PROJECT REPORT

On
NTPC , Dadri:
CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION
&
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
SUBMITTED by: UNDER GUIDANCE OF:
Kshitij Bhardwaj (11!"#1$%& A'K'(ra)adi*
B'T+,h ECE "
th
S+)' AGM(-R&
STUDENT NO':11#1#"


TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Certificate
Ackn!"ed#e$ent

INTRODUCTION
NT(C COM(AN. (ROFI/E
STATION AT A G/ANCE
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SATE//ITE COMMUNICATION O8ER8IE9
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8ER. SMA// A(ERTURE TERMINA/
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NT(C NET9ORK TODA.
CONC/USION
AJA% &UMAR 'AR' EN'INEERIN' COLLE'E
!"KM STONE<AD-.ATMIK NAGAR
G-A=IABAD>?!1@
TRAININ' CERTIFICATE
This is t1 ,+rti2y that Mr' KS-ITIA B-ARAD9AA SB S-RI 8IRENDRA KUMAR S-ARMA
st6d+4t 12 AAA. KUMAR GARG ENGINEERING CO//EGE Bt+,h #
rd
yr ECE bra4,h has 64d+r 314+
I4d6stria7 trai4i43 14 th+ t1:i, CONTRO/ AND INSTRUMENTATION AND SATE//ITE
COMMUNICATION 2r1) !CBCB!1D t1 !1B"B!1D'

G:' Ca:t'(R+td&('K'Ch1:ra 8SM G:' Ca:t'(R+td&('K'Ch1:ra 8SM
HOD- ECE Prof. & HOD T&P


