JULIENNE ROSE P.

SABALLA
CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
A. PARIETAL LOBE
1. Benton Judgement of Line orientation
Arthur L. Benton, PhD
Purpose: Measures visuospatial judgment in braininjured
patients
Age range: ! to !" #ears
Administration: $ndividual
Administration time: %aries
&'oring time: ( minutes
)ualifi'ation level: *
Des'ription : A standardi+ed measure of visuospatial judgment in t,o alternate forms.
-he spiralbound boo. of dra,ings 'ontains /( stimuli, five of ,hi'h are pra'ti'e items.
0ormative and validit# data are des'ribed in the manual.
1eliabilit#: -he splithalf reliabilit# of 2orm 3, 'orre'ted for attenuation, ,as found to
be .4" in sample of "5 subje'ts. -he splithalf reliabilit# of 2orm % ,as .64 in a sample
of 17" subje'ts. -3e splithalf reliabilit# of the test ,as found to be .6" in a sample of
771 'hildren.
%alidit#: Although the JL8 has norms available for both adults and 'hildren and has
been suggested for use in both sets of subje'ts, there ma# be differential validities in
the t,o age groups. 1i''io and 3#nd 9144/: reported that although the JL8 'orrelates
,ith the visualspatial measures of the ;$&*1 and ,ith math abilit# 9;1A-1:, the
JL8 did not differentiate among groups of ps#'hiatri', learning disabled, and normal
'ontrol 'hildren.
1eferen'e:
http:<<boo.s.google.'om.ph<boo.s=id>70r?
&s7vh"*@pg>PA1(?@lpg>PA1(?@dA>BentonBJudgementBofBLineBorientationBreliabili
t#BandBvalidit#@sour'e>bl@ots>rmJ'&;%C!r@sig>Ds&B;(Mu?Et)lP?Bj'MFst?D)eg
@hl>en@sa>G@ei>-f'D?j50Je!6g;v
H*$*g@ved>5*2H)?AI,*AJv>onepage@A>BentonK75JudgementK75ofK75Line
K75orientationK75reliabilit#K75andK75validit#@f>false
1etrieved from: http:<<jnnp.bmj.'om<'ontent<!"<"<(/5.full
7. 3ooper %isual 8rgani+ation test
Purpose: Assesses neurologi'al impairment through a Aui'. measure of visual
integration, relativel# unaffe'ted b# situational fa'tors
Age range: ( #ears and up
ADM$0$&-1A-$80: $t 'an be administered b# a paraprofessional, ,or.ing under
supervision
Administration -ime: -he %8- is brief, simple, and straightfor,ard and it 'an be
administered in less than 1( minutes.
Des'ription: -he Hooper Visual Organization Test 9%8-: allo,s #ou to Aui'.l# dete't
neurologi'al impairment, even in 'lients ,ho might other,ise be diffi'ult to assess.
;idel# used ,ith adults and adoles'ents, the %8- 'an be administered to 'hildren as
,ell. -his brief s'reening test measures the individualLs abilit# to organi+e visual stimuli
Ma tas. that is parti'ularl# sensitive to neurologi'al impairment. $t taps both general and
spe'ifi' 'ognitive fun'tions, in'luding:
Arousal
%isual anal#sis and s#nthesis
*on'ept formation
&hort and longterm memor#
;ritten or oral labeling of familiar obje'ts
-he test 'onsists of /5 line dra,ings, ea'h sho,ing a 'ommon obje'tMsu'h as an
apple or a ballMthat has been 'ut into several pie'es. -he pie'es are s'attered on the
page li.e parts of a pu++le. -he 'lientLs tas. is to tell #ou ,hat the obje't ,ould be if the
pie'es ,ere put ba'. together 'orre'tl#.
-he %8- minimi+es situational fa'torsMsu'h as lo, motivation or inattention on the
'lientLs partMthat 'an lead to diagnosti' error. $t is relativel# independent of distra'tibilit#
or verbal abilit# and doesnLt reAuire a motor response. -he test is nonthreatening, and it
usuall# engages even the most relu'tant 'lients. -hose ,ho 'anLt 'ome up ,ith the
'orre't ans,ers 'an still respond to the items in some ,a#. -his allo,s #ou to
su''essfull# test individuals ,ho might refuse to 'ooperate on an intelle'tual tas. ,here
failure is more obvious.
