4. Less expensive thanhydraulc systems.

5. Valve operations aremucheasierinpneumatic systems.

Disadvantages:
1.It issuitable for lo pressureapllications !upto 1"bar#.
$. %recise position and velocity control is not possible.
&. It re'uires seperatelubricator unithich may induce excessive ear and
corrosion.
(ypical applications:
)tamping*Drilling* punching* clamping* assembling* riveting* material handling
and logic controlling operations.
%roperties of air:
+ir , "-. nitrogen* $1. oxygen*and1. othersuch as argon carbon di oxide.
+ir isheavier than gases.
(he reference point for pressure is mean sea level here the atmospheric
pressure is 1./1& bar.
+ir density changesith respect to changes in pressure and temperature.
+I0 123%04))20
+n air compressor is a machine for compressing air from a lo inta5e
pressure usually atmospheric pressure to higher delivery pressure* by
reducing the volume of air.
041I%021+(I67 +I0 123%04))20)
0eciprocating design may be either single stage or multi stage
compressor.
8ig belo shos a single stage aircompressor
)I67L4 )(+74 12%04))20:
1.During donard stro5e lo pressure atmospheric air dran into the
cylinder through inlet valve
$. +t the end of the stro5e the inlet valve closes.
&. During upard movement of the piston the pressure rises continuously
upto desired level
4. +fter hich the delivery valve is opened.
5. )ince single piston is used for compression from initial inlet pressure to 9nal
desired pressure in one compressive step* this is 5noen as single stage
compressor.
3:L(I )(+74 123%04))20 :
1. + 1ompressor having to or more compressive stages is 5non as
multistage compressor
$. If single cylinder is used for high pressure air* the cylinder si;e ill be too
large and the temperature rise is high.
&. (his higher temperature rise leads to expansion air hich inturn needs
enormous e<ort of the piston to compress* 9nally result in damage of the
cylinder.
(hus it is necessary to use multistage compression ith intercooling
arrangement to get high pressure air.
4. In multi stage compressors* successive cylinder si;e decrease and the
intercooling removes a signi9cant portion of the heat of compression.
5. (his increases air density and the volumetric e=ciency of the compressor.
9g belo shos themulti stage air compressor
02(+0> V+64 123%04))20:
1. In this design the cylinderical sotted rotor is o< center to the housing and
turns inside the housing.
$. 4ach rotor slot is 9tted ith a rectangular vane.
&. +s the rotor spins the vanes are 5ept in contact ith the housing by
centrifugal force and there fore slides in and out .
4. +s rotor turns* air trapped beteen the vanes.
5. +ir is pushed out during the other half of each revolution as the space
decreases.
0otary scre compressor:
+ rotary scre compressor compresses air beteen to intermeshing
scres andoil is used as a coolant to remove some ofthe heat of compression.
+bove 9gure shos top vie of single stage rotary compressor.
1. 1ompression is done by alloing the trapped air in the small space
beteen meshing elements.
$. )cres rotate in opposite direction.
8ilter 0egulator Lubricator :nit:
+ trio combination unit is a ?uid conditioning unit thatinclude a
9lter*regulator and lubricator as a single unit in all pneumatic systems.It is
fre'uently 5non as 9lter,regulator,lubricator !80L# unit.
(he explaination of the above three units are follos:
I.+ir 8ilter:
1.+n air 9lter is a device used to remove contaminnts from the air
befroeit reaches the pneumatic components such as valves and actuators.
$ +ir line 9lters are generally 9tted ith a 9lter ith element that
removes contaminants in the range of$5 to 5/ microns.

&. +ir enters through the inlet and ?os through the de?ector plate* causing
the air to sirl.
4.(his sirl removes the larger particles.
5. 1entrifugal force causes ater and larger solid to be hurdled against the
interior all.
@. (hen gravity carries them don to the bottom* hich is called 'uiet
;one*here there isno air ?o.
". (he baAe seperates the'uiet ;one and prevent these particles from re,
entering the air stream..
-. (hen air is passed through the 9lter element here smaller particles are
9ltered.
B. (heshroud bloc5s the air entering the 9lter element before removing larger
particles.
II. +ir 0egulator:
1.+ir pressure regulators are used to regulate the supply pressre hich
are ?uctuating in nature that causes inconsistancy in machine performance.
8I7. +ir regulator
$. +ir ?ofrom inlet to outlet through main poppet. (he main poppet
stem has a light spring on the bottom and a diaphragm at the top.
&. Chen the outlet pressure is high the ?uid ?otothe diaphragm
through pilot openeng* causing the diaphragm to de?ect upard against the
main spring.
4.(he main poppet follos the motion ofthe diaphragm due to the
stem. (his stops the?o from inlet by the main poppet.
5. (he pressure setting of the reguator can be modi9ed by changing
the compression of the main spring ith the adDusting scre.
@.8urther pressure increase even after the main poppetclosed caused
the diagram to continue de?ecting upard and pull aay from the main
poppet stem. (his causes a small hole to be uncovered in the diaphragm*
alloing excessive pressure to be relieved through the vent.
". (his is also 5non as )4L8 04LI4VI67 047:L+(20.