NATIONAL T&ERMAL PO(ER CORPORATION
COMPAN) PROFILE
*+, O-er-ie! f Or#ani.atin
I4diaEs 7ar3+st :1w+r ,1):a4y< NT(C was s+t 6: i4 1@"$ t1 a,,+7+rat+ :1w+r d+0+71:)+4t i4 I4dia' NT(C is
+)+r3i43 as a di0+rsi2i+d :1w+r )aj1r with :r+s+4,+ i4 th+ +4tir+ 0a76+ ,hai4 12 th+ :1w+r 3+4+rati14 b6si4+ss'
A:art 2r1) :1w+r 3+4+rati14< whi,h is th+ )ai4stay 12 th+ ,1):a4y< NT(C has a7r+ady 0+4t6r+d i4t1
,14s67ta4,y< :1w+r tradi43< ash 6ti7i5ati14 a4d ,1a7 )i4i43' NT(C ra4*+d #1"th i4 th+ F!@< F1rb+s G71ba7
!E ra4*i43 12 th+ 91r7dEs bi33+st ,1):a4i+s'
Th+ t1ta7 i4sta77+d ,a:a,ity 12 th+ ,1):a4y is #1<"D M9 (i4,76di43 A8s& with 1$ ,1a7 bas+d a4d " 3as bas+d
stati14s< 71,at+d a,r1ss th+ ,164try' I4 additi14 64d+r A8s< # stati14s ar+ ,1a7 bas+d G a41th+r stati14 6s+s
4a:hthaB/NG as 26+7' By !1"< th+ :1w+r 3+4+rati14 :1rt217i1 is +H:+,t+d t1 ha0+ a di0+rsi2i+d 26+7 )iH with
,1a7 bas+d ,a:a,ity 12 ar164d $# M9< 1 M9 thr163h 3as< @ M9 thr163h -ydr1 3+4+rati14< ab16t
! M9 2r1) 46,7+ar s16r,+s a4d ar164d 1 M9 2r1) R+4+wab7+ E4+r3y S16r,+s (RES&' NT(C has
ad1:t+d a )67ti?:r143+d 3r1wth strat+3y whi,h i4,76d+s ,a:a,ity additi14 thr163h 3r++4 2i+7d :r1j+,ts<
+H:a4si14 12 +Histi43 stati14s< j1i4t 0+4t6r+s< s6bsidiari+s a4d ta*+10+r 12 stati14s'
NT(C has b++4 1:+rati43 its :7a4ts at hi3h +22i,i+4,y 7+0+7s' A7th163h th+ ,1):a4y has 1%'1I 12 th+ t1ta7
4ati14a7 ,a:a,ity it ,14trib6t+s !%'CI 12 t1ta7 :1w+r 3+4+rati14 d6+ t1 its 21,6s 14 hi3h +22i,i+4,y'
I4 O,t1b+r !D< NT(C 7a64,h+d its I4itia7 (6b7i, O22+ri43 (I(O& ,14sisti43 12 $'!$I as 2r+sh iss6+ a4d $'!$I
as 122+r 21r sa7+ by G10+r4)+4t 12 I4dia' NT(C th6s b+,a)+ a 7ist+d ,1):a4y i4 N10+)b+r !D with th+
310+r4)+4t h17di43 %@'$I 12 th+ +;6ity shar+ ,a:ita7' Th+ r+st is h+7d by I4stit6ti14a7 I40+st1rs a4d th+ (6b7i,'
Th+ iss6+ was a r+s164di43 s6,,+ss' NT(C is a)143 th+ 7ar3+st 2i0+ ,1):a4i+s i4 I4dia i4 t+r)s 12 )ar*+t
,a:ita7i5ati14'
At NT(C< People before Plant Load Factor is th+ )a4tra that 36id+s a77 -R r+7at+d :17i,i+s' NT(C has b++4
award+d N1'1< B+st 91r*:7a,+ i4 I4dia a)143 7ar3+ 1r3a4i5ati14s a4d th+ b+st (SU 21r th+ y+ar !@< by th+
Gr+at (7a,+s t1 91r* I4stit6t+< I4dia Cha:t+r i4 ,177ab1rati14 with Th+ E,141)i, Ti)+s'
NT(C has i4t+3rat+d I421r)ati14 T+,h41713y as a strat+3i, t117 i4 its )a4a3+)+4t syst+)s a4d a7i34+d
B6si4+ss G (r1,+ss bas+d 14 E4t+r:ris+ R+s16r,+ :7a44i43 6si43 SA( AG (r1d6,t'
Ser-ice/ c-ered inc"0de t1e f""!in#:
1& NT(C /td has )a4dat+d G+r)a4 b6si4+ss s12twar+ )aj1r SA( s+7+,ti43 its +4tir+ )1d67+ a4d has
:i14++r+d as 2irst 1r3a4i5ati14 i4 th+ ,164try t1 i):7+)+4t a77 )1d67+s' ER( s12twar+ :a,*a3+ that has
h+7:+d NT(C i4 21r b+tt+r ,14tr17 10+r a h1st 12 b6si4+ss a,ti0iti+s s6,h as :r1d6,ti14< sa7+s< Mat+ria7
)a4a3+)+4t< C1di2i,ati14 12 It+)s< (7a4t G O:+rati14 Ma4a3+)+4t< C6st1)+r R+7ati14 Ma4a3+)+4t <
C?F17d+r 21r r+,+i0i43 drawi43s< I4s:+,ti14 )a4a3+)+4t< +?(r1,6r+)+4t< K41w7+d3+ :1rta7< +t,' a,r1ss
th+ 1r3a4i5ati14a7 str6,t6r+'
!& Ma4a3+)+4t I421r)ati14 Syst+)s
#& Sat+77it+ C1))64i,ati14 ,a:ti0+ 4+tw1r* 12 NT(C +stab7ish+d si4,+ 1@%@ hiri43 1B! Tra4s:14d+rs 14
INSAT s+ri+s 12 Sat+77it+s'
D& R+0i+w+d IT i42rastr6,t6r+ 21r N+tw1r* Str+43th+4i43 i4 0i+w 12 ER(< 8id+1?C142+r+4,i43< a4d 1th+r
a::7i,ati14s with r+tai4i43 ,14s67ta4ts 2r1) IIT?D '
$& Estab7ish+d M67ti (r1t1,17 /ab+7 Swit,hi43 (M(/S& N+tw1r* with BSN/Js Ba,*b14+ 21r 9id+ ar+a
N+tw1r* ,144+,ti0ity' I( :a,*+ts t1 tra0+7 thr163h 9AN 4+tw1r*s as w+77 as t1 +as+ th+ r16t+rsJ
10+rh+ad by si):7i2yi43 r16ti43 tab7+s'
VISI O N
Cor p orate v isi o n : - A world class integrated power major, powering ndia!s
growt" wit" increasing glo#al presence.$
Mi s s io n %-De&elop and pro&ide relia#le power related prod'cts and ser&ices at
competiti&e prices, integrating m'ltiple energ( reso'rces wit" inno&ati&e & Eco-
friendl( tec"nologies and contri#'tion to t"e societ(.
Core V alu e s - BC O MIT
) *'siness et"ics
) C'stomer +oc's
) Organi,ational & Professional Pride
) -'t'al .espect & Tr'st
) nno&ation & /peed
) Total 0'alit( for E1cellence
Tec h n o lo g ic a l In i t iat i v e s
ntrod'ction of steam generators 2#oilers3 of t"e si,e of 455
-6
ntegrated 7asification Com#ined C(cle 27CC3 Tec"nolog(.
8a'nc" of Energ( Tec"nolog( Center -A new initiati&e for de&elopment of
tec"nologies wit" foc's on f'ndamental .&D.
T"e compan( sets aside 'p to 5.9: of t"e profits for
.&D. .oadmap de&eloped for adopting ;Clean
De&elopment.
-ec"anism< to "elp get = earn ;Certified Emission .ed'ction.
Cor p orate S o c ial R espon s ibil ity
As a responsi#le corporate citi,en >TPC "as ta?en 'p n'm#er of C/.
initiati&es. >TPC +o'ndation formed to address /ocial iss'es at national
le&el.
>TPC "as framed Corporate /ocial .esponsi#ilit( 7'idelines committing 'p to
5.9: of net profit ann'all( for Comm'nit( 6elfare -eas'res on perennial #asis.
T"e welfare of project affected persons and t"e local pop'lation aro'nd >TPC
projects are ta?en care of t"ro'g" well drawn .e"a#ilitation and .esettlement
policies.
T"e compan( "as also ta?en 'p distri#'ted generation for remote r'ral areas.
ENV IR ONMEN T ! "O! IC #
>TPC is committed to t"e en&ironment, generating power at minimal en&ironmental
cost and preser&ing t"e ecolog( in t"e &icinit( of t"e plants. >TPC "as 'nderta?en
massi&e a forestation in t"e &icinit( of its plants. Plantations "a&e increased forest area
and red'ced #arren land. T " e m ass i&e a fo re s ta t io n # ( > T P C in a nd a r o ' nd it s
. a m a g 'nda m P o wer s ta tion 2@ A 55 -6 3 "a &e c on t r i#' te d re d' ci n g t" e te m p er a t' r e in
t" e a re a s # ( a#o' t B C c . >TPC "as also ta?en proacti&e steps for as" 'tili,ation. n DEED,
it set 'p As" Ftili,ation Di&ision
A $Centre %or "o&er E%%iciency an' Environ(ent "rotection- CEN"EE$ "as #een
esta#lis"ed in >TPC wit" t"e assistance of Fnited /tates Agenc( for nternational
De&elopment- F/AD. CE>PEEP is eGicienc( oriented, eco-friendl( and eco-n'rt'ring
initiati&e - a s(m#ol of >TPC!s concern towards en&ironmental protection and contin'ed
commitment to s'staina#le power de&elopment in ndia.
As a responsi#le corporate citi,en, >TPC is ma?ing constant eGorts to impro&e t"e socio-
economic stat's of t"e people affected #( its projects. T"ro'g" its .e"a#ilitation and
.esettlement programmes, t"e compan( endea&ors to impro&e t"e o&erall socio
economic stat's Project AGected Persons.
>TPC was among t"e first P'#lic /ector Enterprises to enter into a -emorand'm of
Fnderstanding--OF wit" t"e 7o&ernment in DE4H-44. >TPC "as #een placed 'nder t"e
!E1cellent categor(! 2t"e #est categor(3 e&er( (ear since t"e -OF s(stem #ecame
operati&e.
Harmon( #etween man and en&ironment is t"e essence of "ealt"( life and growt".
T"erefore, maintenance of ecological #alance and a pristine en&ironment "as #een of
'tmost importance to >TPC. t "as #een ta?ing &ario's meas'res disc'ssed #elow for
mitigation of en&ironment poll'tion d'e to power generation.
NT"C is the secon' largest o&ner o% trees in the
country a%ter the )orest 'epart(ent*
En v iron( e nt "o lic y + E nvi r on( e nt Ma n ag e (e n t S y st e (
Dri&en #( its commitment for s'staina#le growt" of power, >TPC "as e&ol&ed a well
defined en&ironment management polic( and so'nd en&ironment practices for
minimi,ing en&ironmental impact arising o't of setting 'p of power plants and
preser&ing t"e nat'ral ecolog(.
N T"C En v iron( e n t " oli c y
As earl( as in >o&em#er DEE9, >TPC #ro'g"t o't a compre"ensi&e doc'ment entitled
I>TPC En&ironment Polic( and En&ironment -anagement /(stemI. Amongst t"e g'iding
principles adopted in t"e doc'ment are compan(!s proacti&e approac" to en&ironment,
optim'm 'tili,ation of eJ'ipment, adoption of latest tec"nologies and contin'al
en&ironment impro&ement. T"e polic( also en&isages eGicient 'tili,ation of reso'rces,
t"ere#( minimi,ing waste, ma1imi,ing as".
En v iron( e nt M a n age( e nt, O cc u pa t io n al - e alth an' S a % e ty
Sy s te( s :
>TPC "as acti&el( gone for adoption of #est international practices on en&ironment,
occ'pational "ealt" and safet( areas. T"e organi,ation "as p'rs'ed t"e En&ironmental
-anagement /(stem 2E-/3 /O DK55D and t"e Occ'pational Healt" and /afet(
Assessment /(stem OH/A/ D455D at its different esta#lis"ments. As a res'lt of p'rs'ing
t"ese practices, all >TPC power stations "a&e #een certified for /O DK55D & OH/A/
D455D #( rep'ted national and international Certif(ing Agencies.
" o ll u t ion C o nt r ol s y s te ( s:
6"ile deciding t"e appropriate tec"nolog( for its projects, >TPC integrates man(
en&ironmental pro&isions into t"e plant design. n order to ens're t"at >TPC compl( wit"
all t"e stip'lated en&ironment norms, &ario's state-of-t"e-art poll'tion control s(stems =
de&ices as disc'ssed #elow "a&e #een installed to control air and water poll'tion.
Electr o s t at ic "r e c ipi t a t ors:
T"e as" left #e"ind after com#'stion of coal is arrested in "ig" efficienc( Electrostatic
Precipitators 2E/P<s3 and partic'late emission is controlled well wit"in t"e stip'lated
norms. T"e as" collected in t"e E/P<s is disposed to As" Ponds in sl'rr( form.
) lue .as S tac / s:
Tall +l'e 7as /tac?s "a&e #een pro&ided for wide dispersion of t"e gaseo's emissions
2/OL, >OL etc3 into t"e atmosp"ere.
! o& -N O0 Burner s :
n gas #ased >TPC power stations, >O1 emissions are controlled #( pro&ision of 8ow-
>O1 *'rners 2dr( or wet t(pe3 and in coal fired stations, #( adopting #est com#'stion
practices.
N eutr a lis at ion " it s :
>e'tralisation pits "a&e #een pro&ided in t"e 6ater Treatment Plant 26TP3 for pH
correction of t"e eGl'ents #efore disc"arge into Effl'ent Treatment Plant 2ETP3 for f'rt"er