Dnli.e man# neurologi'al tests, the %8- does not measure speed of response, ,hi'h
'an be affe'ted b# depression, anEiet#, motivation, bio'hemi'al shifts, and, of 'ourse,
normal aging. -herefore, the %8- has no time limits. -his ma.es it a more spe'ifi'
measure of visual integration that is diagnosti'all# useful ,ith a ,ide variet# of 'lients,
in'luding the elderl#.
&'oring: -&'ores and 'ut off points
0ormative Data: 0orms based on a sample of more than (55 'hildren from ( to 1/
#ears of age are provided ,ith the Manual.
*lini'al 2indings: -he %8- is ,idel# used in 'lini's, inpatient units, prisons and juvenile
detention 'enters, hospital emergen'# rooms, geriatri' fa'ilities, private pra'ti'es, and
treatment programs for al'ohol and substan'e abuse.
1eferen'es: http:<<,,,.,pspublish.'om<store<p</561<hoopervisualorgani+ationtest
votJsthash.2&4sB($/.EupA1aNu.dpuf
/. $nterlo'.ing 2inger -est -he abilit# of ?4 patients to imitate a standardised set of
four interlo'.ing finger figures ,as 'ompared ,ith 'on'urrent performan'e on formal
neuro'ognitive tests. Poor interlo'.ing finger test s'ores 'orrelated most highl# ,ith
standard measures of parietal lobe d#sfun'tion. $n addition, an anal#ti'al model of
parietal d#sfun'tion indi'ated the interlo'.ing finger test ,as similar to, if not better than,
standard tests of parietal lobe d#sfun'tion. Attempts to imitate these figures should
serve as a fast and simple s'reen of parietal lobe d#sfun'tion.
1eferen'e: 1etrieved from: http:<<jnnp.bmj.'om<'ontent<!"<"<(/5.full
". -he somatosensor# threshold in'reases on the 'ontralateral side of the bod#. -he
t,opoint dis'rimination test reAuires the blindfolded subje't to report ,hether he or she
felt one or t,o points tou'h the s.in 9usuall# on the fa'e or on the palm of the hand:.
-he distan'e bet,een the points is at first ver# large 9sa#, / 'm: and is graduall#
redu'ed until the subje't 'an no longer per'eive t,o points. $n eEtreme 'ases, the
pro'ess is reversed: the distan'e must be in'reased to find ,hen the subje't first
per'eives t,o points.
(. &eguinOoddard 2orm Board test
$n the &eguinOoddard 2orm Board test, the blindfolded subje't manipulates 15 blo'.s
of different shapes 9star, triangle, and so forth: and attempts to pla'e them in similarl#
shaped holes on a form board. ;hen the test is 'ompleted, the form board and blo'.s
are removed and the subje't is as.ed to dra, the board from memor#. -he pre'ise
lo'us of the lesion produ'ing defi'its on this test is 'ontroversial, and no 'laims have
been proved. 0evertheless, the results of resear'h on ta'tile performan'e in mon.e#s
,ith parietal lesions indi'ate that blindfolded ta'tile re'ognition is probabl# sensitive to
lesions of areas PI and P2, ,hereas, in humans, the dra,ing partMa test of both
memor# and 'rossmodal mat'hingMis probabl# sensitive to lesions in area PO.
?. Moone# *losure -est or the Oollin $n'omplete2igures -est
%isual per'eptual 'apa'it# is easil# assessed b# either the Moone# *losure -est or the
Oollin $n'omplete2igures -est. $n both tas.s, a series of in'omplete representations of
fa'es or obje'ts is presented, and the subje't must 'ombine the elements to form a
gestalt and identif# the pi'ture. -hese tests are espe'iall# sensitive to damage at the
right parietotemporal jun'tion, presumabl# in regions of the ventral visual stream.
!. 1ightPleft differentiation test.
$n the rightPleft differentiation test, a series of dra,ings of hands, feet, ears, and so on,
are presented in different orientations 9upside do,n, rear vie,, and so forth:, and the
subje'tLs tas. is to indi'ate ,hether the dra,ing is of the left or the right bod# part. $n a
verbal variant of this test, subje'ts are read a series of 'ommands 9for eEample, Q-ou'h
#our right ear ,ith #our left handR: that are to be 'arried out. Both tests are ver#
sensitive to leftparietallobe damage, but 'aution is advised, be'ause subje'ts ,ith left
frontallobe damage also are often impaired at these tas.s.
6. -he -o.en -est.
