1

2
3
Introduction to Trig
Identities
Trig Identities Word
Problem: Part 1
Trig Identities Word
Problem: Part 2
4
In triangle ABC, if angle A is placed at the origin

sin A = opp / hyp = a / c
cos A = adj / hyp = b / c

sin
2
A + cos
2
A
= (a/c)
2
+ ( b/c)
2

=


2
2
2
2
c
b
c
a

2
2 2
c
b a

A
C
B
b
c
a
In any right angled
triangle : a
2
+ b
2
= c
2

Pythagoras!.
2
2
c
c
= 1
5

cos
sin
A
C
B
b
c
a
RHS = =
=
b
a
= tan

6
x
x
x
x
sin
cos
cos 1
sin

x
x
x
x
sin
cos
cos 1
sin

) cos 1 ( sin
cos cos sin
2 2
x x
x x x

) cos 1 ( sin
cos 1
x x
x

x sin
1

Adding fractions
common denominator.
Proving Trig Identities 1 Proving Trig Identities 2
7
(1 sin
2

)(1+ tan
2

)( 1 +

= (1 sin
2

)(

2
2 2
cos
sin cos
= (cos
2

)( )

2
cos
1

)
= (1 sin
2
= 1
8
Quadrants of the Cartesian Plane
9
It is IMPORTANT to memorize the CAST diagram,
as we can then determine the sign of the function:
sinx: + Q1 & Q2
- Q3 & Q4
cosx: + Q1 & Q4
- Q2 & Q3
tanx: + Q1 & Q3
- Q2 & Q4

CAST Diagram
Quadrants of the
Cartesian Plane
10

P(a;b)
P`(-a;b)
O
180
0
-
P` is the reflection of P
about the y axis (Q 2)
sin = b / r
sin(180
0
- ) = b/r
= sin
cos = a / r
cos (180
0
- ) = - a/r
= - cos
r = radius
tan = b / a
tan (180
0
- ) = b/-a
= - tan
11

P(a;b)
O
180
0
+
P` is the reflection of P
about the origin (Q 3)
sin = b / r
sin(180
0
+ ) = -b/r
= - sin
cos = a / r
cos (180
0
+ ) = - a/r
= - cos
r = radius
tan = b / a
tan (180
0
+ ) = -b/-a
= tan
P`(-a;-b)
12

P(a;b)
O
360
0
-
P` is the reflection of P
about the x-axis (Q 4)
sin = b / r
sin(360
0
) = -b/r
= - sin
cos = a / r
cos (360
0
) = a/r
= cos
r = radius
tan = b / a
tan (360
0
) = -b/a
= - tan
P`(a;-b)
13

P(a;b)
O
360
0
+
360 + is a full rotation
and an acute angle (Q 4)
sin = b / r
sin(360
0
+ ) = b/r
= sin
cos = a / r
cos (360
0
+ ) = a/r
= cos
r = radius
tan = b / a
tan (360
0
+ ) = b/a
= tan
P`(a;-b)
14
15
16
17
3
2
30
0

1
60
0

1
45
0

1
MEMORIZE THEM!
Quiz: 60 Special Triangle
Quiz: 30 Special Triangle
Quiz: 45 Special Triangle
18
19
20
21
A
C
B
From As point of view,
AC is adjacent
cos A = b / c
c
b
a
From Bs point of view,
AC is opposite
sin B = b / c
adj
22
A
C
B
cos A = b / c = sin B
c
b
a
but sin B = b / c
As C = 90
0
and so A + B = 90
0

