5.

FUNCTIONS
Trig Graphs:
~ Recap
~ Amplitude changes
~ Period changes
~ Horizontal shifts
~ Straight Lines
~ Parabolas
~ Hyperbolas
~ Exponential Graphs
~ Average Gradient
1
y = a x + q

a is the gradient
q is the y - intercept
Investigating a and q of Straight Line Graphs
STRAIGHT LINES
2
Finding the Equation of a
Straight Line Graph
Example
Find the equation of this straight line graph.
Practice Finding Equations of
Straight Line Graphs
3
Example
Find the equation of this straight line graph.
y = 4x 8
4
q = -3 so the
y - intercept is 3
x intercept (y=0)
0 = -3x 3
3x = -3
x = -1
Sketching Straight Line
Graphs
Example
Sketch the graph of y = -3x 3.
Straight Line Graphs Problems
5
Standard form: y = ax
2
+ bx + c

a: a > 0: arms go up (smile)
a < 0: arms go down (frown)

b: b > 0: graph shifts to the left
b < 0: graph shifts to the right

c: c > 0: positive y-intercept
c < 0: negative y-intercept


Effects of a, b & c of Standard form of a Parabola
Investigating
the effects of b
in a Parabola
Finding the
roots and vertex
of a parabola
PARABOLAS
6
y-intercept: read off std. form
c = 2
x-intercepts: y = 0
y = 2x + 5x + 2
0 = (2x + 1) (x + 2)
x = - or x = - 2
Turning Point: Use formula
Example
Sketch the graph of y = 2x + 5x + 2
7
Sketch: y = 2x + 5x + 2
(Turning-point formula)

8
y = a(x root
1
)(x root
2
)

y = a(x (-3))(x 8)
y = a(x + 3)(x 8)
Subst. pt: y-int (0;-24)
y = a(x + 3)(x 8)
-24 = a(0 + 3)(0 8)
-24 = -24a
1 = a
Example
Find the equation of the parabola.
(Given x-intercepts and 1 other point)
9
Found
y = a(x + 3)(x 8)
a = 1
Find the equation
Equation in Std. Form:
y = a(x + 3)(x 8)
y = 1(x + 3)(x 8)
y = x - 5x - 24
Finding the Equation of
a Parabola
10
a: a > 0: arms go up (smile)
a < 0: arms go down (frown)

(-p;q) is the co-ordinate of the Turning Point
p: p > 0: graph shifts to the left
p < 0: graph shifts to the right

q: q > 0: graph shifts up
q < 0: graph shifts down

PARABOLAS

Turning - point form: y = a(x + p)
2
+ q
Effects of p of the
Turning Point form
of a Parabola
11
y-intercept: x = 0
y = 2(0 1)
2
18
y = - 8
x-intercepts: y = 0
y = 2(x 1)
2
18
0 = 2(x - 2x + 1) 18
0 = 2x - 4x + 2 18
0 = 2x - 4x 16
0 = x - 2x 8
0 = (x - 4)(x + 2)
x = 4 or x = - 2
Example
Sketch the graph of y = 2(x 1)
2
18
TP (-p; q)
TP [-(-1); -18]
TP (1;-18)
12
Subst. pt: y-int (0;-3)
y = a(x + 1) - 2
-3 = a(0 + 1) - 2
-3 = a - 2
-1 = a
Example
Find the equation of the parabola.
(Given the turning-point and 1 other point)
13
Found
y = a(x + 1) - 2
a = -1
Equation in Std. form:
y = a(x + 1) - 2
y = -1(x + 1) - 2
y = -x - 2x - 3
Finding the Turning Point
Formula of a Parabola
Find the equation
14
* Reflect in the x-axis: every y swops signs
y = x
2
+ 8x 2
y = x
2
8x + 2
* Reflect in the y-axis: every x swops signs
y = ( x)
2
+ 8( x) 2
y = x
2
8x - 2
* Reflect in the line y = x: swop x and y
x = y
2
+ 8y 2