-he to.en test is an easil# administered test of language 'omprehension. -,ent#
to.ensMfour shapes 9large and small 'ir'les, large and small sAuares: in ea'h of five
'olors 9,hite, bla'., #ello,, green, red:Mare pla'ed in front of the subje't. -he test
begins ,ith simple tas.s 9for eEample, tou'hing the ,hite 'ir'le: and be'omes
progressivel# more diffi'ult 9for eEample, tou'hing the large #ello, 'ir'le and the large
green sAuare:.
A -o.en -est of reading 'omprehension 'an also be given b# having the subje't read
the instru'tions out loud and then 'arr# them out. ;e have not 'onsidered language a
fun'tion of the parietal lobe, but the posterior spee'h +one borders on area PO. -hus,
injuries affe'ting PO often in'lude temporal spee'hrelated 'orteE, and aphasia is
observed.
4. Nimura boE
$t is unfortunate that there are no standardi+ed tests of apraEia analogous to the to.en
test for aphasia. 3o,ever, the Nimura boE test is probabl# the best test 'urrentl#
available. -he subje't is reAuired to ma.e 'onse'utive movements of pushing a button
,ith the indeE finger, pulling a handle ,ith four fingers, and pressing a bar ,ith the
thumb. -his test is done ver# poorl# b# apraEi's, and man# of them appear unable to
perform this ver# simple series of movements even ,ith eEtensive pra'ti'e.
1eferen'e:
http:<<,,,.171neurofeedba'..'om<-heK75ParietalK75Lobes.pdf
B. OCCIPITAL LOBE
1. %isual Aural Digit &pan -est 9%AD&:
Author: Ili+abeth M. Noppit+
Purpose: Assess shortterm memor#
Age 1ange: (:? through 17:5 #ears
*ompletion -ime: 15 minutes
0ormative Data: Data for Afri'anAmeri'an, 3ispani', Asian, and ;hite 'hildren aged
(:? through 17:5 #earsS data b# seE and for total population
Publi'ation Date: 14!!
1eferen'e:
http:<<,,,.pearson'lini'al.'om<edu'ation<produ'ts<155555"/7<visualauraldigitspan
testvads.html
%AD& 'omplete .it T715, %AD& test manual T?5,
7. Bender %isualMotor Oestalt -est, &e'ond Idition
9BenderOestalt $$:
Authors: Lauretta Bender, MD, the Ameri'an 8rthops#'hiatri' Asso'iation, $n'., 1evised
b# &'ott L. De'.er, PhD, Oar# O. Brannigan
Purpose: Assess the maturation of visuomotor per'eptions of 'hildren and adults
Age 1ange: / to 45 #ears and older
*ompletion -ime: 0o time limit
Des'ription: -he Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test, Second Edition (Bender-Gestalt II)is
a brief assessment of visualmotor integration that ma# provide interpretive information
about an individualUs development and neurops#'hologi'al fun'tioning. -he Bender-
Gestalt II 'onsists of a series of template 'ards, ea'h displa#ing a uniAue figure. -he
individual is as.ed to dra, ea'h figure as he or she observes it. -he design 'ard is not
removed until the dra,ing is 'omplete.
0ormative data: IEpanded norms from ages / to 45 #ears gathered from over ",555
individuals representative of the 7551 D.&. population allo, #ou to obtain a standard
s'ore and ma.e valuable peer 'omparisons. *onormed ,ith the &tanfordBinet
$ntelligen'e &'ales, 2ifth Idition
1eliabilit#: 1eliabilities a'ross the La'.s adaptation and the Noppit+ s#stem have been
generall# good. Dsing the La'.s adaptation of the 3utt s#stem, inters'orer reliabilit# for
the 17 organi' signs has been found to range bet,een .6! and .45 9La'.s, 7555:.
Per'entage of agreement on s'ores ranged from !!K to 6?K, and the agreement for
diagnosis 9brain versus nonbraindamaged: ranged bet,een 6"K and 4"K 9La'.s,
1444, 7555:. -estretest reliabilities over a / to 17month interval ,ere .!4 for proto'ols
from neurops#'hiatri' patients, .?? for patients ,ith Al+heimerLs disease, and from .(! to
.?/ for older adults 9La'.s, 146", 1444, 7555:.
$nters'orer reliabilities for the Noppit+ s#stem have been found to be eE'ellent 9.66 and .