treatment and 'se.
Co a l Se t tl ing "i t s 1 Oil Se t tli n g " it s:
n t"ese Pits, coal d'st and oil are remo&ed from t"e eGl'ents emanating from t"e Coal
Handling Plant 2CHP3, coal (ard and +'el Oil Handling areas #efore disc"arge into ETP.
2 E + 2S S y ste ( s:
D'st E1traction 2DE3 and D'st /'ppression 2D/3 s(stems "a&e #een installed in all coal
fired power stations in >TPC to contain and e1tract t"e f'giti&e d'st released in t"e Coal
Handling Plant 2CHP3.
Co o ling T o&er s :
Cooling Towers "a&e #een pro&ided for cooling t"e "ot Condenser cooling water in
closed c(cle Condenser Cooling 6ater 2CC63 /(stems. T"is "elps in red'ction in
t"ermal poll'tion and conser&ation of fres" water.
sh 2y / es + sh 2 is p o s al syst e (s:
As" ponds "a&e #een pro&ided at all coal #ased stations e1cept Dadri w"ere Dr( As"
Disposal /(stem "as #een pro&ided. As" Ponds "a&e #een di&ided into lagoons and
pro&ided wit" garlanding arrangements for c"angeo&er of t"e as" sl'rr( feed points for
e&en filling of t"e pond and for eGecti&e settlement of t"e as" particles.
As" in sl'rr( form is disc"arged into t"e lagoons w"ere as" particles get settled from t"e
sl'rr( and clear eGl'ent water is disc"arged from t"e as" pond. T"e disc"arged eGl'ents
conform to standards specified #( CPC* and t"e same is reg'larl( monitored.
At its Dadri Power /tation, >TPC "as set 'p a 'niJ'e s(stem for dr( as" collection and
disposal facilit( wit" As" -o'nd formation. T"is "as #een en&isaged for t"e first time
in Asia w"ic" "as res'lted in progressi&e de&elopment of green #elt #esides far less
reJ'irement of land and less water reJ'irement as compared to t"e wet as" disposal
s(stem.
sh 3 a ter R e cycl ing S y ste ( :
+'rt"er, in a n'm#er of >TPC stations, as a proacti&e meas're, As" 6ater .ec(cling
/(stem 2A6./3 "as #een pro&ided. n t"e A6./, t"e eGl'ent from as" pond is circ'lated
#ac? to t"e station for f'rt"er as" sl'icing to t"e as" pond. T"is "elps in sa&ings of fres"
water reJ'irements for transportation of as" from t"e plant.
T"e as" water rec(cling s(stem "as alread( #een installed and is in operation at
.amag'ndam, /im"adri, .i"and, Talc"er Mani"a, Talc"er T"ermal, Ma"algaon, Mor#a and
Nind"(ac"al. T"e sc"eme "as "elped stations to sa&e "'ge J'antit( of fres" water
reJ'ired as ma?e-'p water for disposal of as".
2 ry sh E4t r a c tion Syst e ( 5 2 ES6:
Dr( as" "as m'c" "ig"er 'tili,ation potential in as"-#ased prod'cts 2s'c" as #ric?s,
aerated a'tocla&ed concrete #loc?s, concrete, Portland po,,olana cement, etc.3. DAE/
"as #een installed at Fnc"a"ar, Dadri, /im"adri, .amag'ndam, /ingra'li, Ma"algaon,
+ara??a, Talc"er T"ermal, Mor#a, Nind"(ac"al, Talc"er Mani"a and *TP/.
! i7u i ' 3 a s te T re a t(e n t " la n ts + M a na g e(e n t S y ste ( :
T"e o#jecti&e of ind'strial liJ'id eGl'ent treatment plant 2ETP3 is to disc"arge lesser and
cleaner eGl'ent from t"e power plants to meet en&ironmental reg'lations. After primar(
treatment at t"e so'rce of t"eir generation, t"e eGl'ents are sent to t"e ETP for f'rt"er
treatment. T"e composite liJ'id effl'ent treatment plant "as #een designed to treat all
liJ'id effl'ents w"ic" originate wit"in t"e power station e.g. 6ater Treatment Plant
26TP3, Condensate Polis"ing Fnit 2CPF3 effl'ent,
Coal Handling Plant 2CHP3 eGl'ent, floor was"ings, ser&ice water drains etc. T"e
sc"eme in&ol&es collection of &ario's effl'ents and t"eir appropriate treatment
centrall( and re-circ'lation of t"e treated eGl'ent for &ario's plant 'ses.
>TPC "as implemented s'c" s(stems in a n'm#er of its power stations s'c" as
.amag'ndam, /im"adri, Ma(am?'lam, /ingra'li, .i"and, Nind"(ac"al, Mor#a, O"anor
7and"ar, +arida#ad, +ara??a, Ma"algaon and Talc"er Mani"a. T"ese plants "a&e "elped to
control J'alit( and J'antit( of t"e eGl'ents disc"arged from t"e stations.
Se & age Tr e at( e nt "l a nts + ) a cil itie s :
/ewage Treatment Plants 2/TPs3 sewage treatment facilities "a&e #een pro&ided at all
>TPC stations to ta?e care of /ewage EGl'ent from Plant and towns"ip areas. n a
n'm#er of >TPC projects modern t(pe /TPs wit" Clarifloc'lators, -ec"anical Agitators,
sl'dge dr(ing #eds, 7as Collection C"am#ers etc "a&e #een pro&ided to impro&e t"e
effl'ent J'alit(. T"e eGl'ent J'alit( is monitored reg'larl( and treated eGl'ent
conforming to t"e prescri#ed limit is disc"arged from t"e station. At se&eral stations,
treated eGl'ents of /TPs are #eing 'sed for "ortic'lt're p'rpose.
En v iron( e n t al Instit u t io n al S e t -up:
.eali,ing t"e importance of protection of t"e en&ironment wit" speed( de&elopment of
t"e power sector, t"e compan( "as constit'ted diGerent gro'ps at project, regional and
Corporate Centre le&el to carr( o't specific en&ironment related f'nctions. T"e
En&ironment -anagement 7ro'p, As" Ftilisation 7ro'p and Centre for Power EGicienc( &
En&ironment Protection 2CE>PEEP3 f'nction from t"e Corporate Centre and initiate
meas'res to mitigate t"e impact of power project implementation on t"e en&ironment
and preser&e ecolog( in t"e &icinit( of t"e projects. En&ironment -anagement and As"
Ftilisation 7ro'ps esta#lis"ed at eac" station, loo? after &ario's en&ironmental iss'es of
t"e indi&id'al station.
En v iron( e nt Re v ie & s:
To maintain constant &igil on en&ironmental compliance, En&ironmental .e&iews are
carried o't at all operating stations and remedial meas'res "a&e #een ta?en w"ere&er
necessar(. As a feed#ac? and follow-'p of t"ese En&ironmental .e&iews, a n'm#er of
retrofit and 'p-gradation meas'res "a&e #een 'nderta?en at different stations.
/'c" periodic En&ironmental .e&iews and e1tensi&e monitoring of t"e facilities carried
o't at all stations "a&e "elped in compliance wit" t"e en&ironmental norms and timel(
renewal of t"e Air and 6ater Consents.
3 as t e Ma n age( en t
Nario's t(pes of wastes s'c" as -'nicipal or domestic wastes, "a,ardo's wastes, *io-
-edical wastes get generated in power plant areas, plant "ospital and t"e towns"ips of
projects. T"e wastes generated are a n'm#er of solid and "a,ardo's wastes li?e 'sed
oils & waste oils, grease,lead acid #atteries, ot"er lead #earing wastes 2s'c" as gar?ets
etc.3, oil & clarifier sl'dge, 'sed resin, 'sed p"oto-c"emicals, as#estos pac?ing, e-
waste, metal scrap, C& wastes, electricial scrap, empt( c(linders 2refilla#le3, paper,
r'##er prod'cts, canteen 2#io-degrada#le3 wastes, #'idling material wastes, silica gel,
glass wool, f'sed lamps & t'#es, fire resistant fl'ids etc. T"ese wastes fall eit"er 'nder
"a,ardo's wastes categor( or non-"a,ardo's wastes categor( as per classification
gi&en in 7o&ernment of ndia<s notification on Ha,ardo's 6astes 2-anagement and
Handling3 .'les DE4E 2as amended on 5A.5D.@555 & @5.59.@55B3. Handling and
management of t"ese wastes in >TPC stations "a&e #een disc'ssed #elow.
DADRI THERMAL POWER STATION
The National Capital Power Station [NCPS] has the distinction of being the country's only three in one
project ; consisting of Stage- !"# $%; Stage- "&#$% ' and "&# $% under construction( of coal
based units ) !*& $% gas based +odules ) and a ,)-## $% ./0/1/C/ con2erter station 3under the
operational control of P/4/C//5/ since 6ctober '&78/ The stage- '"&#$%9*( coal based units are
scheduled in *#,# to +eet the co++on wealth ga+es power re:uire+ent/ The co++ercial operation
of Stage- ;nit-0 "&# $% has been declared w/e/f 7,/#,/*#,#/ <lso wor= for Stage- ;NT-0
"&#$% is under full swings/ >esides the station has the largest switchyard in the country with a
power handling capacity of ")-## $%
The station has the uni:ue distinction of ha2ing <sia's first ,## percent dry ash e?traction with transit
ash storage silos and final storage place con2erted to an green ash +ound / <n <sh Technology par=
has also been set up to de+onstrate the uses of ash which has beco+e the point of attraction for the
visitors.
(7a4t si5+?
Sta3+ ?1
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AUTOMATION AND CONTROL SYSTEM
AUTOMATION: THE DEFINITION
T"e word a'tomation is widel( 'sed toda( in relation to &ario's t(pes of applications,
s'c" as oPce a'tomation, plant or process a'tomation.
T"is s'#section presents t"e application of a control s(stem for t"e a'tomation of a
process = plant, s'c" as a power station. n t"is last application, t"e
a'tomation acti&el( controls t"e plant d'ring t"e t"ree main p"ases of operation% plant
start-'p, power generation in sta#le or p't D'ring plant start-'p and
s"'t-down, seJ'ence controllers as well as long range mod'lating controllers in or o't of
operation e&er( piece of t"e plant, at t"e correct time and in
coordinated modes, ta?ing into acco'nt safet( as well as o&erstressing limits.
D'ring sta#le generation of power, t"e mod'lating portion of t"e a'tomation s(stem
?eeps t"e act'al generated power &al'e wit"in t"e limits of t"e
desired load demand.D'ring major load c"anges, t"e a'tomation s(stem
a'tomaticall( redeQnes new set points and switc"es O> or O++ process pieces, to
a'tomaticall( #ring t"e indi&id'al processes in an optimall( coordinated wa( to t"e new
desired load demand. T"is load transfer is e1ec'ted according to pre- programmed
adapti&el( controlled load gradients and in a safe wa(.
AUTOMATION: THE BENEFITS
T"e main #eneQts of plant a'tomation are to increase o&erall plant a&aila#ilit( and
ePcienc(. T"e increase of t"ese two factors is ac"ie&ed t"ro'g" a series of feat'res
s'mmari,ed as follows%
Opti(isation o% house loa' consu(ption d'ring plant start- 'p, s"'t-down and
operation,
&ia%
+aster plant start-'p t"ro'g" elimination of control errors creating dela(s.
+aster seJ'ence of control actions compared to man'al ones.