Reflecting Lines Reflecting Parabolas
REFLECTING PARABOLAS
Example: y = x
2
+ 8x 2
15
Parabolic Mirrors
Parabolas in the Real World
Graphical Representation of a Projectile
Revision: Graphs
Match the Equation to the Parabola
Higher-Order Functions Problems (start 1:35 - end 5:45)
Parabola Roots Problems
16
1)
What are the equations of the asymptotes for
1) Vertical asymptote: x = 0
Horizontal asymptote: y = -1
2) Vertical asymptote: x = 0
Horizontal asymptote: y = 4
1
2

x
y
2) 4
2

x
y

Sketch the following graphs and write down
the equation of the asymptotes:
HYPERBOLAS
17
- a determines the quadrants
a > 0 => Q 1 & 3
a < 0 => Q 2 & 4

- q determines the horizontal asymptote
i.e. vertical translation OR up/down shifts
q > 0 => graph shifted up
q < 0 => graph shifted down

Standard form of a Hyperbola:
18
- p determines the vertical asymptote
i.e. horizontal translation OR left/right shifts
p > 0 => graph shifted left
p < 0 => graph shifted right



Standard form of a Hyperbola:
19
- a (quadrants):
Q 1 & 3
- q (horizontal asymptote):
y = 4
- p (vertical asymptote):
p<0 so graph shifted to the right
x = 3
Example:
Sketch the graph of:
Now, what about the x- and y-intercepts?
4
3
3

x
y
20
y intercept (x=0):
4
3 0
3

y
4
3
3

3
x intercept (y=0):
4
3
3
0

x
3
3
4

x
3 ) 3 ( 4 x
3 12 4 x
25 , 2 x
9 4 x
21
4
3
3

x
y
Sketching
Hyperbolas
22
- a (quadrants):
Q 2 & 4
- q (horizontal asymptote):
y = -4
- p (vertical asymptote):
p>0 so graph shifted to the left
x = -3
Example:
Sketch the graph of:
Now, what about the x- and y-intercepts?
4
3
2

x
y
23
y intercept (x=0): x intercept (y=0):
4
3 0
2

y
4
3
2

67 , 4
4
3
2
0

x
3
2
4

x
2 ) 3 ( 4 x
2 12 4 x
14 4 x
5 , 3 x
24
4
3
2

x
y
25
Example:
Find the equation of the following graph:
26
Substitute in the asymptotes
5
5

x
a
y
Substitute a point that lies on the graph
Subst: (6;0)
5
5 6
0

a
1
5
a

a 5
5
5
5

x
y
The Hyperbola
27

Sketch the following graphs and write down
the equation of the asymptote:
RECAP! y = a.b
x
+ q

EXPONENTIAL GRAPHS
1) y = 5
x
2) y = 5
x
+ 2

3) y =
x
- 2
What is the equation of the asymptote for
1) y = 0 (i.e. x-axis)
2) y = 2
3) y = -2 Cell Division
28
How will it differ from y = 3
x
?

What are the intercepts?

What is the equation of the asymptote ?
Example:
Sketch the graph of: y = - (3)
x

29
y = - (3)
x

y = 3
x

30
- q is the horizontal asymptote
i.e. represents a vertical shift (up/down shift)
q > 0 => graph shifted up
q < 0 => graph shifted down

- p represents a horizontal shift (left/right shift)
p > 0 => graph shifted left
p < 0 => graph shifted right

Standard form of an Exponential:
31
- b determines the shape of the graph
b > 0 => increasing function
0 < b < 0 (a fraction) => decreasing function

- a determines where the graph lies
a > 0 => graph lies above the x-axis
a < 0 => graph lies below the x-axis


Standard form of an Exponential:
Investigating the Exponential Graph
32
Asymptote:
y = 1
(no x-intercept)

y-intercept:
y = 5.5
0
+ 1
= 5.1 + 1
= 6
Example:
Sketch the graph of: y = 5.5
x
+ 1
33
Asymptote:
y = - 3
(no x-intercept)

y-intercept:
y = -3.3
-0
3
= -3.1 -3
= 6
Example:
Sketch the graph of: y = -3.3
-x
- 3
34
Asymptote:
y = - 2
(no y-intercept)
x-intercept:
0 = 4.2
x+1
- 2
2 = 4.2
x+1