B = 90
0
- A
sin B = sin ( 90
0
A )
sin ( 90
0
A ) = b / c
= cos A 23
In the same way it can be shown that
cos( 90
0
A ) = sin A
A
C
B
c
b
a
cos ( 90
o
A )
= cos B
= a/c
= sin A
24

cos A = b / r

sin ( 90
0
+ A )
= b/r

sin ( 90
0
+ A ) = cos A

A
C
B
C
B(a;b)
A(-a;b)
a
b
-a
b
90
0
+A
25
sin ( 90
0
A ) = cos A
sin ( 90
0
+ A ) = cos A

cos ( 90
0
A ) = sin A
cos ( 90
0
+ A ) = - sin A

90
0
: Change name to its co function
26
A
A A
sin
cos ). (tan
2

) 90 cos(
sin 1 ). 180 tan(
0
2 0
A
A A

A A
A A
sin . cos
cos . sin

= 1
Use reductions
sin
2
A + cos
2
A =1
Dont forget
co-functions!
Simplifying Trig Expressions
27
28
29
Negative Angles
O
r = radius
In normal reductions, is always
rotated in an anti-clockwise direction.

BUT

When working with
negative angles,
is rotated in a
clock-wise direction.
30
O
r = radius
is acute => - lies in the 4
th
quadrant


sin (- ) = - sin

cos (- ) = cos

tan (- ) = - tan


31
32
33
34

Visualising the solution of y=sinx when y = 0.5

35

Solving an equation
using the y = sinx graph
36
37

38

39

Trinomial Trig Equation

40
41
42
43
44
45
46
In ABD, sin B = AD / AB
AD = AB . sin B

In CAD, sin C= AD / AC
AD = AC . sin C

A
B C
D
b
a
c
AC . sin C = AD = AB . sin B
ie b sin C = c sin B
or b / sin B = c / sin C
Sine Rule
Proof
47
Note: You need
2 sides and 2 angles!
A
C B

Identifying the angles & lengths for the Sine rule

C
c
B
b
A
a
sin sin sin

or
c
C
b
B
a
A sin sin sin

48
If ABC has a = 45, B = 36
0
and A =
65
0,
determine the length of side b.
A
a
B
b
sin sin

0 0
65 sin
45
36 sin

b
B
b= ?
a=45
A
C
36
0

65
0

65 sin
36 sin 45
b
b = 29.18 (to 2 dp)
Sine Rule Finding a length
49
If ABC has a = 45m, b = 26m and A = 65
0,
determine the magnitude of B
a
A
b
B sin sin

45
65 sin
26
sin

B
ie
B
b= 26m
a=45
A
C
?
65
0

45
65 sin . 26
sin B
= 0.5236..
Key = 31.58
0
: Q 1 or 2
B = 31.58
0
1 solution: Opp smaller side
Sine Rule Finding an angle
50
If ABC has a = 45m, b = 66m and A = 36
0,
determine the magnitude of B
a
A
b
B sin sin

45
36 sin
66
sin

B
ie
B
b= 66m
a=45
A
C
?
36
0

45
36 sin . 66
sin B
= 0.862
Key = 59.55
0
: Q 1 or 2
B = 59.55
0
or 120.45
0
2 solutions: Opp larger side
Practicing the Sine Rule
51
52
When to use the cosine rule:
Given 2 sides and an included angle and
need to find a side
OR
Given 3 sides and need to find an angle
a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
- 2bc cos A

53

54
In ACD,
cos A = AD / AC
= x / b
x = b cos A

AC
2
= AD
2
+ DC
2
b
2
= x
2
+ h
2



C
A
B
D
a
c
b
In DBC CB
2
= CD
2
+BD
2

a
2
= h
2
+ (c x)
2

a
2
= h
2
+ c
2
- 2cx + x
2


h
x
c-x
55
x = b cos A
b
2
= x
2
+ h
2



C
A B
D
a
c
b
a
2
= h
2
+ c
2
- 2cx + x
2


h
x
c-x
= x
2
+ h
2
+ c
2
2cx
= b
2
+ c
2
2c ( b cosA )
= b
2
+ c
2
- 2bc cos A



Cosine Rule Proof
56
Find a:
C
B
a=?
b=20cm
c=16cm
A
a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
2bc cos A
= (20)
2
+(16)
2
2(20)(16) cos 56
0

= 298.116
a = 17.266..
= 17.27 cm

56
0
Remember to find
the square root
Cos Rule Light House
Cos Rule - Finding a length
57
Determine the size of C.