4?:, although testretest reliabilities over a fourmonth interval ,ere some,hat lo, 9.(6
to .??S Noppit+, 14!(S 0eale @ M'Na#, 146(:. 8verall, the testretest reliabilities for the
Noppit+ s#stem range from .(/ to .45 9Mdn r > .!!:, depending on age and time
bet,een retesting 9Noppit+, 14!(S 0eale @ M'Na#, 146(:. -he testretest reliabilit# for
the total number of errors ,as .6/, but reliabilities for spe'ifi' errors 9distortion, rotation,
integration, perseveration: ,ere too lo, to be dependable. -hus, the major fo'us should
be on the totalerror s'ore rather than the spe'ifi' features of the reprodu'tions.
%alidit#: -he validit# of Noppit+Ls 914!(: developmental s#stem depends primaril# on the
purpose for ,hi'h it is used. %alidit# is rather good as an indeE of per'eptualmotor
development be'ause error s'ores de'rease ,ith age, bet,een the ages of ( and 4
9Noppit+,14?/, 14!(:. *on'urrent measures of visualmotor per'eption also suggest a
moderate level of validit# based on 'orrelations ,ith the Developmental -est of %isual
Motor $ntegration 9Mdn r > .?(: and the 2rostig Developmental -est of %isual Per'eption
9Mdn r > ."!S Breen, 1467S D. ;right @ DeMers, 1467:. *orrelations ,ith intelligen'e
and a'ademi' a'hievement have been lo, to moderate 9Noppit+, 14!(S Lesia., 146"S
%an'e, 2uller, @ Lester, 146?:. 2or eEample, 'orrelations ,ith the ;$&*1 performan'e
subtests ranged from .(1 9Blo'. Design: to .56 9*odingS 1edfering @ *ollings, 1467:,
,hi'h suggests that the Aualit# of Bender Oestalt performan'e is moderatel# related to
abilit# to perform ,ell on Blo'. Design but not on *oding. Moderate 'orrelations 9.(!:
have also been found bet,een the NAB* &imultaneous &'ale and Bender Oestalt
error s'ores 93addad, 146?:. &ignifi'ant 'orrelations have also been reported bet,een
first Tests of Visuoconstucti!e A"i#ities $%% gradersL Bender Oestalt s'ores and their
level of performan'e in reading and arithmeti' 9P.A'.erman, Peters, @ D#.man, 14!1S
Noppit+, 14(6:. 3o,ever, these 'orrelations are suffi'ientl# lo, so that the Bender
Oestalt should not be used as a substitute for a formal intelligen'e test or a
standardi+ed test of a'ademi' a'hievement.
*lini'al 2inding: -he Bender-Gestalt II is ideal for use as a first measure in an eEtended
ps#'hologi'al batter#. ;ith its simple design and administration, theBender-Gestalt II is
an effe'tive and nonthreatening pre'ursor to more 'hallenging assessments. $t is also
a reliable tool to assess visualmotor development and ma# be used as a s'reener for
neurops#'hologi'al impairment.
Publi'ation Date: 755/
BenderOestalt $$ *omplete Nit T717.55S BenderOestalt $$ Manual T15?.55S
RESOURCES
http:<<,,,.assess.nelson.'om<testind<bender.html
http:<<,,,.gestaltrevision.be<en<masterindeE<6/resour'es<referen'eguides<7/(
neurops#'hologi'altes
/. %isual 8bje't and &pa'e Per'eption Batter# 9%8&P:
Purpose: Assess obje't and spa'e per'eption. *onsists of eight tests ea'h designed to
assess a parti'ular aspe't of obje't or spa'e per'eption, ,hile minimising the
involvement of other 'ognitive s.ills
Author9s: Ili+abeth N ;arrington Merle James
Age 1ange: Adult
Administration: $ndividual or group
Administration time: untimed
Des'ription: 0europs#'hologi'al investigations have established that highl# spe'ifi'
impairments of 'ognitive fun'tion 'an o''ur follo,ing brain damage.
A 'omprehensive neurops#'hologi'al assessment must refle't this spe'ifi'it# and
in'lude tas.s that fo'us on spe'ifi' 'ognitive fun'tions in addition to 'ompleE 'ognitive
s.ills. $n this 'onteEt no individualLs profile ,ould be 'omplete ,ithout an assessment of
obje't and spa'e per'eption.
-he Visual Obect and Space !erception Batter" (VOS!) 'onsists of eight tests ea'h
designed to assess a parti'ular aspe't of obje't or spa'e per'eption, ,hile minimising
the involvement of other 'ognitive s.ills.
-he VOS! ,ill enable an assessor to 'ompare the s'ores of a subje't ,ith those of a
normal 'ontrol sample and those obtained b# patients ,ith right and left'erebral
lesions.
