TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
..... 2.
DRAINAGE STRUCTURES AND DESIGN CRITERIA
.. 3.
3.1. Ditches
... 3.
3.1.1 Side ditches .
... 3.
3.1.2 Head Ditches ..
8.
3.1.3 Toe Ditches .
..... 11.
3.1.4 Bech Ditches
. 1!.
3.1.! D"aia#e $i%es ...
... 18.
CONC&USION .
2'.
A$$ENDI(
RE)ERENCES
CA&CU&ATION RESU&TS
1
INTRODUCTION
This d"aia#e "e%o"t cotais h*d"a+,ic ca,c+,atio o- d"aia#e
st"+ct+"es s+ch as .ech/ head ad toe ditches/ side ditches ea" the
"ai,0a* %,at-o"1 ad d"aia#e %i%es as 0e,,. The h*d"a+,ic ca,c+,atios o-
d"aia#e st"+ct+"es to .e cost"+cted 0ithi the %"o2ect a"e %"eseted i
this "e%o"t i detai,. The ca,c+,atio ste%s %e"-o"1ed i the "e%o"t a"e
ca""ied o+t i a s%"ead sheet. Ho0e3e"4 i o"de" to idicate the 3a,idit* o-
the o+t%+t/ had ca,c+,atios -o" each t*%e o- d"aia#e st"+ct+"e a"e a,so
ic,+ded.
O%e chae, h*d"a+,ics is a%%,ica.,e to "ai,0a* "oadside ditches
ic,+di# c+,3e"ts ad sto"1 d"ais. The %"oced+"e is the sa1e as the
%"oced+"e i hi#h0a*s.
H*d"a+,ic aa,*sis o- a chae, dete"1ies the de%th ad 3e,ocit* at
0hich a #i3e discha"#e 0i,, 5o0 i a chae, o- 6o0 #eo1et"*/
"o+#hess ad s,o%e. The de%th ad 3e,ocit* o- 5o0 a"e ecessa"* -o" the
desi# o" aa,*sis o- chae, ,ii#s ad "ai,0a* d"aia#e st"+ct+"es.
2
DRAINAGE STRUCTURES AND DESIGN CRITERIA
I this %"o2ect/ the 5o0 "ates o- the d"aia#e st"+ct+"es 0e"e
ca,c+,ated +si# Ratioa, 7ethod. The 1ii1+1 "ai-a,, d+"atio 0as
chose as ! 1i+tes. I cases 0he"e "ai-a,, d+"atios e8ceed ! 1i+tes/
the 1a8i1+1 5o0 "ate i the d"aia#e st"+ct+"es is coside"ed to .e
occ+""ed -"o1 a "ai-a,, ha3i# a co,,ectio ti1e e9+a, to the "ai-a,,
d+"atio.
I cases 0he"e co,,ecti# %i%es ad ditches a"e ,o#/ 5o0 d+"atios
o- %i%es ad ditches a"e added to the cocet"atio ti1e +sed i
ca,c+,atio o- "ai-a,, itesit*. The ,o#e" cocet"atio ti1e is +sed 0he
a d"aia#e ,ie coected .* 1+,ti%,e d"aia#e s*ste1s.
I a,, d"aia#e st"+ct+"es/ o%e chae, 5o0 coce%t is o%e"ati3e.
Th+s/ d"aia#e e,e1ets a"e ot %"ess+"ed. Thei" 5o0 di"ectios ad
discha"#e ,ocatios a"e -oste"ed o the %,a.
3.1. DITCHES
The ditch %"o:,es/ #+tte" t*%es/ thei" %"o%e"ties ad ca,c+,atio
1ethods +sed i this "ai,0a* %"o2ect a"e %"eseted .e,o0.
3
3.1.1. Side Ditches
I o"de" to :d the 0ate" co,,ected i the side ditches/ the
catch1et a"ea -"o1 the "ai,0a* %,at-o"1/ c+t s,o%es ad at+"a, #"o+d
s+"-ace o3e" c+t the s,o%es ;i a.sece o- head toes< a"e added to tota,
catch1et a"ea. I this %"o2ect a,o# the "ai,0a* ,ie4 '.!1 8 '.='1 U>t*%e
side ditches 0ith '.3!1? c"oss>sectio a"ea a"e cost"+cted.
