Research & Laboratory, Processing Directorate

Fuel Product Development, Marketing Directofate

(Suparlan, A Eliyanti, Suudi T, Saifullah, Slamet P, Gusnida, Ninuk)
STUDY OF GASOHOL PROPERTIES
AS ALTERNATIVE CLEAN FUELS
FOR TRANSPORTATION FUELS IN INDONESIA
Under cooperation with
Cilacap and Balongan Pertamina Refineries
Presented at The Fifth Asian Petroleum Technology Symposium
2325 January, 2007 Jakarta, Indonesia
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The most familiar transportation fuels in this
country are gasoline and diesel fuel
Any number of energy sources are capable of
powering motor vehicles
Alcohols
Electricity
natural gas
propane.
Some vehicle fuels, because of physical or
chemical properties, create less pollution than do
today's gasolines. These are called " clean fuels."
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Cars operating on todays gasoline's emit complex
mixtures of compounds that potential for global
warming
Many of these compounds are also toxic
A lot of work has been done to reduce automobile
pollution
Global Warming
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One of the efforts
Development fuel (clean fuels)
Emit less hydrocarbons
Less toxic
cleaner than conventional gasoline.
Use of clean fuel could also help slow
atmospheric buildup of carbon dioxide,
a greenhouse gas that contributes to the
potential for global warming.
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One of the clean fuels which are currently popular in
Indonesia
Renewable fuels / Biofuels
Ethanol (bioethanol)
FAME (biodiesel)
Government Policy accelerate the development of
renewable fuels.
In engines burning reformulated gasoline using ethanol:
NOx, VOCs and CO emissions
Reduced approximately 3%, 17% and 13%
Respectively compare with gasoline engines
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Ethanol :
Produced domestically such as from sugar cane
It is most commonly used as an oxygenate in
reformulated gasoline
These fuels can be burned in gasoline engines
the production of ethanol for fuel is in direct
competition with food production in most
countries. This keeps ethanol prices relatively high,
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Clean fuels in Indonesia market
Give consumers new choices
Decrease our dependence on imported oil
Reduce automobile pollution
Sharing to National Development :
Decrease the poor
Increase the job market
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Pertamina continue to improve the fuels to make the
fuels more cleaner.
Based on Indonesia President Regulation No 1 2006
Government policy in using biofuel
One of the effort
Ethanol gasoline blend called gasohol
Target :
Produce Gasohol with Octane Number (ON) 88, 91,95
as correspond with Indonesian Fuel Specification
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Gasohol Mapping In The World
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Gasohol have been used in many countries such as
United States and Brazil for many years
In Indonesia, several research has been done :
Pertamina
Universities, Institutes
In producing Gasohol with Octane Number (ON) 88, 91,95
Required octane booster
HOMC (High Octane Mogas Component)
Ethanol can Reduce HOMC consumption.
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Study of Ethanol up to 10% blend with currently
Pertamina base fuel component
Must be carry out before producing gasohol
Even a lot of researchers in the world do nearly the
same kind of work.
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% Ethanol
No Fuel
Octane
Base
Fuel
5 7 9
1 A 80 84 85 87
2 B 82 85 86 88
3 C 85 88
4 D 88 91 92 93
5 E 90 93
6 F 93 94 95
Target ON base on Indonesia Fuel Specification
Experimental Result for producing ON 88, 91, 95
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%Recovery Distillation in various Base Fuels
Bl endi ng Premi um 0 dg etanol
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
0 5 7 9
% etanol
%

R
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
10%
50%
90%
EP
Bl endi ng Premi um 1 dg etanol
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
0 5 7 9
% et anol
%

R
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
10%
50%
90%
EP
Bl endi ng Premi um 2 dg etanol
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
0 5 7 9
% et anol
%

R
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
10%
50%
90%
EP
Bl endi ng Premi um 1A dg etanol
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
0 5
% et anol
%

R
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
10%
50%
90%
EP
A B
C D
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Complete quality test conducting for
gasohol with base fuel B and C
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The overall quality in the range of the Indonesian Specification
Complete quality test conducting for
gasohol with base fuel B and C
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Hygroscopes Ethanol:
Ethanol has an affinity for water.
Ethanol will absorb trace amounts of water
and pull it through the fuel system
Trace amounts of water in underground storage
tanks are eliminated via the same mechanism
Steps should be taken to eliminate excessive moisture
from the fuel storage and delivery system.
Excessive moisture contamination, the water can pull
the ethanol out of the blend resulting in tank bottoms
comprised of water, ethanol, and some hydrocarbon
content.
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Water Tolerance
The amount of water tolerated by a gasoline/ethanol
blend is dependent upon the content of ethanol and
product temperature. The lower the temperature, the
lower ethanol content, the lower the water tolerance.
Source: RFA, 2005)
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83
84
85
86
87
88
89
0 2000 4000 6000
Water Content, ppm
O
N
E5
E9
92
93
94
95
96
0 20 40 60
Wat er Cont ent, ppm
O
N
E5
E9
91
92
93
94
95
96
0 2000 4000 6000
Water Cont ent, ppm
O
N
E5
E9
Effect of water content on quality of Gasohol
High water resistane
In high ON Gasohol
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Visualization Settling Test
Adding around 5000 ppm of water
E5 + 0.5% water E9 + 0.5% water
Water tolerance for E5 lower than E9.
Separation occur with E5 but not yet for E9.
Water separation will occur with higher moisture / water content in
gasohol when water content exceed water tolerance.
If phase separation occur when water and ethanol combined and drop
to the bottom of the tank, the effected product must be taken out of
service untill the problem is corrected.
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Conclusion
Octane Number increased considerable in ON base fuel 80 82 with
adding ethanol and will slightly increase with increasing ON
of the base fuel
Gasohol 88 (E5)can be produced from base fuel C with ON = 85
Gasohol 88(E9) target can be produced from base fuel B with ON= 82
Gasohol 91 (E5) target can be produced from base fuel D with ON = 88
Gasohol with currently base fuel meet quality standard fuel according
Inodnesian Fuel Specification
Higher moisture content will contribute lower octane number especially
for low octane number of gasohol.
Gasohol with high octane number is not very sensitive to moisture/water
content up to 5000 ppmwater in gasohol. Detailed further study should
be taken.
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For implementation
Care chould be taken in product handling
to avoid phase separation
Minimize moisture / water content in piping and tank.
In line blending with minimize effect of
moisture contaminatio and closed to fuel filling station
Periodical quality monitoring test