Co-ordination of "o'se load to t"e generated power o'tp't.
Ensure an' (aintain plant operation, e&en in case of dist'r#ances in t"e control
s(stem, &ia%
Coordinated O> = O++ and mod'lating control switc"o&er capa#ilit( from a s'#
process to a red'ndant one.
Pre&ent s'#-process and process tripping c"ain reaction following a process
component trip.
Re'uce plant 1 process shut'o&n ti(e %or repair and maintenance as well as
repair costs,
&ia%
Protection of indi&id'al process components against o&erstress 2in a sta#le or
'nsta#le plant operation3.
*ringing processes in a safe stage of operation, w"ere process components are
protected against o&erstress
PROCESS STRUCTURE
Anal(sis of processes in Power /tations and nd'str( ad&ocates t"e ad&isa#ilit( of
di&iding t"e comple1 o&erall process into indi&id'al s'#-processes "a&ing distinctl(
deQned f'nctions. T"is di&ision of t"e
process in clearl( deQned gro'ps, termed as +F>CTO>A8 7.OFP/, res'lts in a
"ierarc"ical process str'ct're. 6"ile t"e "ierarc"ical str'ct're is go&erned in t"e
"ori,ontal direction #( t"e n'm#er
of dri&es 2motorised &al&es, fans, dampers, p'mps, etc.3 in ot"er words t"e si,e of t"e
processR in t"e &ertical direction, t"ere is a distinction made #etween t"ree f'ndamental
le&els, t"ese #eing t"e% -
Dri&e 8e&el
+'nction 7ro'p 8e&el
Fnit 8e&el.
To t"e Dri&e 8e&el, t"e lowest le&el, #elong t"e indi&id'al process eJ'ipment and
associated electrical dri&es T"e +'nction 7ro'p is t"at part of t"e process t"at f'lQls a
partic'lar deQned tas? e.g., nd'ced Draft Control, +eed 6ater Control, *looming -ill
Control, etc. T"'s at t"e time of planning it is necessar( to identif( eac" f'nction gro'p
in a clear manner #( assigning it to a partic'lar process acti&it(. Eac" f'nction gro'p
contains a com#ination of its associated indi&id'al eJ'ipment dri&es. T"e dri&e le&els are
s'#ordinate to t"is le&el. T"e
f'nction gro'ps are com#ined to o#tain t"e o&erall process control f'nction at t"e Fnit
8e&el.T"e a#o&e t"ree le&els are deQned wit" regard to t"e process and not from t"e
control point of &iew.
CONTROL SYSTEM STRUCTURE
T"e primar( reJ'irement to #e f'lQlled #( an( control s(stem arc"itect're is t"at it #e
capa#le of #eing organi,ed and implemented on tr'e process oriented lines. n ot"er
words, t"e control s(stem
str'ct're s"o'ld map on to t"e "ierarc"( process str'ct're.
*HE8<s P.OCO>T.O8 PS, a microprocessor #ased intelligent remote m'ltiple1ing
s(stem, meets t"is reJ'irement completel(.
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
T"e control and a'tomation s(stem 'sed "ere is a micro #ased intelligent m'ltiple1ing
s(stem T"is s(stem, designed on a mod'lar #asis, allows to
tig"ten t"e scope of control "ardware to t"e partic'lar control strateg( and operating
reJ'irements of t"e process .egardless of t"e t(pe and e1tent of process to control
pro&ides s(stem 'niformit( and integrit( for%
/ignal conditioning and transmission
-od'lating controls
CONTROL AND MONITORING MECHANISMS
T"ere are #asicall( two t(pes of "roble(s %ace' in a "o&er "lant
Metallurgical
Mechanical
-ec"anical Pro#lem can #e related to T'r#ines t"at is t"e ma1 speed permissi#le for a
t'r#ine is B555 rpm , so speed s"o'ld #e monitored and maintained at t"at le&el
-etall'rgical Pro#lem can #e &iew as t"e ma1 nlet Temperat're for T'r#ile is D5A5 oC so
temperat're
s"o'ld #e #elow t"e limit. -onitoring of all t"e parameters is necessar( for t"e safet( of
#ot"%
Emplo(ees
-ac"ines
/o t"e Parameters to #e monitored are %
Spee'
Te(perature
Current
Voltage
"ressure
Eccentricity
)lo& o% .ases
Vaccu( "ressure
Valves
!evel
Vibration
PRESSURE MONITORING
T
Press're can #e monitored #( t"ree t(pes of #asic -ec"anisms%
/witc"es
7a'ges
Transmitter t(pe
+or ga'ges we 'se *o'rden t'#es % T"e Bour'on Tube is a non liJ'id press're
meas'rement de&ice. t is widel( 'sed in applications w"ere ine1pensi&e static press're
meas'rements are needed. A t(pical *o'rdon t'#e contains a c'r&ed t'#e t"at is open
to e1ternal press're inp't on one end and is co'pled mec"anicall( to an indicating
needle on t"e
ot ot"er end, as s"own sc"ematicall( #elow.
Typical Bour'on Tube "ressure .auges
Transmitter t(pes 'se transd'cers 2electrical to electrical normall(3 t"e( are 'sed w"ere
contin'o's monitoring is reJ'ired
>ormall( capacitive trans'ucers are 'sed +or /witc"es
pressure s&itches are 'sed and t"e( can #e 'sed for digital means of monitoring as
switc" #eing O> is referred as "ig" and #eing O++ is as low.
All t"e monitored data is con&erted to eit"er C'rrent or Noltage parameter.
T"e Plant standard for c'rrent and &oltage are as
'nder
Voltage : 8 9 :8 Volts range
Current : ; 9 <8 (illi(peres
6e 'se KmA as t"e lower &al'e so as to c"ec? for dist'r#ances and wire #rea?s.
Acc'rac( of s'c" s(stems is &er( "ig" .
ACCF.ACU % V - 5.D :
T"e w"ole s(stem 'sed is /CADA #ased .6e 'se DDC-C control for t"is process..
Programma#le 8ogic Circ'its 2 P8Cs3 are 'sed in
t"e process as t"e( are t"e "eart of nstr'mentation.
TEMPERATURE MONITORING
6e can 'se T"ernoco'ples or .TDs for temperat're
-onitoring. >ormall( .TDs are 'sed for low temperat'res.
T"ermoco'p?le selection depends 'pon two factors%
Temperat're .ange
Acc'rac( .eJ'ired
>ormall( 'sed T"ermoco'ple is = Type Ther(ocouple%
Chro(el 5Nic/el-Chro(iu( lloy6 1 lu(el
5Nic/el-lu(iniu( lloy6
T"is is t"e most commonl( 'sed general p'rpose t"ermoco'ple. t is ine1pensi&e and,
owing to its pop'larit(, a&aila#le in a wide &ariet( of pro#es. T"e( are a&aila#le in t"e
W@55 CC to VD@55 CC range. Sensitivity is appro1imatel( KD XN=CC. .TDs are also 'sed
#'t not in protection s(stems d'e to &i#rational errors. 6e pass a constant c'rre t
t"ro'g" t"e .TD. /o t"at if . c"anges t"en t"e Noltage also c"anges
.TDs 'sed in nd'stries are PtD55 and PtD555
"t:88 : 8 8C 9 :88 > 2 D Y Z @.9 5C 3
"t:888 : 8 8C - :888>
PtD555 is 'sed for "ig"er acc'rac( T"e ga'ges 'sed for Temperat're meas'rements are
merc'r( Qlled Temperat're ga'ges.
+or Analog medi'm t"ermoco'ples are 'sed and for Digital medi'm /witc"es are 'sed
w"ic" are #asicall( merc'r( switc"es.
FLOW MEASUREMENT
+low meas'rement does not signif( m'c" and is meas'red j'st for metering p'rposes
and for monitoring t"e processes
ROTAMETERS:
A .otameter is a de&ice t"at meas'res t"e [ow rate of liJ'id or gas in a closed t'#e. t is
occasionall( misspelled as !rotometer!. t #elongs to a class of meters called &aria#le
area meters, w"ic" meas're [ow rate #( allowing t"e cross sectional area t"e ['id
tra&els t"ro'g" to &ar(,
ca'sing some meas'ra#le eGect. A rotameter consists of a tapered t'#e, t(picall( made
of glass, wit" a [oat inside t"at is p's"ed 'p
#( [ow and p'lled down #( gra&it(. At a "ig"er [ow rate more area 2#etween t"e [oat
and t"e t'#e3 is needed to accommodate t"e [ow, so t"e [oat rises. +loats are made in
man( diGerent s"apes, wit"
sp"eres and sp"erical ellipses #eing t"e most common. T"e [oat is s"aped so t"at it
rotates a1iall( as t"e ['id passes. T"is allows (o' to tell if t"e [oat is st'c? since it will
onl( rotate if it is not.
+or Digital meas'rements +lap s(stem is 'sed. +or Analog meas'rements we can 'se t"e
following met"ods %
)lo&(eters
Venuri(eters 1 Ori?ce (eters
Turbines
Mass@o& (eters 2 oil le&el 3
Altrasonic )lo& (eters
Magnetic )lo&(eter 2 water le&el 3
/election of [ow meter depends 'pon t"e p'rpose ,acc'rac( and liJ'id to #e meas'red
so diGerentt(pes of meters 'sed.Turbine type are t"e simplest of all.T"e( wor? on t"e
principle t"at on eac" rotation of
t"e t'r#ine a p'lse is generated and t"at p'lse is co'nted to get t"e [ow rate.
VENTURIMETERS :
.eferring to t"e diagram, 'sing *erno'lli!s eJ'ation in t"e special case of incompressi#le
['ids 2s'c" as t"e appro1imation of a water jet3, t"e t"eoretical press're drop at t"e
constriction wo'ld #e gi&en #(
And we ?now t"at rate of [ow is gi&en #(%
)lo& B / C 52*"6
6"ere DP is DiGerential Pres're or t"e Press're Drop.
CONTROL VALVES
A &al&e is a de&ice t"at regulates the @o& o%substances 2eit"er gases, ['idi,ed
solids, sl'rries, or liJ'ids3 #( opening, closing, or partiall( o#str'cting &ario's
passagewa(s. Nal&es are tec"nicall( pipe
Qttings, #'t 's'all( are disc'ssed separatel(.Nal&es are 'sed in a &ariet( of applications
incl'ding ind'strial, militar(, commercial, residential,transportation. Pl'm#ing &al&es are
t"e most o#&io's in e&er(da( life, #'t man( more are 'sed.
/ome &al&es are dri&en #( press're onl(, t"e( are mainl( 'sed for safet( p'rposes in
steam engines and domestic "eating or coo?ing appliances. Ot"ers are 'sed in a
controlled wa(, li?e in Otto c(cle engines dri&en #( a cams"aft, w"ere t"e( pla( a major
role in engine c(cle control.-an( &al&es are controlled man'all( wit" a "andleattac"ed
to t"e &al&e stem. f t"e "andle is t'rned a J'arter of a f'll t'rn 2E5C3 #etween operating
positions, t"e &al&e is called a J'arter-t'rn &al&e.*'tter[( &al&es, #all &al&es, and pl'g
&al&es are often J'arter-t'rn &al&es. Nal&es can also #e
controlled #( de&ices called act'ators attac"ed to t"e stem. T"e( can #e
electromec"anical act'ators s'c" as an electric motor or solenoid, pneu(atic
actuators w"ic" are controlled #( air press're, or
hy'raulic actuators w"ic" are controlled #( t"e press're of a liJ'id s'c" as oil or
water. /o t"ere are #asicall( t"ree t(pes of &al&es t"at are
'sed in power ind'stries #esides t"e "andle &al&es.T"e( are %
"neu(atic Valves \ t"e( are air or gas controlled w"ic" is compressed to t'rn or mo&e
t"em
&2dra0"ic -a"-e/ K th+y 6ti7i5+ 1i7 i4 :7a,+ 12 Air as oil "as #etter compression
Mtri/ed -a"-e/ K th+s+ 0a70+s ar+ ,14tr177+d #( electric motors

