Electrical Machines (EE256)

1. What is the function of carbon brush used in D.C generator?

The function of carbon brush is to collect current from the
commutator and supply is to the external load circuit and to the field
circuit.
2. Distinguish between la winding and wa!e winding used in dc
"achine
Lap winding is designed for high current and low voltage
machines.
Wave winding is designed for low current and high
voltages.
#. Write the nu"ber of arallel aths in a la and wa!e connected
windings
In a lap wound machine, the number of parallel paths is equal to
the number of poles. But in wave wound machine, the number of
parallel paths is always two irrespective of number of poles.
$. %a"e the three things re&uired for the generation of e"f
o resence of armature conductors
o resence of magnetic field
o !elative motion between conductor and magnetic field
5. What are the different t'es of dc generator
6. What is "eant b' self e(cited and searatel' e(cited dc generator
"elf#excited generator are those whose field magnets are
energi$ed by the current produced by the generator
themselves
"eparately excited generator are those whose field
magnets are energi$ed from an independent external
source of dc current
). What is the basic difference between dc generator and dc "otor
%enerator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
&otor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. But
there is no constructional difference between the two.
*. Write down the e"f e&uation of dc generator. +i!e the "eaning of
each s'"bol
'mf induced '()*+,-./
)(flux per pole in Weber
*(total number of armature conductors
+(speed of armature in rpm
(number of poles
/(number of parallel paths
,.what is ole itch?
The periphery of the armature is divided for a number of poles
of the generator. the center to center distance between two ad0acent poles
is called pole pitch
It is also equal to the number of armature slots or armature
conductors per pole.
1-..ow can the !oltage in a DC generator be increased?
Increasing the main field flux and the speed of the armature
can increase the voltage in a 12 generator.
11.What is critical resistance of a DC shunt generator?
The value of resistance of shunt field winding beyond which
the shunt generator fails to build up its voltage is 3nown as 4 critical
resistance 4.
12.what are the conditions to be fulfilled for a shunt generator to
build u /oltage?
a5 There must be some residual magnetism in the field poles.
b5 The shunt field resistance should be less than critical
resistance.
c5 The field coils should be connected with the armature in
such a way that current flowing through them should
increase the '&6 induced by the residual magnetism.
1#.What do 'ou "ean b' residual flu( in DC generator.
The magnetic flux retained in the poles of the machine even
without field supply is called the residual flux.
1$.0 DC generator fails to self e(cite. . 1ist the cause for the failure
for the failure.
a5 !esidual magnetism may not there in the poles.
b5 1irection of rotation may be wrong.
c5 The field resistance may be more than critical resistance.
d5 There may be disconnection in the field winding.
e5 Brush contact may be poor.
f5 The field coils may be connected with the armature to
oppose the '&6 due to residual magnetism.
15.What are oen circuit characteristics of DC shunt generator.
It is the relation between the field current and the emf induced
in the armature
16. Wh' a #2hase s'nchronous "otor will alwa's run at s'nchronous
seed?
Because of the magnetic coupling between the stator poles and
rotor poles the motor runs exactly at synchronous speed.
1). Mention the "ethods of starting of #2hase s'nchronous "otor.
a. / 1.2 motor coupled to the synchronous motor shaft.
b. / small induction motor coupled to its shaft.
c. 7sing damper windings as a squirrel cage induction motor.
1*.What are the rincial ad!antages of rotating field s'ste" t'e of
construction of s'nchronous "achines?
6orm "tationary connection between external circuit and system of
conditions enable the machine to handle large amount of volt#
ampere as high as 8.. &9/.
The relatively small amount of power required for field system can
be easily supplied to the rotating field system via slip rings and
brushes.
&ore space is available in the stator part of the machine for
providing more insulation to the system of conductors.
Insulation to stationary system of conductors is not sub0ected to
mechanical stresses due to centrifugal action.
"tationary system of conductors can easily be braced to prevent
deformation.
It is easy to provide cooling arrangement.
1,.Write down the e&uation for fre&uenc' of e"f induced in an alternator.
6 ( + , :;. <ert$
Where ( +o. =f poles
+ ( "peed in rpm.
2-.What are the ad!antages of salient ole t'e of construction used for
s'nchronous "achines?
They allow better ventilation.
The pole faces are so shaped radial air gap length increases from
the pole center to the pole tips so that flux distribution in the air gap is
sinusoidal in shape which will help to generate sinusoidal emf.
1ue the variable reluctance, the machine develops additional
reluctance power, which is independent of excitation.
21Wh' do c'lindrical rotor alternators oerate with stea" turbines?
"team turbines are found to operate at fairly good efficiency only at high
speeds. The high#speed operation of rotor tends to increase mechanical
losses, so the rotors should have smooth external surface. <ence smooth
cylindrical type rotors with less diameter and large axial length are used for
synchronous generators driven by steam turbines with either ; or > poles.
22.Which t'e of s'nchronous generators are used in .'droelectric lants and
wh'?
/s the speed of operation is low, for hydro turbines used in hydroelectric plants,
salient pole type synchronous generators are used. These allow better
ventilation and also have other advantages over smooth cylindrical type
rotor.
2#.What is the relation between electrical degree and "echanical degree?
'lectrical degree ?
e
and mechanical degree are related to one another by the
number of poles , the electrical machine has, as given by the following
equation.
?
e
( @,;5 ?
m
2$. What is the "eaning of electrical degree?
'lectrical degree is used to account the angle between two points in rotating
electrical machines. "ince all electrical machines operate with the help of
magnetic fields, the electrical degree is accounted with reference to the
polarity of magnetic fields. :A. electrical degrees is accounted as the angle
between ad0acent +orth and "outh poles
25. Wh' short2itch winding is referred o!er full itch winding?
0d!antagesB #
Waveform of the emf can be approximately made to a sine wave
and distorting harmonics can be reduced or totally eliminated.
2onductor material, copper is saved in the bac3 and front#end
connections due to less coil span.
6ractional slot winding with fractional number of slots,phase can
be used which in turn reduces the tooth ripples.
&echanical strength of the coil is increased.