The h*d"a+,ic ca,c+,atios o- side ditches ic,+de ! 1i+tes o-
co,,ectio ti1e ;Tc<. No"1a,,* s,o%e o- the ditches is the sa1e as the
%,at-o"1 s,o%e4 ho0e3e"/ i- a ca%acit* %"o.,e1 ta6es %,ace/ tha s,o%e o-
the side ditches a"e dete"1ied se%a"ate,* .* cha#i# thei" ti%
e,e3atios. Ca,c+,atio ste%s a"e as -o,,o0i#@
Usi# the 7ai#As E9+atio4
B C
n
1
8 R
2D3
8 So
1D2
8 A
B @ ),o0 "ate ;1
3
Dsec<
@ Ro+#hess coeEciet
A @ C"oss sectio a"ea ;1
2
<
R @ H*d"a+,ic "adi+s ;1<
So @ &o#it+dia, S,o%e
The "o+#hess coeEciet ;< is ta6e as '.'1F -o" coc"ete
chae,s. H*d"a+,ic "adi+s is the "atio o- the c"oss sectio a"ea to the
0etted %e"i1ete". Ad -"ee .oa"d distace is o1itted. I ca,c+,atio o-
"+oG 5o0 "ate/ the "e9+i"ed cocet"atio ti1e is -o+d +si# .e,o0
"e,atioshi%s.
Tc C T
,
HT
2
Tc @ Cocet"atio ti1e ;1i<
4
T
1
@ O3e",ad 5o0 t"a3e, ti1e ;1i<
T
2
@ ),o0 d+"atio a,o# the 0ate"co+"se ;1i<
T
2
C &D;I 8 F'<
& @ &e#th o- the ditch ;1<
I @ Ie,ocit* o- the 0ate" i the ditch ;1Dsec<
T
1
is +s+a,,* -o+d -"o1 a dia#"a1 o" a -o"1+,atio/ ho0e3e" i side
#+tte"s/ ta6i# T
1
as 2 1i+tes is a #ood esti1ate. I othe" t*%es o-
ditches +si# a -o"1+,atio 1a* .e eeded. T
2
is i#o"ed he"e sice the
0ate" does ot co,,ect i a 0ate"co+"se. U,ess T
1
e8ceeds ! 1i+tes/ Tc is
ta6e as ! 1i+tes/ at hi#he" 3a,+es o- T
1
/ Tc 0i,, .e the sa1e 3a,+e as T
1
.
I the :"st %,ace/ o3e",ad 5o0 t"a3e, ti1e ;T
1
< ad tota,
cocet"atio ti1e ;Tc< a"e ete"ed as 2 1i+tes ad ! 1i+tes. Usi# the
Ratioa, 7ethod ;BCCIA< e9+atio the co""es%odi# 5o0 "ate is -o+d.
The ca%acit* o- the ditch eeds to .e chec6ed at this 5o0 "ate -o" a desi#
chae, de%th. The 7ai#As e9+atio does ot occ+%* the chae,
de%th e8%,icit,*4 the"e-o"e the ca,c+,atio "e9+i"es ite"ati3e ste%s.
I the :a, ste%/ the 3e,ocit* ca .e ca,c+,ated 3e"* easi,* -"o1 B C
I 8 A "e,atioshi%. Ad t"a3e, ti1e o- the 0ate" a,o# the ditch ;T2< is
ca,c+,ated. I- the"e is a coecti# ditch/ this 3a,+e 0i,, .e added to T
1
o-
the e8t ditch.
Sice a,, ca,c+,atios a"e i1%o"ted i a sheet4 o,* a sa1%,e
co1%+tatio +si# "ea, data 0i,, .e idicated he"e. )o" each ditch t*%e/ a
statio 61 ite"3a, is chose ad ditch ca,c+,atios a"e ca""ied o+t.
Exampe 3.1.1!
Stati"# at the sta$t "% the ditch! J1 C 4KH1K4 sta.
Stati"# at the sta$t "% the ditch! J1 C 4KH4'F sta.
5
L"cati"# "% the ditch! &e-t>had side o- the 7ai ,ie
Ditch N&m'e$! L2F
T"ta $eati(e catchme#t a$ea
R+oG coeEciets@ c C '.8! ;-o" coc"ete s+"-aces<
c C '.!' ;-o" at+"a, #"o+d s+"-ace<
c C '.=' ;-o" %,at-o"1 s+"-ace<
c C '.!' ;-o" the c+t s+"-ace<
Ditch &e#th@ 212 1
To% 0idth C '.!1
The catch1et a"ea o- the ditch@ 212 8 '.! 8 '.8!D1'''' C '.''K ha.