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION

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SATELLITE COMMUNICATION O6ER6IE(
7+, &O( IT (OR%S
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7+* T)PES OF SATELLITE:3
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,arry abr1ad r+,+i0i43 a4d tra4s)itti43 +;6i:)+4t a4d th+ 4+,+ssary :1w+r s16r,+s'
7+8 DIFFERENT T)PES OF ORBITS
'e/2nc1rn0/ Or9it :'EO4: 8;,<=> k$ a9-e t1e eart1
Fi36r+(1C& ?GEO
Orbiti43 at th+ h+i3ht 12 !!<!%! )i7+s ab10+ th+ +;6at1r (#$<"%C *)&< th+ sat+77it+ tra0+7s i4 th+ sa)+
dir+,ti14 a4d at th+ sa)+ s:++d as th+ EarthJs r1tati14 14 its aHis< ta*i43 !D h16rs t1 ,1):7+t+ a 2677 tri:
ar164d th+ 371b+' Th6s< as 7143 as a sat+77it+ is :1siti14+d 10+r th+ +;6at1r i4 a4 assi34+d 1rbita7 71,ati14< it
wi77 a::+ar t1 b+ Lstati14aryL with r+s:+,t t1 a s:+,i2i, 71,ati14 14 th+ Earth'
A si437+ 3+1stati14ary sat+77it+ ,a4 0i+w a::r1Hi)at+7y 14+ third 12 th+ EarthJs s6r2a,+' I2 thr++ sat+77it+s ar+
:7a,+d at th+ :r1:+r 7143it6d+< th+ h+i3ht 12 this 1rbit a771ws a7)1st a77 12 th+ EarthJs s6r2a,+ t1 b+ ,10+r+d
by th+ sat+77it+s'
Medi0$ Eart1 Or9it :MEO4: =,???3*?,??? k$ a9-e t1e eart1
Fi36r+(1"& ? MEO
Th+s+ 1rbits ar+ :ri)ari7y r+s+r0+d 21r ,1))64i,ati14s sat+77it+s that ,10+r th+ N1rth a4d S16th (17+
U47i*+ th+ ,ir,67ar 1rbit 12 th+ 3+1stati14ary sat+77it+s< MEOJs ar+ :7a,+d i4 a4 +77i:ti,a7 (10a7?sha:+d&
1rbit
L! Eart1 Or9it :LEO4: ;??3*,??? k$ a9-e t1e eart1
Fi36r+(1%& ?/EO
Th+s+ 1rbits ar+ )6,h ,71s+r t1 th+ Earth< r+;6iri43 sat+77it+s t1 tra0+7 at a 0+ry hi3h s:++d i4 1rd+r t1
a01id b+i43 :677+d 16t 12 1rbit by EarthJs 3ra0ity
At /EO< a sat+77it+ ,a4 ,ir,7+ th+ Earth i4 a::r1Hi)at+7y 14+ a4d a ha72 h16rs
'EO -/+ MEO -/+ LEO
M1st ,1))64i,ati14s sat+77it+s i4 6s+ t1day 21r ,1))+r,ia7 :6r:1s+s ar+ :7a,+d i4 th+ 3+1stati14ary 1rbit<
b+,a6s+ 12 th+ 21771wi43 ad0a4ta3+s:
O4+ sat+77it+ ,a4 ,10+r a7)1st 1B# 12 EarthJs s6r2a,+< 122+ri43 a r+a,h 2ar )1r+ +Ht+4si0+ tha4 what a4y
t+rr+stria7 4+tw1r* ,a4 a,hi+0+
C1))64i,ati14s r+;6ir+ th+ 6s+ 12 2iH+d a4t+44as' Si4,+ 3+1sy4,hr1416s sat+77it+s r+)ai4 stati14ary
10+r th+ sa)+ 1rbita7 71,ati14< 6s+rs ,a4 :1i4t th+ir sat+77it+ dish+s i4 th+ ri3ht dir+,ti14< with16t ,1st7y
tra,*i43 a,ti0iti+s< )a*i43 ,1))64i,ati14s r+7iab7+ a4d s+,6r+
GEO sat+77it+s ar+ :r10+4< r+7iab7+ a4d s+,6r+ ? with a 7i2+s:a4 12 1?1$ y+ars
7+7 FRE@UENC) BANDS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Sat+77it+ ,1))64i,ati14s< 7i*+ a4y 1th+r )+a4s 12 ,1))64i,ati14 (radi1< T8< t+7+:h14+< +t,&< 6s+ 2r+;6+4,y
ba4ds that ar+ :art 12 th+ +7+,tr1)a34+ti, s:+,tr6)' Th+ +7+,tr1)a34+ti, radiati14 s:+,tr6) starts with th+
7143+st wa0+s (i4,76di43 th1s+ i4 th+ a6dib7+ ra43+& a4d +Ht+4ds thr163h radi1 wa0+s a4d th+ 0isib7+ 7i3ht<
whi,h is +22+,ti0+7y a 0+ry s)a77 :art 12 th+ s:+,tr6)< a77 th+ way t1 th+ +Htr+)+7y sh1rt wa0+7+43ths s6,h
as radi1a,ti0+ radiati14' 9ithi4 this br1ad ra43+ 12 2r+;6+4,i+s< th+ I4t+r4ati14a7 T+7+,1))64i,ati14s
U4i14 (th+ U4it+d Nati14s i4stit6ti14 that r+367at+s w1r7dwid+ 6s+ 12 airwa0+s& has a771,at+d :arts 12 th+
s:+,tr6) that ar+ s6itab7+ 21r a4d d+di,at+d t1 tra4s)issi14 0ia sat+77it+' S1)+ 12 th+s+ ba4ds ar+
+H,76si0+7y d+di,at+d t1 sat+77it+ tra4s)issi14' '

Fi36r+ (1@& S:+,tr6)