= 2
x+1
2
-1
= 2
x+1

-1 = x + 1
x = -2

Example:
Sketch the graph of: y = 4.2
x+1
- 2
35
36
Finding the Equations
of Exponential Graphs
Summary of Exponential Transformations
37
Exponential Function in Life
Exponential Growth
Exponential growth of a bacterial culture
Exponential decay of radioactive material
Exponential Decay
38
AVERAGE GRADIENT
x
y

A(x
2
;y
2
)
B(x
1
;y
1
)
1 2
1 2
x x
y y

y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
39
Example
Calculate the gradient of AB.
D(5;8)
E(-4;-1)
Calculating the Gradient
40
Example:
Find the average gradient between x = 1 and
x = 2, given y = x
2
.
41
When x = 1, y = 1 therefore f(1) = 1.
When x = 2, y = 4 therefore f(2) = 4
42

m
x
y

1 2
1 2
) ( ) (
x x
x f x f

1 2
) 1 ( ) 2 (

f f
1 2
1 4

= 3
f(x) = x
2

f(2)=4
f(1)=1
43
Average grad between x = 1 and x = 2 is 3
NB The gradient of a straight line is a constant
44
In general
x
y

f(x
1
)
x
1

f(x
2
)
x
2

Grad =
1 2
1 2
) ( ) (
x x
x f x f

Average Gradient to Gradient at a Point

45
TRIG GRAPHS: RECAP
Lets investigate this change by plotting
the graph of y = sin 2x
46
y = sin x
Domain: x [0
0
;360
0
]
Range: - 1 y 1
Period: 360
0

Amplitude: 1
The Sin Graph
47
Domain: 0
0
x 360
0

Range: y [- 1; 1]
Period: 360
0

Amplitude: 1
The Cos Graph
y = cos x
48
y = tan x
49
The graph of y = tan x does not go through
x = 90
0
or x = 270
0

These lines i.e. x = 90
0
and x = 270
0

are called asymptotes.

y = tan x is undefined at these points.
The Tan Graph
Take note!
Trig Graphs and the Unit Circle
50
The key characteristics of each trig graph:

y = sinx . starts at (0; 0); wave curve

y = cosx . starts at (0; 1); bell curve

y = tanx . starts at (0; 0); escalator curve
asymptotes at 90 and 270

Sketches of Trig Graphs between 1080

Summary of Trig Graphs
51
TRIG GRAPHS:
AMPLITUDE CHANGES
Lets investigate this change by plotting
the graph of y = 2 sinx
52
x 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
y = sin x 0 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 0.5 0
y = 2 sin x
210 240 270 300 330 360
-0.5 -0.87 -1 -0.87 -0.5 0

Use your calculator to determine y
53
x 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
y = sin x 0 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 0.5 0
y = 2 sin x 0 1 1.73 2 1.73 1 0
210 240 270 300 330 360
-0.5 -0.87 -1 -0.87 -0.5 0
-1 -1.73 -2 -1.73 -1 0
Values of y = 2 sinx are
Now plot the graph of y = 2 sinx for x [ 0
0
; 360
0
]
54
Domain: 0
0
x 360
0

Range: y [- 2; 2]
Period: 360
0

Amplitude: 2
y = 2 sinx
Amplitude changes to y=asinx
55
y = cos x
y = 2 cos x
Amplitude:
2

Period:
360
0


Domain:
0
0
x 360
0


Range:
y [- 2; 2]
Example:
Sketch the graph of y = 2 cosx and write down
the amplitude, period, domain and range.
56
Amplitude:


Period:
180
0


Domain:
0
0
x 360
0


Range:
y R
Example:
Sketch the graph of y = tanx and write down
the amplitude, period, domain and range.
y = tan x
y = tan x
Summary: Amplitude changes in trig graphs
57
TRIG GRAPHS:
PERIOD CHANGES
Lets investigate this change by plotting
the graph of y = sin 2x
58
Use your calculator to determine y
x 0
0
15
0
30
0
45
0
60
0
75
0
90
0