The catch1et a"ea o the side s,o%e is d"a0 ad a"ea is -o+d. A,,
a"eas ad the ditch a,i#1et a"e sho0 i :#+"e 3.1.

Fi)&$e 3.1. D$ai#a)e pa# "% the )i(e# stati"# i#te$(a
The catch1et a"ea o- the Nat. #"o+d s+"-ace@ '.'K3 8 '.! C
'.'4F! ha.
6
The catch1et a"ea o- the %,at-o"1@ F.1 8 212 8 '.= 8 '.'''1 C
'.'K1 ha.
The catch1et a"ea o- c+t s+"-ace@ '.'!K 8 '.! C '.'2K! ha.
Tota, catch1et a"ea@ '.'4F! H '.''K H '.'K1 H '.'2K! C '.1=F ha.
T"ta C"#ce#t$ati"# time a#d F"* $ate
Tc C ! 1i+tes ;cocet"atio ti1e is ta6e at this 1ii1+1 3a,+e<
T
1
C 2 1i+tes
i C 1!!11Dha. ;)"o1 "ec+""ece "e,atioshi% ta.,e<
B C 2.=8 8 C 8 i 8 A C '.''2=8 8 1!! 8 '.1=F C '.'=!8 1
3
. ;is
a,"ead* 1+,ti%,ied .* the "+oG coeG.<
Mhe"e/ 2.=8 is a co3e"sio -acto" -o" SI +its.
I the e8t ste%/ a desi# de%th 0i,, .e dete"1ied .* %+tti# the
ca,c+,ated 5o0 "ate ito the 7ai#As e9+atio.
Cac&ati#) the desi)# *ate$ depth
S,o%e o- the ditch ;So< C '.=13 N
C '.'1F=
A C '.! 8 h
$ C 2h H '.!
R C '.!hD;2hH'.!<
Mhe"e h is the desi# 0ate" de%th.
B
1'
C '.'=!8 1
3
Dsec. ;The 5o0 "ate -o" 1' *ea" -"e9+ec* 0as -o+d
as a.o3e<
)"o1 the 7ai#As E9+atio4
'.'=!8 C F' 8 ;'.!hD;2hH'.!<<
2D3
8 '.''=13
1D2
8 '.!h
Usi# a ite"ati3e %"oced+"e/ 0ate" de%th ca .e -o+d. ;Ci"c+,a"
Re-e"ece %"o%e"t* o- E8ce, acco1%,ishes this %"oced+"e.<
7
Desi# de%th ;h< &e-t Had Side Ri#ht Had Side
h '.'=!8;2hH'.!<
2D3
1.!KFh
!D3
T"* 1 1 '.13K 1.!KF
T"* '.! 1 '.'KK '.!'3
T"* '.3 1 '.'81 '.21!
T"* '.1! 1 '.'F! '.'F8
T"* '.14F 1 '.'F! '.'F!
Sice the e""o" .et0ee &HS ad RHS is c,ose eo+#h/ h is -o+d as
'.14F 1 0hich is the sa1e 3a,+e -o+d -"o1 the E8ce, s%"eadsheet.
A-te" the ,ast %"o2ect "e3isio4 t"ia#+,a" c"oss>sectioed chae,s
0e"e %,aced o the ,e-t side o- the %,at-o"1 .et0ee the statios F'H44K
ad K3H!84. The"e-o"e4 the"e t0o diGe"et t*%ica, c"oss>sectios a"e
ic,+ded ito the ca,c+,atio sheets. The "ecta#+,a" t*%ica, c"oss>sectio
ad t"ia#+,a" t*%ica, c"oss>sectio a"e de1ost"ated as .e,o0.

8
Fi)&$e 3.+.1 A t,pica $ecta#)&a$ c$"ss-secti"# "% side
ditches
Fi)&$e 3.+.+ A t,pica t$ia#)&a$ c$"ss-secti"# "% side ditches
3.1.+. Head Ditches
I c+t sectios/ head ditches co,,ect the %"eci%itatio 0ate" o the
,ad s+"-aces ic,ied to the "ai,"oad. These t"a%eOoida, ditches co3e* the
0ate" eithe" di"ect,* to the c+,3e"ts o" to othe" ditches. Head ditches 1a*
a,so t"as-e" the 5o0 -"o1 s1a,, 0ate">co+"ses to the c+,3e"ts.
The 5o0 "ate a#ai 0i,, .e ca,c+,ated +si# Ratioa, 7ethod
e9+atio ad the "+oG coeEciets -o" "e,ated soi, %"o%e"ties eed to .e
dete"1ied ca"e-+,,*. Ti1e o- cocet"atio ;Tc< is de:ed as the t"a3e,
ti1e o- the 5o0 -"o1 the 1ost distat %oit o- catch1et a"ea to the
discha"#e %oit.