Band Downlink Uplink
L/S 1.610 to 1.625
GHz
2.483 to 2.50
GHz
C
Ext C band
3.7 to 4.2 GHz
4.5 to 4.8 GHz
5.924 to 6.425
GHz
6.725 to 7.025
GHz
Ku 11.7 to 12.2 GHz 14.0 to 14.5 GHz
Ka 17.7 to 21.7 GHz 27.5 to 30.5 GHz
Fi36r+(!&? 8ari16s Ba4ds
Th+ sat+77it+ tra4s)issi14 ba4ds that ar+ 12 i4t+r+st t1 6s ar+ th+ C?< K6? a4d Ka?ba4ds'
C39and is th+ 17d+st a771,ati14 a4d 1:+rat+s i4 th+ 2r+;6+4,y ra43+ ar164d C G-5 21r tra4s)issi14 (6:7i4*& a4d
b+tw++4 #'" a4d D'! G-5 21r r+,+:ti14 (d1w47i4*&'
%039and is th+ )1st ,1))14 tra4s)issi14 21r)at i4 E6r1:+ 21r sat+77it+ T8 a4d 6s+s ar164d 1D G-5 21r
6:7i4* a4d b+tw++4 1'@ a4d 1!'"$ G-5 21r d1w47i4*'
%a39and 6s+s ar164d # G-5 6:? a4d b+tw++4 1% a4d ! G-5 d1w47i4* 2r+;6+4,y'
C?ba4d a4d K6?ba4d ar+ b+,1)i43 ,143+st+d by a4 i4,r+asi43 a)164t 12 6s+rs< s1 sat+77it+ s+r0i,+ 1:+rat1rs
ar+ )1r+ a4d )1r+ t6r4i43 t1 th+ 6s+ 12 Ka?ba4d'
Th+ s+7+,ti14 12 th+ ba4d is 41t s1)+thi43 that i4di0id6a7 s+r0i,+ :r10id+rs d+,id+< b6t is rath+r ,h1s+4 by 7ar3+
sat+77it+ 1:+rat1rs bas+d 14 di22+r+4t 2a,t1rs:
A0ai7abi7ity: C?ba4d is sti77 th+ )1st wid+7y a0ai7ab7+ w1r7dwid+' K6?ba4d is b+,1)i43 )1r+ a0ai7ab7+
r+,+4t7y i4 r+3i14s whi,h w+r+ 7+ss ,10+r+d i4 th+ :ast (S16th A)+ri,a< Asia< A2ri,a&
C?ba4d is )1r+ :r14+ t1 i4t+r2+r+4,+ 2r1) 1th+r tra4s)issi14 s+r0i,+s that shar+ th+ sa)+ 2r+;6+4,i+s
(adja,+4t sat+77it+s 1r t+rr+stria7 tra4s)issi14s& tha4 th+ hi3h+r ba4ds
9hi7+ th+ C?ba4d t+,h41713y is ,h+a:+r i4 its+72< it r+;6ir+s 7ar3+r dish+s (1 t1 # )& tha4 K6? a4d Ka?
ba4d ('C t1 1'% )& a4d th+r+21r+ i):1s+s r+7ati0+7y hi3h+r (i4sta77ati14& ,1sts 14 th+ +4d?6s+r
K6? a4d +s:+,ia77y Ka?ba4d )a*+ b+tt+r 6s+ 12 sat+77it+ ,a:a,ity
-i3h+r 2r+;6+4,y ba4ds (K6? a4d +s:+,ia77y Ka?& s622+r si34i2i,a4t7y )1r+ 2r1) si34a7 d+t+ri1rati14
,a6s+d by rai42a77: t1 +4s6r+ a0ai7abi7ity i4 bad w+ath+r ,14diti14s< th+ si34a7 has t1 b+ )6,h str143+r'
'1I 12 64a0ai7abi7ity )+a4s i4 2a,t that th+ s+r0i,+ wi77 b+ i4t+rr6:t+d 21r a7)1st @ h16rs 10+r a 1?y+ar
:+ri1d' 1I 64a0ai7abi7ity r+:r+s+4ts @ h16rs 1r a7)1st D 2677 days

6ER) SMALL APERTURE TERMINAL NET(OR%S
:6SAT4
Sate""ite C$$0nicatin 6si43 6SAT (8+ry S)a77 A:+rt6r+ T+r)i4a7& si4,+ th+ s,i+4,+ 2i,ti14 14
radi1 tra4s)issi14 thr163h s:a,+ 6si43 3+1?sy4,hr1416s +arth sat+77it+< :r10id+r has :r13r+ss+d si34i2i,a4t7y i4
th+ 2i+7d 12 sat+77it+ ,1))64i,ati14s' 8SAT is a sat+77it+?bas+d ,1))64i,ati14s s+r0i,+ that 122+rs b6si4+ss+s
a4d 310+r4)+4t a3+4,i+s 27+Hib7+ a4d r+7iab7+ ,1))64i,ati14s s176ti14s< b1th 4ati14a77y a4d i4t+r4ati14a77y< 14
7a4d a4d at s+a' 8SAT is a t+r) wid+7y 6s+d i4 th+ sat+77it+ i4d6stry t1 d+s,rib+ a4 +arth stati14 that is i4sta77+d
14 th+ 3r164d t1 r+,+i0+ ,1))64i,ati14s 2r1) a sat+77it+ 1r t1 ,1))64i,at+ with 1th+r 3r164d stati14s by
tra4s)itti43 t1 a4d r+,+i0i43 2r1) sat+77it+ s:a,+,ra2t' Th+ a4t+44a si5+ b+i43 r+stri,t+d t1 #'%)'' T+r)i4a7s
i4sta77+d at dista4t sit+s ar+ ,144+,t+d t1 a ,+4tra7 h6b 0ia sat+77it+ 6si43 s)a77 dia)+t+r a4t+44a dish+s' It is a4
+arth stati14 ,144+,t+d t1 th+ 3+1?sy4,hr1416s sat+77it+ s6itab7+ 21r s6::1rti43 a 0ari+ty 12 tw1 K way
t+7+,1))64i,ati14 a4d i421r)ati14< s+r0i,+s 7i*+ 01i,+< data a4d 0id+1'
;+, 6SAT S)STEM ARC&ITECTURE
A 8SAT syst+) ,14sists 12 a sat+77it+ tra4s:14d+r< ,+4tra7 h6b 1r a )ast+r +arth stati14< a4d r+)1t+ 8SATs' Th+
8SAT t+r)i4a7 has th+ ,a:abi7ity t1 r+,+i0+ as w+77 as tra4s)it si34a7s 0ia th+ sat+77it+ t1 1th+r 8SATs i4 th+
4+tw1r*' D+:+4di43 14 th+ a,,+ss t+,h41713y 6s+d th+ si34a7s ar+ +ith+r s+4t 0ia sat+77it+ t1 a ,+4tra7 h6b<
whi,h is a7s1 a )14it1ri43 ,+4tr+< 1r th+ si34a7s ar+ s+4t dir+,t7y t1 8SATs with th+ h6b b+i43 6s+d 21r
)14it1ri43 a4d ,14tr17' I4 additi14< th+ star t1:1713y a771ws 8SATs t1 6s+ s)a77+r a4t+44as a4d 71w+r :1w+r
tra4s)itt+rs< si4,+ th+yEr+ ,1))64i,ati43 147y with th+ 7ar3+ h6b a4t+44a'
Natina" t1er$a" 5!er cr5ratin "i$ited 1a/ a 6SAT net!rk r a
SATCOM net!rk fr c$$0nicatin and eAc1an#e f data and infr$atin
a$n#/t -ari0/ /ite/+ NTPC Nida i/ t1e centra" 109 and a"/ t1e $nitrin#
centre+
;+* 6SAT TOPOLO'IES
Star
Th+ h6b stati14 ,14tr17s a4d )14it1rs ,a4 ,1))64i,at+ with a 7ar3+ 46)b+r 12 dis:+rs+d 8SATs' G+4+ra77y< th+
Data T+r)i4a7 E;6i:)+4t a4d # h6b a4t+44a is i4 th+ ra43+ 12 C?11) i4 dia)+t+r' Si4,+ a77 8SATs
,1))64i,at+ with th+ ,+4tra7 h6b stati14 147y< this 4+tw1r* is )1r+ s6itab7+ 21r ,+4tra7i5+d data a::7i,ati14s'
Me/1
A 3r16: 12 8SATs ,1))64i,at+ dir+,t7y with a4y 1th+r 8SAT i4 th+ 4+tw1r* with16t 31i43 thr163h a ,+4tra7
h6b' A h6b stati14 i4 a )+sh 4+tw1r* :+r21r)s 147y th+ )14it1ri43 a4d ,14tr17 264,ti14s' Th+s+ 4+tw1r*s ar+
)1r+ s6itab7+ 21r t+7+:h14y a::7i,ati14s'
&29rid Net!rk
I4 :ra,ti,+ 6s6a77y 6si43 hybrid 4+tw1r*s< wh+r+ a :art 12 th+ 4+tw1r* 1:+rat+s 14 a star t1:1713y whi7+ s1)+
sit+s 1:+rat+ 14 a )+sh t1:1713y< th+r+by a,,r6i43 b+4+2its 12 b1th t1:1713i+s.
T1e /ate""ite c$$0nicatin net!rk f NTPC i/ 5eratin# in /tar t5"#2
!it1 NTPC Nida 9ein# t1e &09 /tatin+ S a centra" /ate""ite eart1 /tatin
:CSES4 i/ in/ta""ed at NTPC Nida (Th+ st6dy 12 whi,h is th+ ,1r+ ai) 12 th+ :r1j+,t&' O4+
)aj1r ad0a4ta3+ 12 this ,142i36rati14 is that th+r+ is 0irt6a77y 41 7i)it 14 th+ 46)b+r 12 r+)1t+ 8SATs that ,a4
b+ ,144+,t+d t1 th+ h6b'
;+8 &UB STATION
Th+ h6b stati14 is 6s6a77y a r+7ati0+7y 7ar3+< hi3h :+r21r)a4,+ +arth stati14 with a4 a4t+44a dia)+t+r 12
a4ythi43 b+tw++4 C a4d @) or DD' Th+ h6b ,14sists 12 a ,14tr17 ,+4tr+ whi,h )a4a3+s th+ 4+tw1r?< i4,76di43
a4 16td11r a4t+44a< 21r th+ tra4s)issi14 a4d r+,+:ti14 12 si34a7s' -6b stati14s ar+ ;6it+ +H:+4si0+ a4d ,14sist
12 s+0+ra7 )ai4 s6bsyst+)sM +H,+:t 21r th+ a4t+44a th+s+ ar+ 6s6a77y 2677y r+d64da4t with a6t1)ati, swit,h10+r
i4 th+ +0+4t 12 2ai76r+'
-6b stati14s ,a4 b+ shar+d b+tw++4 s+0+ra7 4+tw1r*s< r+s67ti43 i4 a shari43 12 ,1sts' Tw1 :ri4,i:a7 1:ti14s 21r
4+tw1r* i):7+)+4tati14 ,a4 b+ ad1:t+d' First7y< s1)+ 0+ry 7ar3+ 6s+rs wi77 wish t1 :6r,has+ th+ir 1w4
d+di,at+d 8SAT 4+tw1r*s i4,76di43 a h6b' Oth+r 6s+rs wi77 ,h11s+ t1 b6y 1r 7+as+ th+ 6s+r t+r)i4a7s a4d t1
7+as+ a,,+ss t1 a h6b whi,h wi77 b+ 1w4+d by th+ syst+) 1:+rat1r' I4 ,14trast t1 th+ h6b stati14< th+ r+)1t+
t+r)i4a7s ar+ )6,h si):7+r' T1 )i4i)is+ t1ta7 syst+) ,1sts< 8SAT 4+tw1r*s ar+ d+si34+d t1 ha0+ a si437+
+H:+4si0+ h6b a4d a 7ar3+ 46)b+r 12 )6,h s)a77+r r+)1t+ t+r)i4a7s'
Th+ a,t6a7 ,1))64i,ati14 b+tw++4 r+)1t+ sit+s is thr163h h6b a4d ha::+4s i4 tw1 st+:s b+,a6s+< 12 whi,h
th+r+ is a ti)+ d+7ay 12 a::r1Hi)at+7y '$ s+,14ds a4d )a*+s th+ t+,h41713y hi3h7y sy4,hr14i5+d'

