Consideraciones de Diseo

y Procedimientos para
Edificios Post-tensados


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Post-Tensioned Multi-Story Building
Post-Tensioned Parking Structure

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Column supported multistory
building
Two-way flat slab design
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Multi-level parking structures
One-way beam and slab design
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Post-Tensioned mat foundations can
reduce the foundation thickness to
as much as 50 %
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Post-Tensioned ground supported
slab (SOG) is the largest
application of post-tensioning in
USA
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First use in USA in late 1950s
Today, millions of square meters of post-
tensioned floor systems in satisfactory
service worldwide
POST-TENSIONING IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
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TOPICS COVERED

Design objectives
Overall design procedure
Dimensions and sizing of members
Cover to reinforcement and tendons
Structural system
Loads
Structural modeling
Principal analysis assumptions
Principal analysis procedures
Load combinations
Post-tensioned member design
Serviceability design/check
Design for safety
Initial condition (transfer of prestressing)
Special considerations


DESIGN OF POST-TENSIONED
BUILDINGS
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POST-TENSIONING IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

Safety
Functionality
Economy
Legality

DESIGN OBJECTIVES:

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POST-TENSIONING IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION



Serviceability
Safety
Initial (Transfer)Condition
OVERALL DESIGN PROCEDURE
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POST-TENSIONING IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION


SERVICEABILITY
Crack control
Limitation on representative hypothetical
stresses
Minimum bonded reinforcement
Crack mitigation schemes detailing for
restraints
Tendon and rebar arrangement
Deflection control
Fire resistivity
Durability
Cover
Use of special hardware
Bounciness, Vibrations
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POST-TENSIONING IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION


SAFETY
OVERALL
Design capacity (Mn) greater than design
moment (Mu)
Minimum bonded reinforcement for ductility
Design capacity (Mn) > 1.2 Cracking
moment (applicable to most cases)
Transfer of column moment to slab over a
narrow slab band
Two-way (punching) or one-way shear
Follow code prescription for tendon and
rebar arrangement (not column strip/middle
strip)

LOCAL
Distribution of force at anchorage
Detailing to avoid blow out

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POST-TENSIONING IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION


INITIAL (TRANSFER) CONDITION

Crack and creep control
Add rebar when representative
(hypothetical) tension stresses exceed
a threshold
Do not exceed representative
hypothetical compressive stresses

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POST-TENSIONING IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

Support spacing
Slab thickness
Beam dimensions

DIMENSIONS AND SIZING OF MEMBERS

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RECOMMENDED SPAN/DEPTH RATIOS

Continuous

Spans

Simple

Spans

Roof

Floor

Roof

Floor

50

45

45

40
45 - 48

40
-
45





40

35

35

30

Beams

35

30

30

26

42
38 38 35
Note: The above ratios may be increased if calculations
verify that deflection, camber, and vibrations are not
objectionable



.
PTI Design Manual
One-way joists
One-way solid slabs
Two-way solid slabs (supported
on columns only)
Two-way waffle slabs
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SUGGESTED CONCRETE THICKNESS
REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE ENDURANCE

Aggregate

Slab Thickness, mm For the Fire

Type

1 hr

1.5 hr

2 hr

3 hr

4 hr

Carbonate

Siliceous

Lightweight

85

90

70

105

110

85
120

130

85

135

160

120

170

180

135


Endurance Indicated

Aggregate

Slab Thickness, inches For the Fire

Type

1 hr

1.5 hr

2 hr

3 hr

4 hr

Carbonate

Siliceous

Lightweight

3.50

3.75

3.00

4.25

4.50

3.50
4.75

5.25

3.50

5.50

6.50

4.75

6.75

7.25

5.50

Endurance Indicated
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COVER TO REINFORCEMENT AND TENDON

MINIMUM COVER TO REINFORCEMENT FOR
PRESTRESSED FLOORS


Member and Condition

Minimum
Cover

mm

Minimum
Cover
inch
Concrete cast against and permanently

75

3.0

Concrete slabs and joists exposed to

25

1.0

Concrete not exposed to weather or in


(i)

Slabs and joists

20

0.75

(ii)

Beams primary reinforcement

38

1.5


(iii)

Ties and stirrups

25

1.0


contact with ground:
earth or weather
exposed to earth

Durability
Fire
Wear
ACI 318
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Corrosion
COVER TO REINFORCEMENT AND TENDON
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DURABILITY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CAST - IN - PLACE
POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE
ZONE