2 x 0
0
30
0
60
0

y = sin 2x 0 0.5
105
0
120
0
135
0
150
0
165
0
180
0

59
x 0
0
15
0
30
0
45
0
60
0
75
0
90
0

2 x 0
0
30
0
60
0
90
0
120
0
150
0
180
0

y = sin 2x 0 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 0.5 0
105
0
120
0
135
0
150
0
165
0
180
0

210
0
240
0
270
0
300
0
330
0
360
0

-0.5 -0.87 -1 -0.87 -0.5 0
Values of y = sin 2x are
Now plot the graph of y = sin 2x for x [ 0
0
; 360
0
]
60
Amplitude: 1 Domain: 0
0
x 360
0
Period: 180
0


Range: y [- 1; 1]
Graph of y = sin 2x
61
Lets compare
y = sin x y = sin 2x
y = sin 2x means there are 2 sin graphs with 360
0
62
What is its period?
Investigating the effects of k in y = sinkx
Example:
Sketch the graph of y = sin 4x
90
y = sin x
y = sin 4x
63
x 0
0
90
0
180
0
270
0
360
0
y = cos 2x
y = cos 3x
Example:
Use the table below to sketch the graphs of:
y = cos x y = cos 2x y = cos 3x
64
Example:
Sketch the graph of y = tan 2x for x [ 0 ; 360
0
]
and state the period of the graph.
Period = 90
Summary: Period changes in trig graphs
65
TRIG GRAPHS:
VERTICAL CHANGES
Recap: Vertical translations
66
TRIG GRAPHS:
HORIZONTAL CHANGES
Lets investigate this change by plotting
the graph of y = sin (x + 30)
67
x 0
0
30
0
60
0
90
0
120
0
150
0
180
0

x + 30
0
30
0

y=sin(x+30) 0.5
210
0
240
0
270
0
300
0
330
0
360
0

240
0

-0.87
Use your calculator to determine y
68
x 0
0
30
0
60
0
90
0
120
0
150
0
180
0

x + 30
0
30
0
60
0
90
0
120
0
150
0
180
0
210
0

y=sin(x+30) 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 0.5 0 -0.5
210
0
240
0
270
0
300
0
330
0
360
0

240
0
270
0
300
0
330
0
360
0
390
0

-0.87 -1 -0.87 -0.5 0 0.5
Values of y = sin (x + 30) are
Now plot the graph of y = sin (x+30) for x [-30
0
; 360
0
]
69
Amplitude: 1 Domain: 0
0
x 360
0
Period: 360
0


Range: y [- 1; 1]
Graph of y = sin(x + 30)
y=sin(x+30
0
)
y = sin x
70
Example:
Sketch y = sin(x 30
0
) for x [ 0 ; 400
0
]
Graph of y = a sin b (x p) Shifting trig graphs horizontally 71
Example:
Sketch y = cos(x 30
0
) for x [ 0 ; 400
0
]
y = cos x
y = cos (x-30)
Trig graphs: Period changes and Horizontal Shifts
72
Example:
Sketch y = tan (x + 10
0
) for x [ 0 ; 360
0
]
73
Summary of Sketching Trig Graphs:
y = a sin/cos/tan (kx + p) + q
a = amplitude changes
k = period changes
p = horizontal shifts
q = vertical shifts
Graph of y = asinkx + q
Graph of y = acoskx + q
Revision: Sin & Cos Graphs 74
Determining the Equation of Trig Graphs
y = a sin/cos/tan (kx + p) + q
1. Determine the resting position of the
graph => this allows us to determine a
i.e. the height amplitude of the graph

2. Determine q => how far up/down the
graph has shifted i.e. the vertical shift
75
3. Determine p => by how many degrees
has the graph shifted left or right from
its usual starting position i.e. the
horizontal shift of the graph

4. Determine k => how many complete
graphs within the normal 360 / 180
i.e. the period of the graph

Finding the
Equation of a
y=sinx Graph
Match the Sin or
Cos Graph with
its Equation
76