elements
defines the order of child elements
defines the num,er of child elements
defines whether an element is empt or can include te*t
defines data tpes for elements and attri,utes
defines default and fi*ed 'alues for elements and attri,utes
@4) Schemas - /hF
0here are a num,er of reasons wh @4) Schema is ,etter than %0%.
)ML Schema has Support for Data T(pes
@4) Schemas use @4) Snta*
@4) Schemas Secure %ata Communication
@4) Schemas are "*tensi,le
/ell-Gormed is not "nough
X&D -o) To
@4) documents can ha'e a reference to a %0% or an @4) Schema.
+ Simple )ML Document
)ook at this simple @4) document called Pnote.*mlPA
[F*ml 'ersionfilteredRP1.(PFI
[noteI
[toI0o'e[:toI
[fromI8ani[:fromI
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
[headingIBeminder[:headingI
[@7M%>I%M?N0 p weekendO[*,odI[ this me forgetI
[:noteI
+ Simple DTD
0his is a simple %0% file called Pnote.dtdP that defines the elements of the @4)
document a,o'e (Pnote.*mlP)A
[O")"4"?0 note (to, from, heading, ,od)I
[O")"4"?0 to (UPC%909)I
[O")"4"?0 from (UPC%909)I
[O")"4"?0 heading (UPC%909)I
[O")"4"?0 ,od (UPC%909)I
)ine 1 defines the note element to ha'e four elementsA Pto, from, heading, ,odP.
)ine 2-+ defines the to element to ,e of the tpe PUPC%909P, the 'rom element
to ,e of the tpe PUPC%909P, and so on...
+ Simple )ML Schema
0his is a simple @4) Schema file called Pnote.*sdP that defines the elements of
the @4) document a,o'e (Pnote.*mlP)A
[F*ml 'ersionfilteredRP1.(PFI
[*sAschema *mlnsA*sRPhttpA::www.w#.org:2((1:@4)SchemaP
target?amespaceRPhttpA::www.w#schools.comP
*mlnsRPhttpA::www.w#schools.comP
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
elementGorm%efaultRP=ualifiedPI
[*sAelement nameRPnotePI
[*sAcomple*0peI
[*sAse=uenceI
[*sAelement nameRPtoP tpeRP*sAstringP:I
[*sAelement nameRPfromP tpeRP*sAstringP:I
[*sAelement nameRPheadingP tpeRP*sAstringP:I
[*sAelement nameRP,odP tpeRP*sAstringP:I
[:*sAse=uenceI
[:*sAcomple*0peI
[:*sAelementI
[:*sAschemaI
0he note element is said to ,e of a com%(e0 t!%e ,ecause it contains other
elements. 0he other elements (to, from, heading, ,od) are said to ,e sim%(e
t!%es ,ecause the do not contain other elements.
@S% - 0he [schemaI "lement
0he [schemaI element is the root element of e'er @4) SchemaO
The 5schema6 Element
0he [schemaI element is the root element of e'er @4) SchemaA
[F*ml 'ersionfilteredRP1.(PFI
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
[*sAschemaI
...
...
[:*sAschemaI
0he [schemaI element ma contain some attri,utes
Examples of $omplex )ML Elements
9 comple* @4) element, PproductP, which is emptA
[product pidRP1#4+P:I
9 comple* @4) element, PemploeeP, which contains onl other elementsA
[emploeeI
[firstnameI8ohn[:firstnameI
[lastnameISmith[:lastnameI
[:emploeeI
9 comple* @4) element, PfoodP, which contains onl te*tA
[food tpeRPdessertPI$ce cream[:foodI
9 comple* @4) element, PdescriptionP, which contains ,oth elements and te*tA
[descriptionI
$t happened on [date langRPnorwegianPI(#.(#.55[:dateI ....
[:descriptionI
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
How to Define a $omplex Element
)ook at this comple* @4) element, PemploeeP, which contains onl other
elementsA
[emploeeI
[firstnameI8ohn[:firstnameI
[lastnameISmith[:lastnameI
[:emploeeI
/e can define a comple* element in an @4) Schema in different wasA.
1. 0he PemploeeP element can ,e declared directl , naming the element, like
thisA
[*sAelement nameRPemploeePI
[*sAcomple*0peI
[*sAse=uenceI
[*sAelement nameRPfirstnameP tpeRP*sAstringP:I
[*sAelement nameRPlastnameP tpeRP*sAstringP:I
[:*sAse=uenceI
[:*sAcomple*0peI
[:*sAelementI
$f ou use the method descri,ed a,o'e, onl the PemploeeP element can use the
specified comple* tpe. ?otice that the child elements, PfirstnameP and
PlastnameP, are surrounded , the [se=uenceI indicator. 0his means that the
child elements must appear in the same order as the are declaredY PfirstnameP
first and PlastnameP second.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
2. 0he PemploeeP element can ha'e a tpe attri,ute that refers to the name of the
comple* tpe to useA
[*sAelement nameRPemploeeP tpeRPpersoninfoP:I
[*sAcomple*0pe nameRPpersoninfoPI
[*sAse=uenceI
[*sAelement nameRPfirstnameP tpeRP*sAstringP:I
[*sAelement nameRPlastnameP tpeRP*sAstringP:I
[:*sAse=uenceI
[:*sAcomple*0peI
Common @4) Schema %ata 0pes
@4) Schema has a lot of ,uilt-in data tpes. &ere is a list of the most common
tpesA
*sAstring
*sAdecimal
*sAinteger
*sA,oolean
*sAdate
*sAtime
Proce*ure :
1. $dentif the appropriate elements for the gi'en pro,lem statement Z
write a %0%.
2. /rite an @4) document for the same.
#. Check the @4) document for /ell- Gormed %ocumentation.
PCCOE, Nigdi Department of
Computer Engineering
4. 6alidate the @4) document against a %0%, against a schema Z
appl CSS.
+. See the @4) output in a ,rowser.
A%%(ic.tions:
1. 2sed to de'elop we, ,ased applications.
"A#&:
1. /hat is the different ,etween @4) Z &04) F
2. &ow @4) is used to de'elop we, applicationsF
#. /hich is ,etter @4) %0% or @4) schema for we, de'elopmentF