Although a theoreti'al issue ,as the original motivation for ea'h of these tests, it ,as
their pragmati' strength in terms of their sele'tivit# and sensitivit# that determined their
sele'tion for in'lusion in the batter#.
-he# are all untimed and should be administered at a pa'e suitable to the individual
patient. -he tests 'an be administered singl#, in groups, or as a ,hole batter#S and,
apart from the initial s'reening test, in an# order.
Ia'h test has been developed, validated and standardised in the Ps#'holog#
Department at the 0ational 3ospital for 0eurolog# and 0eurosurger#, )ueen &Auare
London ,here Ili+abeth ;arrington is Professor Imeritus of *lini'al 0europs#'holog#
and Merle James is a *lini'al 0europs#'hologist.
-heir asso'iative ,or. began in 14?7 and a number of the tests in this batter# are
published for the first time after mu'h demand b# pra'tising 'lini'iansS others are ne,
tests that have been developed in re'ent #ears.
VOS! 'an be used in 'onjun'tion ,ith the *81%$&- to provide a 'omprehensive
assessment of visuoper'eptual abilit#.
Publi'ation Hear 1441
*omplete .it:
$n'ludes manual, pa'. of 7( s'oring sheets and / stimulus boo.s in a bag
V77".55 V7//.!5 in' %A-
1eferen'e:
http:<<,,,.pearson'lini'al.'o.u.<Ps#'holog#<Adult*ognition0europs#'holog#andLangu
age<AdultPer'eptionand%isuomotorAbilities<%isual8bje'tand&pa'ePer'eptionBatter#
K76%8&PK74<%isual8bje'tand&pa'ePer'eptionBatter#K76%8&PK74.aspE
". 2a'ial 1e'ognition
Author: Arthur L. Benton, PhD
Purpose: Measures the abilit# of braindamaged patients to mat'h
unfamiliar fa'es
Age range: ? to !" #ears
Administration: $ndividual
Administration time: %aries
Des'ription: A threepart standardi+ed measure of the abilit# to mat'h
unfamiliar fa'es. *ontains a 7!item short form and a ("item
long form. 0ormative and validit# data are des'ribed in the
manual
0ormative and validit# data are des'ribed in the manual.
C. TEMPORAL LOBE
Auditor# and visual pro'essing 'apa'it# 'an be assessed b# using di'hoti' listening and
the M'Oill Pi'tureAnomalies -est. -he pi'tureanomalies tas. is not as sensitive an
indi'ator toda# as it ,as ,hen first used in the 14(5s, perhaps be'ause videobased
home entertainment has made the average person more sophisti'ated visuall#.
0evertheless, a poor s'ore on this test almost invariabl# denotes right temporal
abnormalit#.
-he best test of general verbal memor# abilit# is the revised ;e'hsler Memor# &'ale.
3o,ever, be'ause the ;e'hsler memor# Auotient is affe'ted b# nonspe'ifi' disorders of
attention, t,o subtestsMpaired asso'iates and logi'al storiesMare often used as a
purer measure of verbal memor# 'apa'it#. -he pairedasso'iates subtest reAuires a
subje't to learn a series of ,ord pairs 9for eEample, northPsouth, 'abbagePpen: su'h
that, ,hen one ,ord is read 9north, 'abbage:, its pairedasso'iate ,ord 9south, pen:
'an be re'alled. An eEample of the logi'al memor# test ,as presented in referen'e to
Mr. B.Ls verbal memor# defe't.
W -he 1e# *ompleE2igure -est has proved to be one of the best for evaluating
nonverbal memor# fun'tion of the right temporal lobe. A printed 'op# of a 'ompleE
geometri' pattern is pla'ed before the subje't ,ith the instru'tions, Q*op# the dra,ing
as a''uratel# as #ou 'an.R 2ort#five minutes later, the subje't is as.ed to reprodu'e as
mu'h of the figure as he or she 'an remember. Although the s'oring 'riteria provide an
obje'tive measure of nonverbal memor#, the test has the dra,ba'. that depressed or
poorl# motivated subje'ts ma# perform poorl#, not be'ause of right temporallobe
damage but be'ause the# refuse to tr# to re'all the figure. -here is no eas# solution to
this problem, be'ause all tests of nonverbal memor# are subje't to this 'ompli'ation.