9
Tc C T
,
HT
2
Vx60
L
T1 =
Tc @ Cocet"atio ti1e ;1i<
T
1
@ O3e",ad 5o0 t"a3e, ti1e ;1i<
T
2
@ ),o0 d+"atio a,o# the 0ate"co+"se ;1i<
& @ &e#th o- the ditch ;1<
I @ Ie,ocit* o- the 0ate" i the ditch ;1Dsec<
I head ditches/ O3e",ad 5o0 t"a3e, ti1e is ot esti1ated as 2
1i+tes. Usi# the a.o3e ta.,e ad "e,atioshi% T
1
ca .e ca,c+,ated.
A-te" the 5o0 "ate is ca,c+,ated -"o1 the Ratioa, 7ethod e9+atio
;BCCiA</ The ca%acit* o- the ditch is chec6ed th"o+#h the 7ai#As
e9+atio -o" a chose desi# 0ate" de%th.
H*d"a+,ic ca,c+,atios o- a head ditch 0ith the "ea, data 0i,, .e
so,3ed he"e to de1ost"ate the 3a,idit* o- the e1%,o*ed E8ce, s%"eadsheet
co1%+tatio %"ocesses.
Exampe 3.1.+!
Stati"# at the sta$t "% the ditch! J1 C 4KHK=F sta.
Stati"# at the sta$t "% the ditch! J1 C !'H'F' sta.
L"cati"# "% the ditch! &e-t>had side o- the 7ai ,ie.
Ditch #&m'e$! B1!
T"ta $eati(e catchme#t a$eas!
R+oG coeEciets@ c C '.8! ;-o" coc"ete s+"-aces<
c C '.!' ;-o" at+"a, #"o+d s+"-ace<
c C '.=' ;-o" the %,at-o"1 s+"-ace<
S"pe "% a#d
s&$%ace
.e"cit,
/m0sec1
P 2 N '.'8>'.1!
2>4 N '.1!>'.21
Q 4 N '.21>'.3'
10
c C '.!' ;-o" the :,, s+"-ace<
&e#th o- the ditch@ 84 1.
The catch1et a"ea o- the Nat. #"o+d s+"-ace@ C '.348 8 '.! C
'.1=4 ha.
The catch1et a"ea o- the ditch@ 84 8 1.! 8 '.8!D1'''' C '.'11 ha.
The catch1et a"ea o- the coecti# .ech ditch@ '.''' ha.
The co,,ected catch1et a"ea ;co1i# -"o1 othe" ditches<@ '.''' ha.
Tota, catch1et a"ea@ '.'11 H '.1=4 C '.18! ha.
Fi)&$e 3.3. D$ai#a)e pa# "% the )i(e# stati"# i#te$(a
T"ta C"#ce#t$ati"# time a#d F"* $ate
&e#th o- the s+"-ace 5o0@ 1! 1
Tota, e,e3atio diGe"ece@ = 1
S,o%e o- the 5o0 ,ie@ =.' 8 1'' D 1! C 4F.F= N
Ie,ocit* o- the 5o0@ '.3 1Dsec
T
1
C 1!D ;'.38F'< C '.83 1i
Sice T
1
P ! 1is/ Tc C ! 1i+tes
i C 1!! 11Dha. ;)"o1 "ec+""ece "e,atioshi% ta.,e<
11
B C 2.=8 8 C 8 i 8 A C '.''2=8 8 1!! 8 '.18! C '.'=K 1
3
Dsec.
;A,"ead* 1+,ti%,ied .* the "+oG coeEciet.<
Mhe"e/ 2.=8 is a co3e"sio -acto" -o" SI +its.
Cac&ati#) the desi)# *ate$ depth
S,o%e o- the ditch ;So< C '.'41 ;-"o1 the diGe"ece o- ditch ed
e,e3atios<
C '.'1F=
A C ;'.! H h< h
$ C 2R2h H'.!
R C ;'.!Hh<hD;2R2h H'.!<
Mhe"e h is the desi# 0ate" de%th.