DURABILITY DESIGN

I

II/CC
-
I III/CC
-
II
ELEMENT
SI

American SI

American SI

American

f
'
c
Hardrock


28 N/mm

4000 psi 28 N/mm 4000 psi

31 N/mm

4500 psi


Lightweight

28 N/mm 4000 psi 30 N/mm 4250 psi 33 N/mm

4750 psi

Air

% ( aggregate)

4

4

5
+
1 -

W/C Ratio (maximum)

0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.40
Reinforcing C over and
Protection: Slab Top

Slab Bottom

Beam

Columns

Walls


25 mm

20 mm

40 mm

40 mm

20 mm


1



1
-


1
-





40 mm
(3)

20 mm

100 mm

40 mm

20 mm


1
-
EC(3)



1
-


1
-


Ties only



40 mm EC

20 mm
(2)

100 mm (2)

40 mm
(2)

20 mm (6)


1
-
EC


(2)

1
-

(2)

1
-

(2)

1 (5)

P/T Tendons

Min. PTI

Encapsulated Encapsulated
Silane Sealer (4)

Roof Only

All Floors All Floors
Notes:

(1)

Air content may be reduced 1% for f
'
c
>34MPa (f
'
c
>5000psi).

(2)

Use of epoxy coated (EC) reinforcement in beams, columns, and for bottom


(3)

Corrosion inhibiting admixture in lieu of epoxy coated reinforcement optional.

(4)

40% solids Silane Sealer; may be deleted if 5 % minimum silica fume is used in

(5)

Exceeds cover requirements of ACI 318
-
89.


Specification
(1)
5
+
1 -
6
+
1 - 6
+
1 -
reinforcement in slabs, to be in accordance with the practices of the Engineer of Record.
slab concrete.
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-
Restrained or
Unrestrained


Aggregate Type
Cover Thickness, mm. for
Fire Endurance of


1 hr 1.5 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr
Unrestrained

Carbonate
Siliceous
Lightweight

-
-
-
-
-
38
38
38
50
50
50
-
-
-
Restrained

Carbonate
Siliceous
Lightweight
-
-
-
-
-
-
20
20
20
25
25
25
32
32
32
COVER TO REINFORCEMENT AND TENDON
Fire resistivity
SUGGESTED CONCRETE COVER THICKNESS FOR SLABS
PRESTRESSED WITH POST-TENSIONED REINFORCEMENT
Restrained or
Unrestrained


Aggregate Type
Cover Thickness, in. for
Fire Endurance of


1 hr 1.5 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr
Unrestrained


Carbonate
Siliceous
Lightweight

-
-
-
-
-
-
1.50
1.50
1.50
2.00
2.00
2.00
-


Restrained

Carbonate
Siliceous
Lightweight
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.25
1.25
1.25
-
-
-
-
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SUGGESTED COVER FOR BEAMS PRESTRESSED WITH POST - TENSIONED
REINFORCEMENT
Cover Thickness, in. For
Fire Endurance Of
Restrained or
Unrestrained
Steel
Type
Concrete
Type*
Beam Width,
in.

1 hr

1.5 hr

2 hr

3 hr

4 hr
Unrestrained Cold - drawn NW 8.00 2.00 2.25 2.75 4.75 -
Cold - drawn LW 8.00 1.75 2.00 2.25 3.50 -
H.S.A. bars NW 8.00 1.75 1.75 1.75 2.75 -
H.S.A. bars LW 8.00 1.75 1.75 1.75 2.50 -
Restrained
Cold - drawn NW 8.00 1.75 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.75
Cold - drawn LW 8.00 1.75 1.75 1.75 2.00 2.25
H.S.A. bars NW 8.00 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
H.S.A. bars LW 8.00 1.75 1.75 1.75 2.75 1.75
Unrestrained Cold - drawn NW 12.00 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.25 3.25
Cold - drawn LW 12.00 1.75 1.75 2.00 1.75 2.75
H.S.A. bars NW 12.00 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 2.25
H.S.A. bars LW 12.00 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 2.25
Restrained Cold - drawn NW 12.00 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 2.25
Cold - drawn LW 12.00 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 2.00
H.S.A. bars NW 12.00 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
H.S.A. bars LW 12.00 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
Note: *NW = normal weight; LW = lightweight.
For beams with widths between 200 mm and 300 mm., cover thickness can be determined by interpolation.


Not practical for 200 mm wide beams but shown for purposes of interpolation.