W A defi'it in language 'omprehension 'ould be the result of a lesion in an# of the
language +ones of the left hemisphere 9that is, in the parietal, temporal, or frontal
lobes:. 0o 'urrent neurops#'hologi'al assessment tool 'an lo'ali+e the area of damage
,ithin the left hemisphere. 2or this reason, ,e on'e again re'ommend the to.en test as
the test of 'hoi'e for language 'omprehension.
1eferen'e:
http:<<,,,.171neurofeedba'..'om<-heK75-emporalK75Lobes.pdf
". 2180-AL L8BI
1. -he ;is'onsin *ard&orting -est is the best available test of dorsolateral frontal
'orteE fun'tion. As des'ribed earlier, a subje't is told to sort the 'ards into piles in front
of one or another of the stimulus 'ards bearing designs that differ in 'olor, form, and
number of elements. -he 'orre't solution shifts ,ithout the subje'tLs .no,ledge ,hen
he or she has figured out ea'h solution.
7. -hurstone ;ord2luen'# -est reAuires subje'ts to sa# or ,rite as man# ,ords
beginning ,ith a given letter as possible in ( minutes, and then as man# fourletter
,ords beginning ,ith a given letter in " minutes. Although subje'ts ,ith lesions
an#,here in the prefrontal 'orteE are apt to do poorl# on this test, subje'ts ,ith fa'ial
area lesions perform the ,orst, and those ,ith orbital lesions perform onl# slightl#
better. Performan'e is poorest ,hen the lesion is in the left hemisphere.
/.-he OotmanMilner Design2luen'# -est also is ver# useful, although some,hat
diffi'ult to s'ore. &ubje'ts are as.ed to dra, as man# unnameable, abstra't dra,ings
as the# 'an in ( minutes. 2rontallobe patients ,ill dra, ver# fe, items, dra, nameable
obje'ts, or dra, the same figure repeatedl#. Li.e the verbalfluen'# tests, the design
fluen'# tas. appears most sensitive to orbital injur#.
". -o,er of 3anoi and the -o,er of London, have proved sensitive to frontal injur#,
although the -o,er of London appears to be a purer test of planning fun'tions. $n both
tests, a person is presented ,ith several pegs and several dis's of var#ing si+e. -he
dis's must be moved from the presented lo'ation to another 'onfiguration and lo'ation
a''ording to different rules. 2or eEample, onl# one dis' 'an be moved at a time, and a
large dis' ma# never be pla'ed on a smaller one. Damage to either the left or the right
prefrontal 'orteE produ'es impairments on these tas.s.
(. Nolb and MilnerLs fa'ialseAuen'e test, -ests of motor fun'tion in'lude tests of
strength 9hand d#namometr#:, finger tapping speed, and movement seAuen'ing.
&trength and fingertapping speed are signifi'antl# redu'ed 'ontralaterall# to a lesion
that is in the vi'init# of the pre'entral or post'entral g#ri. Motor seAuen'ing 'an be
assessed b# using Nolb and MilnerLs fa'ialseAuen'e test, although this test reAuires
'onsiderable pra'ti'e to administer and s'oring should be from videotaped re'ords.
?. -he to.en test as a Aui'. s'reening test for aphasia, to be follo,ed if ne'essar# b#
moreeEtensive aphasia testing Although damage to Bro'aLs area is ,idel# believed to
result in defi'its onl# in language produ'tion and not in 'omprehension, this out'ome is
not stri'tl# true. Left frontal lesions in the vi'init# of Bro'aLs area produ'e defi'its in
'omprehension as ,ell as in produ'tion.
!. Phoneti' differentiation. &pelling is seriousl# impaired b# fa'ialarea lesions and 'an
be assessed b# an# standardi+ed spelling test. Phoneti' differentiation, a test des'ribed
b# &titt and 3untington and used for neurologi'al patients b# -a#lor, is another means of
assessing fa'ialarea fun'tion. A series of nonsense ,ords, su'h as Qagma,R is
presented and a subje'tLs tas. is to identif# the first 'onsonant sound. -his test proves
diffi'ult even for 'ontrols, but it is performed most poorl# b# subje'ts ,ith fa'ial area
damage, espe'iall# damage on the left side. 3o,ever, frontallobe lesions outside the
fa'ial area also ma# impair performan'e on this test signifi'antl#.
1eferen'e: http:<<,,,.171neurofeedba'..'om<-heK752rontalK75Lobes.pdf
http:<<jnnp.bmj.'om<'ontent<7"</<775.full.pdf
http:<<fol..uio.no<janneto</55.opi<node77.html