B
1'
C '.'=K 1
3
Dsec. ;The 5o0 "ate -o" 1' *ea" -"e9+ec* 0as -o+d
as a.o3e<
)"o1 the 7ai#As E9+atio4
'.'=K C F' 8 S;'.!Hh<hD;2R2h H'.!<T
2D3
8 '.'41
1D2
8 ;'.! H h< h
Usi# a ite"ati3e %"oced+"e/ 0ate" de%th ca .e -o+d. ;Ci"c+,a"
Re-e"ece %"o%e"t* o- E8ce, acco1%,ishes this %"oced+"e.<
Desi# de%th ;h< &e-t Had Side Ri#ht Had Side
h '.'=K;2R2h H'.!<
2D3
12.14K;'.!hHh
2
<
!D3
T"* 1 1 '.1=F 23.88'
T"* '.! 1 '.122 1.413
T"* '.1 1 '.'F= '.112
T"* '.'! 1 '.'!K '.'3'
T"* '.'=4 1 '.'F3 '.'F3
Sice the e""o" .et0ee &HS ad RHS is c,ose eo+#h/ h is -o+d as
'.'=4 1 0hich is the sa1e 3a,+e -o+d -"o1 the E8ce, s%"eadsheet.
A-te" h is -o+d 0e ca easi,* de"i3e the 5o0 3e,ocit* ad
co""es%odi# t"a3e, ti1e i the ditch.
12
B C I 8 A 0he"e A C '.'42! 1
2
Dsec. ;c"oss sectio a"ea o- the
ditch<
'.'=K C I 8 '.'42! I C 1.8!K 1Dsec
A t*%ica, c"oss>sectio o- head ditches to .e cost"+cted i this
%"o2ect is sho0 i :#+"e 3.4.
Fi)&$e 3.2. A t,pica c$"ss-secti"# "% head ditches
3.1.3. T"e Ditches
I :,, sectios o- the "ai,"oad/ the 0ate" co,,ects i toe ditches.
7o"eo3e"/ the 0ate" 1i#ht .e co3e*ed to toe ditches -"o1 side ditches.
I s+ch cases/ T
1
is ca,c+,ated .* s+11i# T
2
o- the coecti# ditch ad 2
1i+tes o- o3e",ad 5o0 d+"atio. The ca,c+,atio o- toe ditches is 3e"*
si1i,a" to head ditches. The"e-o"e/ o,* a sa1%,e e8a1%,e 0i,, .e #i3e
he"e. The "e9+i"ed data is a#ai the "ea, data ac9+i"ed -"o1 the d"aia#e
%,a.
Exampe 3.1.3
Stati"# at the sta$t "% the ditch! J1 C !'HK=1 sta.
13
Stati"# at the sta$t "% the ditch! J1 C !1H118 sta.
L"cati"# "% the ditch! &e-t>had side o- the 7ai ,ie.
Ditch #&m'e$! A32>A33
T"ta $eati(e catchme#t a$eas
R+oG coeEciets@ c C '.8! ;-o" coc"ete s+"-aces<
c C '.!' ;-o" at+"a, #"o+d s+"-ace<
c C '.=' ;-o" %,at-o"1 s+"-ace<
c C '.!' ;-o" the :,, s+"-ace<
&e#th o- the ditch@ 14= 1.
The catch1et a"ea o- the Nat. #"o+d s+"-ace@ '.'K2 8 '.! C '.'4F
ha.
The catch1et a"ea o- the ditch@ 14= 8 1.! 8 '.8!D1'''' C '.'1K ha.
The catch1et a"ea o- the co,,ected 0ate" co1i# -"o1 the
coecti# side ditchC '.''' ha.
The catch1et a"ea o- the %,at-o"1 s+"-ace@ '.= 8 14= 8 F.1 C '/'F3
ha.
Tota, catch1et a"ea@ '.'4F H '.'1K H '.'F3 C '.128 ha.
Fi)&$e 3.3. D$ai#a)e pa# "% the )i(e# stati"# i#te$(a
14
T"ta C"#ce#t$ati"# time a#d F"* $ate
&e#th o- the s+"-ace 5o0@ F' 1
Tota, e,e3atio diGe"ece@ !.' 1
S,o%e o- the 5o0 ,ie@ !.' 8 1'' D F'C 8.33
Ie,ocit* o- the 5o0@ '.3 1Dsec.
T
1
C F'D ;'.38F'< C 3.33 1is P !.' 1is/ Tc C ! 1is
i C 1!!11Dha. ;)"o1 "ec+""ece "e,atioshi% ta.,e<
B C 2.=8 8 C 8 i 8 A C '.''2=8 8 1!! 8 '.128 C '.'!! 1
3
. ;Is a,"ead*
1+,ti%,ied .* the "+oG coeG.<
Mhe"e/ 2.=8 is a co3e"sio -acto" -o" SI +its.