COVER TO REINFORCEMENT AND TENDON
Fire resistivity
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POST-TENSIONING IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION


One-way and two-way floor systems
Beams
Slab bands
Column capitals and drop panels
Support conditions
Effective width
Construction sequence



STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

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F
ONE-WAY AND TWO-WAY MODELS
F
(a) ONE-WAY BEAM SYSTEM
(b) TWO-WAY BEAM SYSTEM
C
A
A
D
B
B
F
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STRUCTURAL MODELING OPTION
DESIGN STRIP
WALL
(a) SLAB ON FOUR WALLS
(1-a)P
a*P
P
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STRUCTURAL MODELING OPTION
PL/4
BEAM
(b) BEAMS ON FOUR COLUMNS
L
(iii)
(ii)
A,C
P
B,D
B C
(i)
A
L
C
A
LOAD
P
B
D
D
COLUMN
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STRUCTURAL MODELING OPTIONS
(ii) DESIGN STRIPS IN ORTHOGONAL DIRECTIONS
(a) MODELING WITH SLAB BANDS
(b) MODELING WITH DESIGN STRIPS
(i) PLAN
P
(ii) ELEVATION
(i) PLAN
SLAB
A,C
C
COLUMN
A
P/2
P
2
P
2
P
B,D
D
P/2
SLAB BAND
P
B
P
2
P
2
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(d) FLOOR WITH SLAB BAND
EXAMPLES OF TWO-WAY SLAB CONSTRUCTION
(b) FLAT SLAB WITH SQUARE COLUMN CAPITALS
(c) FLAT SLAB WITH DROP PANELS
(e) WAFFLE SLAB
(a) FLAT PLATE
13.4 m
2.01 kg/m
4.16 kg/m
Rebar Congestion
12.8 m
1.76 kg/m
3.18 kg/m
Rebar Congestion
PT
Max. Span
Limiting Criterion
Max. Span
Limiting Criterion
Rebar
Rebar
PT
2
2
2
2
3.87 kg/m
2.94 kg/m
Deflection
Rebar Congestion
2.15 kg/m
5.09 kg/m
2.84 kg/m
1.08 kg/m
Punching Shear
Limiting Criterion
Limiting Criterion
PT
Rebar
Max. Span
Max. Span
Rebar
PT
12.2 m
11.8 m
Limiting Criterion
Rebar
Max. Span
PT
8 m
2
2
2
2
2
2
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Example of a drop cap and drop
Panel
Drop panels are used to reduce
reinforcement over the support
Drop caps are used to resist punching
shear
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Example of a tapered Drop Panel
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EFFECTIVENESS AND MODELING OF
DROP CAP/PANEL FOR DESIGN

(b) Use actual geometry for:
Stiffness formulation deflection calculation
Stress calculation and serviceability check
b
a
(c) Use Modified geometry for strength
calculation over the support
4a
b
a
(a) ACTUAL GEOMETRY
b
a
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EXAMPLES OF ONE- OR TWO- WAY
CONSTRUCTION
(a) ONE-WAY BEAM AND SLAB
(c) SKIP JOIST SLAB *
(b) JOIST SLAB *
Beam spans comparable with joist slab.
Joists may be spaced up to 1400 mm
with two strands in each joist.
Rebar congestion
400-460 mm
750-900 mm
125-150 mm Slab Thickness
2-12 mm PT strands per joist
Beam Spans
Limiting Criteria
Joist Span
Rebar
PT
Rebar
Beam Width
Beam Depth
PT
2.69 kg/m
5.38 kg/m
12.80 m
13.7 m
2
2
2.68 kg/m
4.44 kg/m
2
2
Slab Spans
Beam Spans
5.5-6.0 m
18-20 m
in beam
* Two-way systems, depending on the dimensions
of the slab thickening between the columns
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Joist construction
Waffle slab construction
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Example of post-tensioned waffle
slab during construction
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Precompresion
Number of Tendons
Min. (150 psi)
Max. (400 psi)
Balanced Load (% SW or DL)
Min. (40 %)
Max. (100 %)
Service Load
Pe = wL^2 / 8
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PRINCIPAL OPTIONS OF TENDON LAYOUT
(a) BANDED-DISTRIBUTED (b) BANDED-BANDED
(d) MIXED
(c) DISTRIBUTED-
COLUMN
BANDED
TENDONS
MIN TWO STRANDS
OVER COLUMN
MIN TWO STRANDS
OVER COLUMN
DISTRIBUTED
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PRINCIPAL OPTIONS OF TENDON LAYOUT
(e) Banded-Distributed
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PRINCIPAL OPTIONS OF TENDON LAYOUT
View of a Banded Tendon
Layout