Cos C =


=

= - 0.2

C = 180
0
78.46
0

= 101.54
0

ab
c b a
2
2 2 2

) 4 ).( 5 .( 2
) 7 ( ) 4 ( ) 5 (
2 2 2

C
B
b=4cm
c=7cm
A
56
0
Key = 78.46
Quad = 2 & 3
Cos Rule
Finding an angle
58
59
In ADC, sin C = AD/AC
AC. sin C = AD

But
Area of ABC = base x ht
= BC . AD
= BC . AC. sin C
= a b sin C


A
B C
D
b
a
c
60
Area of ABC = a b sin C


A
B C
b
c
61
In PQR, PQ = 6, QR = 10 and PQR = 75
0
.
Determine the area of PQR
P
Q
R
p=10
r =6
75
0
Area PQR = p.r.sinQ
= 10.6.sin75
0

= 28.98 ( to 2 dp)
Area Rule
62
The area of XYZ is 158cm
2
. If x = 45 cm and
y = 69 cm determine the magnitude of Z.
X
Z
Y
y=69
?
Area XYZ = x.y.sinZ
158 = 45. 69 sin Z
sin Z = (2. 158) / (45.69)
= 0,10177
Key = 5.8
0
: Quad = 1 or 2
Z = 5.8
0
or 180 5.8
0

= 5.8
0
or 174.2
0

63

M is the point on the side PN of triangle KPN.
PM = 7, MN = 5, KM = 8 and KN = 7 units.
Calculate:-
1. KNM 2. KMN 3. Area triangle KMP
K
P
M N
7
5
7
8
64
1. KNM: In KMN

cos N =
km
n m k
2
2 2 2

) 7 )( 5 ( 2
) 8 ( ) 7 ( ) 5 (
2 2 2

K
P
M N
7
5
7
8
= 0.14285
Key = 81.7867.. : Quads are 1 & 4
= 81.79
0

N
65
2. KMN: In KMN


n
N
m
M sin sin

8
79 . 81 sin . 7
sin
0
M
K
P
M N
7
5
7
8
Key = 60 : Quads are 1 & 2
= 60
0


M
8
79 . 81 sin
7
sin
0

M
= 0.866
66
3. Area KMP: In KMP


K
P
M N
7
5
7
8
Area KMP = k.p . sin M
= 24.2487.
= (7).(8) sin 120
0

= 24.25
KMP = 180
0
60
0

= 120
0
adj s on str line
Practicing the Cos Rule
67
Recap: Calculate the length of
string needed to hang the mirror
68
AC is the diameter of circle ACD.
DC is produced to B and AB is drawn.
AB = 8 units; B = 30
0
and BC = 5 units.
1. Prove that AC = 4,44 units ( rounded off to 2dp)
2. Calculate, correct to 1 decimal place :
2.1 A
1

2.2 C
2

2.3 AD
B 30
0

D
A
8
5
C
1
2
2
1
69
AC
2
= BA
2
+ BC
2
2. BA. BC. Cos B

= 8
2
+ 5
2
- 2. 5. 8. cos 30

= 19,717

AC = 4,44
B 30
0

D
A
8
5
C
1
2
2
1
Finding AC:
In ABC
70
sinA =
44 , 4
30 sin . 5
= 0,563

A
1
= 34,27

= 34,3
0

B 30
0

D
A
8
5
C
1
2
2
1
Find A
1
and AC = 4,44
B
A
5
C
4.44
1
30
0

Which triangle will we use?
71
In ABC
A
1
= 34.3
0

C
2
= B + A
1
= 30
0
+ 34.3
0
= 64,3
0
111
Find C
2

B 30
0

D
A
8
5
C
1
2
2
1
34.3
ext = sum of interior opposite s
72
Sin C
2
= AD / AC
Sin 64,3 = AD / 4.44
AD = 4,44 sin 64,3
= 4
Find AD
In ACD:
D = 90
0

B 30
0

D
A
8
5
C
1
2
2
1
subtended by
diameter
90
0

64.3
0
and C
2
= 64.3
0

AC = 4.44
4.44
Basic trig ratio as this is a
right angled triangle
73