Centra" /ate""ite eart1 /tatin3 NTPC Nida

>+, SPECIFICATIONS

1&NT(C has b++4 assi34+d tra4s:14d+r 46)b+r # i4 ISROJs ,1))64i,ati14 sat+77it+
INSAT #E'
!& INSAT?#E< was s6,,+ss2677y 7a64,h+d 14 S+:t+)b+r !%< !# by th+ Aria4+?$ 7a64,h 0+hi,7+ 12
Aria4+s:a,+'
#& INSAT?#E is :1siti14+d at $$ d+3 East 7143it6d+ i4 th+ 3+1sy4,hr1416s 1rbit'
D& INSAT?#E is b+i43 tra,*+d< )14it1r+d a4d ,14tr177+d 2r1) th+ Mast+r C14tr17 Fa,i7ity (MCF& at -assa4
i4 Kar4ata*a
$& T1e INSAT /erie/ f /ate""ite/ 1a-e t25ica""2 ,*B,= tran/5nder/ in -ari0/ freC0enc2 9and/D t1e
9and!idt1 f eac1 tran/5nder i/ t25ica""2 7? M&. 90t t1e 0/a9"e 9and!idt1 i/ n"2 8> M&.+ O0t
f t1i/ 8> M&. 9and!idt1 NTPC i/ a""tted n"2 *< M&. 9and!idt1+ Th+ K6?Ba4d is
i4t+r4ati14a77y :1:67ar 2r+;6+4,y ba4d' This K6?Ba4d b+,a6s+ 12 its hi3h+r 2r+;6+4,y ,a4 s6::1rt
tra22i, with s)a77+r a4t+44a si5+s i4 ,1):aris14 t1 CBEHt K C ba4d' -1w+0+r it ,a4 b+ a22+,t+d by rai4
whi,h )a*+s it 64s6itab7+ 21r 6s+ i4 S16th+r4 r+3i14s'
C& (r+s+4t7y< I4dia4 s+r0i,+ :r10id+rs hir+ a s:a,+ s+3)+4t 147y 14 th+ INSAT s+ri+s a4d 1:+rat+ i4 C ba4d
147y'
CSES NOIDA i/ t1e 109 /tatin fr NTPC Satc$ net!rk 5r-idin#
faci"itie/ t:3
!% :1w+r stati14s'
$ r+3i14a7 122i,+s G NC(S< DADRI'
Tw1 ,1r:1rat+ ,+4tr+Es at N+w D+7hi'
Usi43 tra4s:14d+r 41' # 12 sat+77it+ INSAT #E with a771tt+d ba4dwidth 12 !" M-5'
Ser-ice/ 5r-ided 92 CSES
T+7+:h14+ G 2aH s+r0i,+s a)143 a77 sit+s G with CC'
C144+,ti43 ab16t 1 6s+rs thr163h tra4sit swit,h at SCN'
G+4+rati14 data 2r1) :1w+r :r1j+,ts t1 CC ,14tr17 r11) 14 hi3h s:++d data (9AN&
O47i4+ :a,*a3+s 12 st1r+s< 2i4a4,+< ,14tra,ts G 3+4+rati14 thr163h 9AN ,144+,ti0ity (!$C ?$1! *b:s&
:r10id+d by )67ti:1rt r16t+r at SCN< N1ida '
I4t+r4+t s+r0i,+s t1 a77 sit+s thr163h )67ti:1rt r16t+r
R164d th+ ,71,* t+,h4i,a7 s6::1rt t1 sit+s'
CSES NTPC BLOC% DIA'RAM
>+*+, Tran/$i//in 5at1
>+*+* Recei-e 5at1
Fi36r+ (!!&? r+,+i0+ :ath b71,* dia3ra)
T1e 109 /tatin cn/i/t/ f /e-era" $ain /09/2/te$/:3
>+*+8 TRANSMISSION PAT& SUBS)STEMS:3
M1d+)
U: ,140+rt+rs
-i3h :1w+r a):7i2i+r (-(A&
A4t+44a
>+*+7 RECEI6E PAT& SUBS)STEMS:3
/1w 41is+ a):7i2i+r (/NA&
D1w4 ,140+rt+rs
M1d+)
Th+ )1d+) i4t+r2a,+s with 0ari16s +4d 6s+r +;6i:)+4t< ra43i43 2r1) sta4d a714+ ,1):6t+rs< /ANJs< r16t+rs<
)67ti:7+H+s< t+7+:h14+ i4str6)+4ts as :+r th+ r+;6ir+)+4t'
>+8 FUNCTIONIN' OF CSES NTPC
NT(C has a 71,a7 ar+a 4+tw1r* (/AN& 21r +H,ha43+ 12 data a4d i421r)ati14' S1 a77 th+ ,1):6t+rs ar+
,144+,t+d by a swit,h' B6t i4 1rd+r t1 ,1))64i,at+ with 0ari16s 1th+r sit+s (stati14s& i'+' a wid+ ar+a
4+tw1r* (9AN& a r16t+r is r+;6ir+d' Th+r+21r+ th+ swit,h is ,144+,t+d t1 th+ r16t+r i4 1rd+r t1 +stab7ish
a 9id+ ar+a 4+tw1r*' At NT(C a7143 with data ,1))64i,ati14< 01i,+ ,1))64i,ati14 is a7s1 ta*i43
:7a,+' 21r 01i,+ ,1))64i,ati14< +ar7i+r th+y w+r+ 6si43 a )67ti:7+H+r i4 whi,h )67ti:7+Hi43 12 data a4d
01i,+ was d14+' B6t 41w th+y ar+ 6si43 a41th+r t+,h41713y ,a77+d 8OI( 21r 01i,+ ,1))64i,ati14'
8OI( is basi,a77y 01i,+ 10+r i4t+r4+t :r1t1,17' It is a t+,h41713y i4 whi,h th+ t+7+:h14+ is ,144+,t+d t1
8OI( whi,h ,140+rts 01i,+ si34a7 i4t1 a di3ita7 si34a7' Th+ 16t:6t 12 8OI( is 3i0+4 t1 th+ swit,h t1
whi,h a77 th+ (CEs ar+ ,144+,t+d' This 21r)s th+ ,1):7+t+ /AN at NT(C' Th+ swit,h is ,144+,t+d t1
th+ r16t+r 21r 9AN'
N1w th+ )1d+) i4t+r2a,+s with th+ +4d 6s+r +;6i:)+4t whi,h is th+ r16t+r h+r+' Si4,+ NT(C is th+ h6b
stati14 w1r*i43 i4 star t1:1713y' Th+r+ ar+ ar164d !% sit+s 71,at+d i4 0ari16s r+3i14s 12 th+ ,164try' S1
21r +0+ry sit+ th+r+ is a )1d+)' N1w 21r th+ tra4s)issi14 12 01i,+Bdata t1 a r+)1t+ sit+ th+ r16t+r 16t:6t
is 3i0+4 t1 +0+ry )1d+)' Th+ )1d67at1r :art 12 th+ )1d+) )1d67at+s a4 a4a713 ,arri+r si34a7 t1 +4,1d+
di3ita7 i421r)ati14' Th+ )1d+) has IF( i4t+r)+diat+ 2r+;6+4,y& 16t:6t that is " N 1% M-5
Th+ 16t:6t 12 )1d+) is 3i0+4 t1 th+ 6: ,140+rt+r whi,h tra4s7at+s 1r ,140+rts this IF 2r+;6+4,y t1 RF
(radi1 2r+;6+4,y& K CG-5'
Fi4a77y th+ 6: ,140+rt+r 16t:6t is 3i0+4 t1 -(A 21r a):7i2i,ati14 th+ 16t:6t 12 whi,h is tra4s)itt+d t1
th+ a4t+44a whi,h tra4s)its th+ data 16t t1 th+ sat+77it+ a4d +0+4t6a77y t1 1th+r 3r164d stati14s'
Th+ r+,+i0+ s6bsyst+) ,14sisti43 12 a /1w N1is+ A):7i2i+r (/NA& whi,h r+)10+s th+ 41is+ :r+s+4t i4
th+ si34a7' Th+ 2r+;6+4,y 12 th+ si34a7 r+,+i0+d is D G-5'
Th+ /NA 16t:6t is 3i0+4 t1 th+ d1w4 ,140+rt+r whi,h ,140+rts this RF 2r+;6+4,y t1 IF 2r+;6+4,y i'+' "
M-5
Th+ 16t:6t 12 d1w4 ,140+rt+r is 3i0+4 t1 th+ )1d+) 21r th+ d+)1d67ati14 :r1,+ss i4 1rd+r t1 +Htra,t th+
bas+ba4d si34a7' A4d 2i4a77y th+ )1d+) i4t+r2a,+s with th+ r16t+r a4d th+ i421r)ati14 1r data r+a,h+s
th+ 6s+r'
N1w +a,h s6b,1):14+4t 12 th+ ,+4tra7i5+d +arth stati14 NT(C wi77 b+ dis,6ss+d i4 a 7itt7+ )1r+ d+tai7'
Th+ r16t+r a4d th+ /AN :art wi77 b+ dis,6ss+d i4 th+ 4+tw1r*i43 :art t1 21771w'
>+7 T&E 6ARIOUS SUBS)STEMS:3
>+7+, MODEM
A $de$ (modulator-demodulator& is a d+0i,+ that )1d67at+s a4 a4a713 ,arri+r si34a7 t1 +4,1d+ di3ita7
i421r)ati14< a4d a7s1 d+)1d67at+s s6,h a ,arri+r si34a7 t1 d+,1d+ th+ tra4s)itt+d i421r)ati14' Th+ 31a7 is t1
:r1d6,+ a si34a7 that ,a4 b+ tra4s)itt+d +asi7y a4d d+,1d+d t1 r+:r1d6,+ th+ 1ri3i4a7 di3ita7 data' A /ate""ite
$de$ 1r /at $de$ is a )1d+) 6s+d t1 +stab7ish data tra4s2+rs 6si43 a ,1))64i,ati14s sat+77it+ as a r+7ay'
Data t1 b+ tra4s)itt+d ar+ tra4s2+rr+d t1 a )1d+) 2r1) Data t+r)i4a7 +;6i:)+4t (+'3' a ,1):6t+r&' Th+ )1d+)
6s6a77y has I4t+r)+diat+ 2r+;6+4,y (IF& 16t:6t (that is< $?! M-5&' At NT(C th+ )1d+)s has a4 16t:6t 12 IF
that ra43+s 2r1) "N1% M-5 'This 2r+;6+4,y has t1 b+ ,140+rt+d 6si43 a4 6: ',140+rt+r b+21r+ a):7i2i,ati14
a4d tra4s)issi14' Si)i7ar7y< a si34a7 r+,+i0+d 2r1) a sat+77it+ is 2irst7y d1w4 ,140+rt+d th+4 d+)1d67at+d by a
)1d+)< a4d at 7ast ha4d7+d by data t+r)i4a7 +;6i:)+4t'
(1:67ar )1d67ati14 ty:+s b+i43 6s+d 21r sat+77it+ ,1))64i,ati14s:
a& Bi4ary :has+ shi2t *+yi43 (B(SK&M
b& O6adrat6r+ :has+ shi2t *+yi43 (O(SK&M
,& Orth1314a7 ;6adrat6r+ :has+ shi2t *+yi43 (OO(SK&M
d& %(SKM
+& O6adrat6r+ a):7it6d+ )1d67ati14 (OAM&< +s:+,ia77y 1COAM'
T1e $d0"atin tec1niC0e/ 0/ed at NTPC are $ain"2 @PS% and ,>@AM+
MODEMS USED AT NTPC:3
NT(C is ,6rr+4t7y 6si43 216r ty:+s 12 )1d+)s:?
a& UMOD
b& SSE
,& Dat6)
d& DMD !
DMD ! is th+ 7at+st )1d+) 6s+d h+r+' Th+ )ai4 2+at6r+s 12 this )1d+) ar+:?
FreC0enc23 $?@ M-5
At NT(C "N1% M-5
Data rate3 !'D Kb:s?!Mb:s
At NT(C CMb:s
Md0"atin
At NT(C O(SK< 1COAM
Th+ 0ari16s 1:ti14s a0ai7ab7+ i4 it ar+:?
M14it1r
M1d67ati14
D+)1d67ati14
T+st
I4t+r2a,+ +t,
Th+ 0ari16s ,142i36rati14s d14+ i4 th+ DMD ! ar+:?
Fr+;6+4,y
M1d67ati14
Data rat+
FEC rat+ +t,
1COAM is th+ 7at+st )1d67ati14 t+,h4i;6+ 6s+d at NT(C' Th+ )ai4 ad0a4ta3+ 12 this t+,h4i;6+ is that it sa0+s
th+ ba4dwidth' Si4,+ th+r+ ar+ ar164d !% sit+s t1 whi,h s+r0i,+ is :r10id+d s1 th+ ba4dwidth is a771,at+d t1 +a,h
sit+ a,,1rdi43 t1 th+ sit+ tra22i, a4d th+ r+;6ir+)+4t' S1 th+
!" -5 ba4dwidth is a771,at+d a,,1rdi437y'
>+7+* UPBDO(N CON6ERTER
A4 6: ,140+rt+r w1r*s i4 th+ tra4s)itti43 sid+ wh+r+as th+ d1w4 ,140+rt+r 264,ti14s i4 th+ r+,+i0+ :ath' Th+
)ai4 264,ti14 12 th+ 6: ,140+rt+r is that it ,140+rts 1r tra4s7at+s th+ i4t+r)+diat+ 2r+;6+4,y (whi,h is th+ 16t:6t
12 th+ )1d+)& t1 th+ radi1 2r+;6+4,y (RF& whi,h is CG-5' Th+ 6: ,140+rt+r 6s+d at NT(C is a b71,* 6:
,140+rt+r whi,h ,140+rts a ba4d (1r Lb71,*L& 12 2r+;6+4,i+s 2r1) a 71w+r 2r+;6+4,y t1 a hi3h+r 2r+;6+4,y' A6st
th+ 1::1sit+ w1r* is d14+ by th+ d1w4 ,140+rt+r that is it ta*+s th+ radi1 2r+;6+4,y a4d ,140+rts it t1 a4
i4t+r)+diat+ 2r+;6+4,y b+21r+ 3i0i43 t1 th+ )1d+)'
>+7+8 &I'& PO(ER AMPLIFIER :&PA4
Th+ hi3h :1w+r a):7i2i+r (-(A& is a4 +arth stati14 2a,i7ity that :r10id+s th+ RF ,arri+r :1w+r t1 th+
i4:6t t+r)i4a7s 12 th+ a4t+44a' Th+ 16t:6t :1w+r ty:i,a77y )ay 2+w watts 21r a si437+ data ,ha44+7< ar164d a
h64dr+d watts 1r 7+ss 21r a 71w ,a:a,ity syst+)< 1r s+0+ra7 *i71watts 21r hi3h ,a:a,ity tra22i,' A4 RF :1w+r
a):7i2i+r is a ty:+ 12 +7+,tr14i, a):7i2i+r 6s+d t1 ,140+rt a 71w :1w+r radi1 2r+;6+4,y si34a7 i4t1 a 7ar3+r si34a7
12 si34i2i,a4t :1w+r< ty:i,a77y 21r dri0i43 th+ a4t+44a 12 a tra4s)itt+r' It is 6s6a77y 1:ti)i5+d t1 ha0+ hi3h
+22i,i+4,y< hi3h 16t:6t :1w+r ,1):r+ssi14< 311d r+t6r4 71ss 14 th+ i4:6t a4d 16t:6t< 311d 3ai4< a4d 1:ti)6)
h+at dissi:ati14'
C?ba4d hi3h :1w+r a):7i2i+rs 122+r 16t:6t :1w+rs 12 $< 1< 1$ 1r ! watts B6i7t 21r r+7iab7+<
tr16b7+?2r++ s+r0i,+< th+ a):7i2i+rs i4,1r:1rat+ )i,r1:r1,+ss1r?bas+d )14it1r a4d ,14tr17 syst+)s'
>+7+7 LO( NOISE AMPLIFIER
Th+ 71w?41is+ a):7i2i+r (/NA& is a s:+,ia7 ty:+ 12 +7+,tr14i, a):7i2i+r 1r a):7i2i+r 6s+d i4 ,1))64i,ati14
syst+)s t1 a):7i2y 0+ry w+a* si34a7s ,a:t6r+d by a4 a4t+44a' It is 12t+4 71,at+d 0+ry ,71s+ t1 th+ a4t+44a< s1
that 71ss+s i4 th+ 2++d 7i4+ b+,1)+ 7+ss ,riti,a7' Usi43 a4 /NA< th+ 41is+ 12 a77 th+ s6bs+;6+4t sta3+s is r+d6,+d
by th+ 3ai4 12 th+ /NA< whi7+ th+ 41is+ 12 th+ /NA its+72 is i4j+,t+d dir+,t7y i4t1 th+ r+,+i0+d si34a7'
>+7+; ANTENNA SUBS)STEM
Th+ a4t+44a s6bsyst+) ,14sisti43 12 a 7ar3+ a4t+44a (C t1 @ ) 1r 11) i4 dia)+t+r& 14 a )164t with a tra,*i43
syst+) whi,h a771ws th+ a4t+44a t1 21771w th+ sat+77it+ as it )10+s 0+ry s7i3ht7y i4 th+ s*y' A 2++d h1r4 is 2itt+d
at th+ 21,6s 12 th+ dish t1 ,177+,t th+ r+,+i0+d si34a7s 2r1) th+ a4t+44a a4d t1 2++d th+ tra4s)it si34a7s t1 it'
Software configuration (in NTPC):
IF 2r+;6+4,y: "P?1% M-5
Thr+sh17d 7+0+7 (at th+ RH sid+&: ?" dB
(1w+r ra43+ (at th+ TH sid+&: ?!$ dB t1 dB
Si34a7 t1 41is+ rati1 (at th+ RH sid+&: @dB
Ty:+ 12 )1d67ati14: B(SK< O(SK< 1C?OAM
Data rat+: $1! Kb:s
>+; MULTIPLE ACCESS SC&EMES
Th+ :ri)ary 1bj+,ti0+ 12 th+ 8SAT 4+tw1r*s is t1 )aHi)i5+ th+ 6s+ 12 ,1))14 sat+77it+ a4d 1th+r r+s16r,+s
a)143st a77 8SAT sit+s' Th+ )+th1ds by whi,h th+s+ 4+tw1r*s 1:ti)i5+ th+ 6s+ 12 sat+77it+ ,a:a,ity< a4d
s:+,tr6) 6ti7i5ati14 i4 a 27+Hib7+ a4d ,1st?+22+,ti0+ )a44+r ar+ r+2+rr+d t1 as sat+77it+ a,,+ss s,h+)+s' ' G11d
4+tw1r* +22i,i+4,y d+:+4ds 0+ry )6,h 14 th+ )67ti:7+ a,,+ssi43 s,h+)+s' Th+r+ ar+ )a4y di22+r+4t a,,+ss
t+,h4i;6+s tai71r+d t1 )at,h ,6st1)+r a::7i,ati14s'
Th+ 8SAT s+r0i,+s ar+ :ri)ari7y bas+d 14 14+ 12 tw1 t+,h41713i+s:
i'Si437+?,arri+r :+r ,ha44+7 (SC(C& a4d
ii' Ti)+?di0isi14 )67ti:7+ a,,+ss (TDMA&'
6.5.1 SCPC (Single-Carrier Per Channel)
SCPC-based design pro2ides a point-to-point technology) +a=ing it the 0S<T e:ui2alent to
con2entional leased lines/
>+;+* TDMA :Ti$e3di-i/in $0"ti5"e acce//4
I4 a TDMA 4+tw1r*< a77 8SATs shar+ sat+77it+ r+s16r,+ 14 a ti)+?s71t basis' R+)1t+ 8SATs 6s+ TDMA
,ha44+7s 1r i4r16t+s 21r ,1))64i,ati43 with th+ h6b' Th+r+ ,167d b+ s+0+ra7 i4r16t+s ass1,iat+d with 14+
16tr16t+' S+0+ra7 8SATs shar+ 14+ i4r16t+ h+4,+ shari43 th+ ba4dwidth' Ty:i,a7 i4r16t+s 1:+rat+ at CD 1r 1!%
KbitBs'
>+;+8 FDMA :FreC0enc2 Di-i/in M0"ti5"e Acce//4
It is th+ 17d+st a4d sti77 14+ 12 th+ )1st ,1))14 )+th1ds 21r ,ha44+7 a771,ati14' I4 this s,h+)+< th+ a0ai7ab7+
sat+77it+ ,ha44+7 ba4dwidth is br1*+4 i4t1 2r+;6+4,y ba4ds 21r di22+r+4t +arth stati14s' This )+a4s that 36ard
ba4ds ar+ 4++d+d t1 :r10id+ s+:arati14 b+tw++4 th+ ba4ds'
i+ PAMA :Pre3A//i#ned M0"ti5"e Accee//4
It i):7i+s that th+ 8SATs ar+ :r+?a771,at+d a d+si34at+d 2r+;6+4,y' E;6i0a7+4t 12 th+ t+rr+stria7 7+as+d 7i4+
s176ti14s< (AMA s176ti14s 6s+ th+ sat+77it+ r+s16r,+s ,14sta4t7y' C14s+;6+4t7y< th+r+ is 41 ,a77?6: d+7ay what
)a*+s th+) )1st s6it+d 21r i4t+ra,ti0+ data a::7i,ati14s 1r hi3h tra22i, 0176)+s' As s6,h< (AMA ,144+,ts hi3h
data tra22i, sit+s withi4 a4 1r3a4i5ati14'
SC(C (Si437+ Cha44+7 (+r Carri+r& r+2+rs t1 th+ 6sa3+ 12 a si437+ sat+77it+ ,arri+r 21r ,arryi43 a si437+ ,ha44+7
12 6s+r tra22i,' Th+ 2r+;6+4,y is a771,at+d 14 a :r+?assi34+d basis i4 ,as+ 12 SC(C 8SAT whi,h is a7s1
sy414y)16s7y *41w4 as (AMA 8SAT'
ii+ DAMA :De$and A//i#ned M0"ti5"e Acce//4
Th+ 4+tw1r* 6s+s a :117 12 sat+77it+ ,ha44+7s< whi,h ar+ a0ai7ab7+ 21r 6s+ by a4y stati14 i4 that 4+tw1r*' O4
d+)a4d< a :air 12 a0ai7ab7+ ,ha44+7s is assi34+d s1 that a ,a77 ,a4 b+ +stab7ish+d' O4,+ th+ ,a77 is ,1):7+t+d< th+
,ha44+7s ar+ r+t6r4+d t1 th+ :117 21r a4 assi34)+4t t1 a41th+r ,a77' ' DAMA syst+)s a771w th+ 46)b+r 12
,ha44+7s at a4y ti)+ b+ 7+ss tha4 th+ 46)b+r 12 :1t+4tia7 6s+rs' Sat+77it+ ,144+,ti14s ar+ +stab7ish+d a4d
dr1::+d 147y wh+4 tra22i, d+)a4ds th+)'