Cac&ati#) the desi)# *ate$ depth
S,o%e o- the ditch ;So< C '.''F2 ;-"o1 the diGe"ece o- ditch ed
e,e3atios<
C '.'1F=
A C ;'.! H h< h
$ C 2R2h H'.!
R C ;'.!Hh<hD;2R2h H'.!<
Mhe"e h is the desi# 0ate" de%th.
B
1'
C '.'!! 1
3
Dsec. ;The 5o0 "ate -o" 1' *ea" -"e9+ec* 0as -o+d
as a.o3e<
)"o1 the 7ai#As E9+atio4
'.'!! C F' 8 S;'.!Hh<hD;2R2h H'.!<T
2D3
8 '.''F2
1D2
8 ;'.! H h< h
Usi# a ite"ati3e %"oced+"e/ 0ate" de%th ca .e -o+d. ;Ci"c+,a"
Re-e"ece %"o%e"t* o- E8ce, acco1%,ishes this %"oced+"e.<
Desi# de%th ;h< &e-t Had Side Ri#ht Had Side
h '.'!!;2R2h H'.!<
2D3
4.=24;'.!hHh
2
<
!D3
T"* 1 1 '.123 K.28!
T"* '.3 1 '.'F= '.438
T"* '.2 1 '.'!= '.1=8
15
T"* '.1 1 '.'4= '.'4F
Sice the e""o" .et0ee &HS ad RHS is c,ose eo+#h/ h is -o+d as
'.1 1 0hich is the sa1e 3a,+e -o+d -"o1 the E8ce, s%"eadsheet.
A-te" h is -o+d 0e ca easi,* de"i3e the 5o0 3e,ocit* ad
co""es%odi# t"a3e, ti1e i the ditch.
B C I 8 A 0he"e A C '.'F 1
2
;c"oss sectio a"ea o- the ditch<
'.'!! C I 8 '.'F
I C '.K1= 1Dsec
Fi)&$e 3.4. A t,pica c$"ss-secti"# "% T"e ditches
3.1.2. Be#ch Ditches
Bech ditches a"e t"ia#+,a" chae,s %,aced at the .eches o- dee%
c+ts o" :,,s ;+s+a,,* c+t o" :,, de%th is 1o"e tha 1' 1ete"s< 0hich
%"i1a"i,* co,,ect the %"eci%itatio o the c+t ad :,, s+"-aces.
I c+t sectios/ 0he"e head ditches 0e"e +a.,e to co3e* the
%"eci%itatio/ the 5o0 ca .e t"as-e""ed to .ech ditches th"o+#h ch+tes
o" 5+1es. O the othe" had/ i :,, sectios/ the %"eci%itatio o the :,,
s+"-ace is t"as1itted to the toe ditches +de"eath the .eches.
The h*d"a+,ic ca,c+,atio o- the 5o0 "ates 0i,, .e ca""ied o+t +si#
7ai#As -o"1+,a ad is 3e"* si1i,a" to othe" ditch t*%es.
16
Exampe 3.1.2
Stati"# at the sta$t "% the ditch! J1 C !'H'1K sta.
Stati"# at the sta$t "% the ditch! J1 C !'H141 sta.
L"cati"# "% the ditch! &e-t>had side o- the 7ai ,ie.
Ditch #&m'e$! CF
T"ta $eati(e catchme#t a$eas
R+oG coeEciets@ c C '.8! ;-o" coc"ete s+"-aces<
c C '.!' ;-o" at+"a, #"o+d s+"-ace<
c C '.3' ;Bech s+"-ace<
c C '.!' ;-o" the c+t s+"-ace<
&e#th o- the ditch@ 122 1.
To% 0idth o- the ditch@ 3.! 1.
The catch1et a"ea o- the c+t s+"-ace@ '.'=' 8 '.! C '.'3! ha.
The catch1et a"ea o- the .ech s+"-ace@ 88 8 3.! 8 '.3D1'''' C
'.''K ha.
The catch1et a"ea o- the ditch@ '.8! 8 88 8 ;1.'H'.!<D1'''' C
'.'11 ha.
Tota, catch1et a"ea@ '.'3! H '.''K H '.'11 C '.'!! ha.
17
Fi)&$e 3.5. D$ai#a)e pa# "% the )i(e# stati"# i#te$(a
T"ta C"#ce#t$ati"# time a#d F"* $ate
T"a3e, ti1e o- the o3e",ad 5o0 is ta6e as ;T
1
< C 2 1i+tes.