Note two distributed tendons
below the band
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PRINCIPAL OPTIONS OF TENDON LAYOUT
EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTED-DISTRIBUTED
TENDON LAYOUT
BEAM CONFIGURATIONS AND MODELING
CENTROID
OF BEAM
(c) PROPER MODELING FOR POST-TENSIONING
beams must be modeled with correct eccentricity
with respect to slab
CENTROID
OF SLAB
(i) (ii)
(iii)
(b) INCORRECT MODELING


(a) ACTUAL CONDITIONS
BEAM
(i)
OF SLAB
CENTROID
(ii) (iii)
SLAB
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SLAB-BAND
h < 2t b > 3h
CROSS-SECTION OF A SLAB-BAND
b
t
h
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SLAB BAND

Slab band is treated as part of
a two-way system. One-way shear
design provisions meant for beams
do not apply to slab bands
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SELECTION OF BOUNDARY CONDITIONS,
RELEASES AND ASSUMED STIFFNESS

STRUCTURAL MODELING OF A
PARKING STRUCTURE FRAME
SPAN 1
BEAM 1
(a) FRAME ELEVATION
(b) STRUCTURAL MODEL
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Hinge construction at beam column
connection (Grossmont PS Ca )
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SHORT COLUMN BEAM CONNECTION
RELEASE
At parking structure ramps
EACH WAY
BEAM STEM
SHORT COLUMN
1-30mm
MATERIAL
80mm COMPRESSIBLE
ELASTOMERIC
4-20mm
PAD
3-12mm @ 50mm o.c.
@ 150mm o.c.
12mm TIES
2-30mm DOWEL
3-12mm @ 50mm o.c.
SLAB
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CALSTATE NORTHRIDGE PARKING STRUCTURE (California)
5'
58'-8" 58'-8"
1
0
'

1
0
'

1
0
'

ELEVATION OF PARKING STRUCTURE
SPLIT-LEVEL FRAME
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(a) BUILDING FRAME
CONNECTION
HINGE
RIGID FRAME
SHEAR
WALL
(b) STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR
LATERAL ANALYSIS
(ii) (i)
(c) ADDITIONAL OPTIONS FOR GRAVITY AND
DISPLACEMENT COMPATIBILITY DESIGN

STRUCTURAL MODELING
FOR SEISMIC ANALYSIS
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5'
58'-8" 58'-8"
1
0
'

1
0
'

1
0
'

(a) ELEVATION OF PARKING STRUCTURE
SPLIT-LEVEL FRAME
(b) DISTRIBUTION OF SEISMIC
FORCE ON THE FRAME
FRAME AT SPLIT LEVEL
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PROGRESSION TO COLLAPSE UNDER LATERAL
SEQUENCE OF HINGE FORMATION AND
(i) INITIAL CONDITION
(ii) V=0.26W
(iv) V=0.33W (iii) V=0.319W
(v) V=0.35W
(vi) V=0.50W (COLLAPSE)
AS-BUILT FRAME
PLASITC HINGE
LOADING
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MODELING OF FRAME WITH SELECTIVE
MOMENT RELEASE JOINTS
(a) AS-BUILT FRAME
(b) REVISED FRAME
MOMENT RELEASE (HINGE)
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PROGRESSION TO COLLAPSE UNDER LATERAL
SEQUENCE OF HINGE FORMATION AND
(i) INITIAL CONDITION
(ii) V=0.17W
(iv) V=0.24W (iii) V=0.19W
(v) V=0.28W
(vi) V=0.34W (COLLAPSE)
REVISED FRAME
PLASITC HINGE
LOADING
CONSTRUCTED MOMENT
RELEASE JOINT
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Impact of Hinge Insertion on Lateral Force
Capacity and Horizontal Displacement of the
Two Frames

Frame without hinges
Lateral force = 0.50 W
Lateral horizontal displacement = 0.68 (17 mm)

Frame with Hinges
Lateral force = 0.34 W
Horizontal displacement = 1.50 (38 mm)


w = total gravity load

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COLUMN-SLAB RELEASE
SLAB
TIES
COLUMN
CENTRAL DOWEL
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Hinge Implementation at Column
Top Using a Central Dowel
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Column with central dowel and punching shear
reinforcement
Upper column reinforcement is placed on top
of slab
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Parking structure at San Jose International Airport
Neoprene pads used for moment release at selected
column beam connections. Three central dowels
provided shear connection
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Muchas Gracias.
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