iii. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
;nder this) a central networ= +onitoring syste+ allocates a uni:ue code to each of the 0S<Ts
enabling +ultiple 0S<Ts to trans+it si+ultaneously and share a co++on fre:uency band/ <lthough
this is best applicable for 2ery large networ=s with low data re:uire+ents) there are practical
restrictions in the use of spread spectru+/ t is e+ployed +ainly for interference rejection or for
security reasons in +ilitary syste+s/
T2M
Ti(e-
'ivision
Multiple
ccess
T2M
Ti(e-
'ivision
Multiple
ccess
)2M
)re7uenc )re7uenc
y y
2ivision 2ivision
Multiple Multiple
ccess ccess
)2M
)re7uenc )re7uenc
y y
2ivision 2ivision
Multiple Multiple
ccess ccess
SC"C
Single- Single-
carrier carrier
per per
Channel Channel
SC"C
Single- Single-
carrier carrier
per per
Channel Channel
VST
TEC-NO!
-8.#
VST
TEC-NO!
-8.#
2M 2M

C2M C2M

"M "M
)2M

VSAT Accessing Schemes

>+> IMPLEMENTIN' 6SAT
T1e Pr/:
(r10id+s a4 i4t+3rat+d s176ti14 21r 81i,+< data a4d 0id+1 ,1))64i,ati14'
B+tt+r R+a,h? I4sta77ab7+ i4 di22i,67t t+rrai4< r+)1t+ ar+as'
R+7iabi7ity K 6:ti)+ 12 6: t1 @@'$ I is a,hi+0ab7+ i4 8SAT 4+tw1r* ,1):ar+d t1 7+as+ 7i4+ (i4 I4dia4
,14diti14s&'
Mai4t+4a4,+ ? A si437+ :1i4t ,14ta,t with th+ s+r0i,+ :r10id+r K 7+ss+r +7+)+4ts i40170+d a4d h+4,+
+asy 2a67t 2i4di43'
B+tt+r N+tw1r* Ma4a3+)+4t'
O6i,* +stab7ish)+4t 12 4+w sit+s'
9id+ 3+13ra:hi, ,10+ra3+'
T1e Cn/:
8+ry hi3h I4itia7 C1st 12 I):7+)+4tati14'
-i3h (r1:a3ati14 d+7ay

NTPC NET(OR% TODA)
NT(C C1))64i,ati14 N+tw1r* ,144+,ts a77 its (r1j+,ts< R+3i14a7 -OEs< a4d R+3i14a7 I4s:+,ti14 O22i,+s G
C1))+r,ia7 O22i,+s t1 C1r:1rat+ C+4t+rs at SCO(E a4d at EOC NOIDA 21r 81i,+ a4d Data C1))64i,ati14
0ia Sat+77it+< M(/S G /+as+d /i4+s' Th+ data 4+tw1r* s6::1rts a77 a::7i,ati14s 7i*+ I4t+r4+t< E)ai7< +t,'
NT(C Sat,1) N+tw1r* w1r*i43 i4 STAR C142i36rati14 with th+ -6b Earth Stati14 71,at+d at EOC N1ida
(U'('&' Th+s+ ar+ w1r*i43 i4 C Ba4d 14 7+as+d ,a:a,ity 14 th+ INSAT sat+77it+' Data /i4*s ar+ w1r*i43 at th+
data rat+ 12 1!DB$1!*b:s 14 (AMA t1 21r) 9AN ,144+,ti0ity 6si43 M67ti:1rt R16t+r at h6b +arth stati14'
I4t+r4+t< Mai7 G GDAMS ar+ w1r*i43 14 Sat,1) N+tw1r*' T+7+:h14y is thr163h DAMAB8OI( i4 )1st
71,ati14'NT(C has i):7+)+4t+d M(/S N+tw1r* hir+d 2r1) s6::7i+r 21r ER( a4d 1th+r 147i4+ a::7i,ati14s at
th+ data rat+ 12 #D Mb:s 21r Data C+4t+r N1ida<! Mb:s 21r :1w+r :7a4ts G R-OEs a4d !$C Kb:s 7i4+s 21r
RIOEs G C1))+r,ia7 122i,+s' F1r r644i43 ER( !D Q" a Ba,* 6: r16t+r i4 ,as+ 12 2ai76r+ 12 )ai4 r16t+r at Data
C+4tr+ NOIDA< is t1 b+ i4sta77+d whi,h sha77 b+ +Ha,t r+:7i,a 12 Mai4 Data C+4tr+ r16t+r b6t w1r* i4 1P1 with
)ai7 r16t+r'
Sate""ite C$$0nicatin Net!rk
Net!rk Feat0re/
SATE//ITE C?BAND /EASED TRANS(ONDER (#BDth& CA(ACIT. ON INSAT #E'
-UB: INSAT T.(E FAE 9IT- 11) R ANTENNA
SATE//ITE EART- STATION
(has+ I: $ NOS' INSAT T.(E FBE 9IT- "'$ ) R ANTENNA 9IT- MC(C $1! Kb:s DATA RATE
(has+ II: C NOS' #'% ) R ANTENNA 9IT- MC(C $1! Kb:s DATA RATE'
(has+ III: % NOS' #'% ) R ANTENNA 9IT- !$C Kb:s DATA RATE
(has+ I8: # NOS' #'% ) R ANTENNA 9IT- !$C Kb:s DATA RATE
MICRO9A8E /INKS: ! G-5 !B% MB(S DIGITA/ RADIO S.STEM'
NODES CONNECTED: !@ (!! (O9ER (ROAECTS< $ R-OS TO CC G EOC NOIDA&
NTPC E B0/ine// Reac1
COA/ BASED SITES ? 1$ N1Es
SINGRAU/I< RI-AND< DADRI< UNC-A-AR< BADAR(UR
TANDA NR B NCR
FARAKKA< KA-A/GAON< TA/C-ER<TT(S ER
KORBA< 8IND-.AC-A/< SI(AT 9R
RAMAGUNDAM< SIM-ADRI SR
COMBINED C.C/E ? " N1Es (CP1&
DADRIQQ< AURI.A< ANTA< FARIDABAD NCR
KA9AS< GAND-AR 9R
KA.AMKU/AM SR
-.DRO
KO/DAM
CC -EAD OUARTER B REGIONA/ -O' % N1Es (# P $ N1 s&
SCO(E< EOC< (MI< NOIDA
/UCKNO9< (ATNA< MUMBAI< -.DERABAD
QQ CO ? /OCATED 9IT- DADRI T-ERMA/
NTPC 6SAT NET(OR%



CONCLUSION
-+4,+ w+ ha0+ s++4 th+ NT(CEs ,1))64i,ati14 4+tw1r* a4d 7+ar4t ab16t th+ sat+77it+ 7i4*< sat+77it+ ba4dwidth
what w+ ar+ 6si43< a4d ab16t th+ )ai4 +;6i:)+4ts a4d th+ir t+,h4i,a7 s:+,i2i,ati14s' I ha0+ a7s1 7+ar4t th+
basi,s 12 4+tw1r*i43 a4d th+ /ANB9AN 4+tw1r*i43 t+,h4i;6+s' Si4,+ th+ ,+4tra7 sat+77it+ +arth stati14 that has
b++4 i4sta77+d at NT(C N1ida is th+ h6b stati14 21r 0ari16s 1th+r sit+s th+r+21r+ it 4++ds a ,14ti4616s
s6:+r0isi14 s1 that th+ r+;6+sts a4d th+ tra22i, 2r1) 0ari16s 1th+r sit+s is +22i,i+4t7y ha4d7+d a4d )a4a3+d' I
ha0+ 7+ar4t h1w sat+77it+ ,1))64i,ati14 :ra,ti,a77y w1r*s a4d th+ 264,ti14i43 12 a 8SAT h6b stati14' /at+st
t+,h41713i+s *++: ,1)i43 i4 th+ )ar*+t a4d NT(C a7s1 tri+s t1 6:dat+ its+72 s1 that it is ab7+ t1 )a4a3+ th+
i4,r+asi43 tra22i, a4d 6ti7i5+ th+ ba4dwidth a771tt+d t1 it +22i,i+4t7y'
FUTURE IMPLICATIONS
I4 26t6r+ i2 I 3+t a4 1::1rt64ity t1 w1r* 14 th+ sa)+ :r1j+,t th+4 I w167d 7i*+ t1 7+ar4 )1r+ ab16t th+
4+tw1r*i43 i4 NT(C' N1w i4 th+ 4+w +ra 12 ER( th+ ,1))64i,ati14 2a,i7iti+s ha0+ t1 0+ry r633+d a4d th+y
sh167d :r10id+ ,1))64i,ati14 with 5+r1 d1w4 ti)+' NT(C has i4tr1d6,+d 4+w s+r0i,+s 7i*+ ER(' D6+ t1 ti)+
7i)itati14 16r )ai4 21,6s was 14 th+ sat+77it+ ,1))64i,ati14 b6t i4 26t6r+ I w167d 7i*+ t1 r+s+ar,h a4d st6dy
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REFERENCES
"ttp%==en.wi?ipedia.org=wi?i=Comm'nications]satellite
"ttp%==www.t'torialswe#.com=satcom=f'ndamentals-of-
satellite-comm'nications."tm
"ttp%==www.#ritannica.com=E*c"ec?ed=topic=9@K4ED=satellite-
comm'nication
"ttp%==www.gatewa(forindia.com=tec"nolog(=satellite."tm
"ttp%==www.wtec.org=lo(ola=satcom=toc."tm
"ttp%==en.wi?ipedia.org=wi?i=Eart"]station
"ttp%==en.wi?ipedia.org=wi?i=Ner(]small]apert're]terminal
"ttp%==www.angelQre.com=electronic=&i?ram=tec"=&satt't."tml
"ttp%=="'#s.com="'#=How-t"e-N/AT-Tec"nolog(-6or?s
"ttp%==www.cr(stalcomm'nications.net=satellite=&sat=a#o't]&s
at."tm
"ttp%==www.gilat.com=Content.asp1^
Z"ow]to]comm'nicate]across]satellite]networ?s