Tc C ! 1i+tes ;cocet"atio ti1e is ta6e at this 1ii1+1 3a,+e<
;T
1
P!1is<
i C 1!!11Dha. ;)"o1 "ec+""ece "e,atioshi% ta.,e<
B C 2.=8 8 C 8 i 8 A C '.''2=8 8 1!! 8 '.'!! C '.'23= 1
3
. ;is
a,"ead* 1+,ti%,ied .* the "+oG coeG.<
Mhe"e/ 2.=8 is a co3e"sio -acto" -o" SI +its.
Cac&ati#) the desi)# *ate$ depth
S,o%e o- the ditch ;So< C '.8K8 ;-"o1 the diGe"ece o- ditch ed
e,e3atios<
C '.'1F=
A C 3h
2
$ C R!h HR1=h
R C 3hD;R! HR1=<
Mhe"e h is the desi# 0ate" de%th. Usi# the 7ai#As -o"1+,a the
0ate" de%th ca .e de"i3ed e8%,icit,* -o" t"ia#+,a" chae,s.
B
1'
C '.'23= 1
3
Dsec. ;The 5o0 "ate -o" 1' *ea" -"e9+ec* 0as -o+d
as a.o3e<
)"o1 the 7ai#As E9+atio4
'.'23= C F' 8 ;3hD;R! HR1=<<
2D3
8 '.8K8
1D2
8 3h
2
'.'23= C ;h<
8D3
8 1'3.3=
h C '.'43 1.
A-te" h is -o+d 0e ca easi,* de"i3e the 5o0 3e,ocit* ad
co""es%odi# t"a3e, ti1e i the ditch.
B C I 8 A 0he"e A C '.'23 1
2
;c"oss sectio a"ea o- the ditch<
'.'23= C I 8 '.'23 I C 1.'1 1Dsec
18
A t*%ica, c"oss>sectio o- .ech ditches is a3ai,a.,e i :#+"e 3.!
Fi)&$e 3.6. A t,pica c$"ss-secti"# "% 'e#ch ditches
3.1.3. D$ai#a)e 7ipes
I h*d"a+,ic ca,c+,atios o- d"aia#e %i%es/ J+tte"As -o"1+,a 0hich is
a 1odi:ed 3e"sio o- CheO* e9+atio is 0ide,* %"e-e""ed. The J+tte"
coeEciet ;1< 0hich de:es the "o+#hess %"o%e"t* is ta6e as '.1' -o"
HD$E %i%es. Desi# %a"a1ete"s sho+,d .e se,ected satis-*i# -o,,o0i#
,i1itatios4
7ii1+1 5o0 3e,ocit* is '.F 1Dsec.
7a8i1+1 5o0 3e,ocit* is F 1Dsec
)+,,ess "atio is 1aitaied to .e a"o+d 8'N.
I h*d"a+,ic ca,c+,atios o- "oadside ditches/ i o"de" to ca,c+,ate the
5o0 "ate/ 0e added tota, "e,ati3e catch1et a"ea o- the coecti#
ditches to the c+""et. Ad cocet"atio ti1e is a,so ic"eased a a1o+t
o- t"a3e, ti1e a,o# the coecti# ditch. Ho0e3e"/ i h*d"a+,ic ca,c+,atio
o- d"aia#e %i%es/ o,* the 5o0 "ates a"e s+11ed +% to esti1ate 1' *ea"
-"e9+ec* 5o0 "ate i the %i%e.
19
D"aia#e %i%es a"e +sed i o"de" to discha"#e sto"1>0ate" -"o1 side
ditches 0he the ditch "eaches its ca%acit* o" ,o0 %oits a"e -o"1ed i the
"ai,"oad %"o:,e o" i %,aces 0he"e discha"#e to the #"o+d s+"-ace is ot
%ossi.,e. Discha"#e %its a"e +sed to co,,ect 0ate" -o"1 side ditches. I
discha"#e %its coectios/ e8ca3atio o- '.4! 1 o the ,e-t>had side ad
'.F! 1 o the "i#ht>had o%e"ates as a 2+ctio. Discha"#e %it detai,s a"e
sho0 as .e,o04
Fi)&$e 3.8. A t,pica c$"ss-secti"# "% discha$)e pits
Exampe 3.+.1
Stati"# 9m "% the d$ai# pipe! J1 C F=HK8' sta.
:ate$ia t,pe! HD7E /;&tte$ c"e<. m = >.1>1
To% e,e3atio at 32A ;I,et<@ F.4K 1.
$i%e et"ace e,e3atio at 32A@ F.'4 1
$i%e e8it e,e3atio at 32B@ !.84 1.
&e#th o- the %i%e@ 2' 1.
S,o%e o- the d"aia#e %i%e@ ;F.4K > F.'4<D2'.'' C 2.2! N
20
Ite"ati3e ste%s a"e "e9+i"ed to "each the 1ost ecoo1ic ad
h*d"a+,ica,,* eEciet state ad a a%%"o%"iate %i%e dia1ete" is se,ected.
Choose %i%e dia1ete" ;D< as 4'' 11. ;U>4'' 11<
A C ;V 8 D
2
D4< C '.12!= 1
2
$ C ;V 8 D< C 1.2!FF 1
R C AD$ C DD4 C '.1 1
Fi)&$e 3.8. D$ai#a)e pa# "% the HD7E pipe "cati"#
C coeEciet ca .e dete"1ied +si# si1%,i:ed 3e"sio o- J+tte"As
de:itio.
CheO*As e9+atio states that4
I C C 8 R
1D2
8 S
1D2
C C 1''RRD;1 H RR< C =!.K=!
Bd C =!.K=! 8 R'.1 8 R'.'1 8 '.12!=
Bd C'.3'2 1
3

The 1a8i1+1 ca%acit* o- the %i%e is -o+d as a.o3e. It a,so eeds
to .e chec6ed 0hethe" the %i%e ca acco11odate the co,,ected 5o0 ot
e8ceedi# 8' N -+,,ess "atio.
Tota, 5o0 "ate ete"i# the #"ate o%ei# is ca,c+,ated .* s+11i#
the 5o0 "ates i the coected ditches.
21
),o0 "ate co1i# -"o1 coecti# side ditches@
B C '.'K4 1
3
BDBd C 31 N P 8' N )+,,ess "atio is OJ.
I C '.'K4D'.12!= C '.=! 1Dsec
'.F 1Dsec P I P F 1Dsec ),o0 3e,ocit* is OJ.
CONCLUSION
Rai,0a* d"aia#e i3o,3es the co,,ectio/ co3e*ace/ "e1o3a, ad
dis%osa, o- s+"-ace 0ate" "+oG -"o1 the "ai,"oad. 7ai d"aia#e st"+ct+"es
+sed i the %"o2ects a"e side ditches/ 1aho,es/ head/ .ech ad toe
ditches. Iade9+ate "ai,"oad d"aia#e s*ste1s ha3e se"io+s eGects s+ch
as4 da1a#e to s+""o+di# o" ad2acet %"o%e"t* "es+,ti# -"o1 o3e"5o0i#
the "ai,"oad c+".s/ 0ea6ei# the s+..ase ad s+..a,,ast ,a*e"s i the
"ai,"oad d+e to sat+"atio -"o1 -"e9+et %odi# o- ,o# d+"atio.
22
A77ENDI?
Ta'e 1. Ditch desi)# c$ite$ia
C"(e$ T,pe R"&)h#ess
C"e@cie#t
Coc"ete co3e"ed
Uco3e"ed ;Roc6<
Stoe co3e"ed
1DF'
'.'4'
'.'2!
Ditch T,pe S"i T,pe :ax. F"* (e"cit,
/m0sec1
Coc"ete co3e"ed
Uco3e"ed
Stoe co3e"ed
Roc6 No ,i1it
F.''
3.''
Note@ 7ii1+1 5o0 3e,ocit* is '.F 1Dsec ad 1ii1+1 -"ee.oa"d is N1'
i ditches
Ta'e +. O(e$A"* %$eB&e#c, i#te$(as "% d$ai#a)e st$&ct&$es
D$ai#a)e St$&ct&$e O(e$A"* %$eB&e#c,
i#te$(a
Side ditches/ toe/ head ditches 1' Lea"
Head ditches 1' Lea"
Ste%%ed t*%e o- ditches 1' Lea"
S%ecia, t*%e o- ditches 1' W 2! Lea"
Co,,ecto" %i%es 2>1' Lea"
Discha"#i# +its 2 W 1' Lea"
Ch+tes ad ),+1es 1' Lea"
C+,3e"ts 1' Lea"
C+,3e"ts ;%otetia,,* %"eca"io+s< 1'' Lea"
C+,3e"t i,et ad o+t,et 1' Lea"
H*d"a+,ic ."id#es 1'' Lea" W !'' Lea"
23
24