26. Write down the for"ula for distribution factor.

C
d
( sin @mD,;5 or C
dn
( sin @mnD,;5
msin@D,;5 msin@nD,;5
where
m # number of slots,pole,phase
D # angle between ad0acent slots in electrical degree
n # order of harmonics.
2). Define winding factor.
The winding factor C
w
is defined as the ratio of phasor addition of emf induced in
all the coils belonging to each phase winding of their arithmetic addition.
2*. Wh' are alternators rated in 3/0 and not in 3W?
The continuous power rating of any machine is generally defined as the power the
machine or apparatus can deliver for a continuous period so that the losses
incurred in the machine gives rise to a steady temperature rise not exceeding
the limit prescribed by the insulation class.
/part from the constant loss the variable loss incurred in alternators is the
copper loss, occurring in the E#phase winding, which depends on I
;
!, the
square of the current delivered by the generator. /s the current is directly
related to apparent power delivered by the generator, the alternators have
only their apparent power in 9/,39/,&9/ as their power rating
2,. What are the causes of changes in !oltage of alternators when loaded?
9oltage variation due to the resistance of the winding !.
9oltage variation due to the lea3age reactance of the winding F
:
.
9oltage variation due to the armature reaction.
#-. What is "eant b' ar"ature reaction in alternators?
The interaction between flux set up by the current carrying armature conductors
and the main field flux is defined as the armature reaction.
#1. What do 'ou "ean b' s'nchronous reactance?
It is the sum of the lea3age reactance F
:
and armature reactance F
a

F
s
(

F
:
G

F
a
#2. What is s'nchronous i"edance?
The complex addition of resistance ! and synchronous reactance 0F
s
is
synchronous impedance *
s
.
*
s
( @!G0F
s
5 ( *
s
H?
Where ? ( tan
I:
@F
s
,!5
J*
s
J ( K@!
;
G0F
s
;
5
##. What is "eant b' load angle of an alternator?
The phase angle introduced between the induced emf phasor ' and terminal
voltage phasor 9 during the load condition of an alternator is called load
angle. The load angle increases with increase in load. It is positive during
generator operation and negative during motor operation.
#$. Define the ter" !oltage regulation of alternator.
It is defined as the change in terminal voltage from no load#to#load condition
expressed as a function or terminal voltage at load condition, the speed and
excitation conditions remaining same.
L !egulation ( @'#95,9 x :..
#5. What is the necessit' for redeter"ination of !oltage regulation?
&ost of the alternators are manufactured with large power rating and large voltage
ratings. 2onduction load test is not possible for such alternators. <ence other
indirect methods of testing are used and the performance can be
predetermined at any desired load currents and power factors.
#6. Wh' is the s'nchronous i"edance "ethod of esti"ating !oltage
regulation is considered as essi"istic "ethod?
2ompared to other methods, the value of voltage regulation obtained by this
method is always higher than the actual value and therefore is called
pessimistic method.
#). Wh' is the MM4 "ethod of esti"ating the !oltage regulation is considered
as the oti"i5ation "ethod?
2ompared to '&6 method, &&6 method involves more number of complex
calculation steps. 6urther the =22 is referred twice and "22 is referred
once while predetermining the voltage regulation for each load condition.
!eference of =22 ta3es core saturation effect. /s this method requires more
effort, the final result is very close to the actual value. <ence this method is
called the optimistic method.
#*.What does hunting of s'nchronous "otor "ean?
When the load applied to the synchronous motor is suddenly increased
or decreased, the rotor oscillates about its synchronous position with respect
to the stator field. This action is called hunting.
#,. What could be the reasons if a #2hase s'nchronous "otor fails to start?
It is usually due to the following reasons
a. 9oltage may be too low.
b. Too much starting load.
c. =pen circuit in one phase or short circuit.
d. 6ield excitation may be excessive
$-. What is s'nchronous condenser?
/n over#excited synchronous motor used for the improvement of
power factor is called as synchronous condenser because, li3e a capacitor it
ta3es a leading current.
$1. Write the alications of s'nchronous "otor.
a. 7sed for power factor improvement in sub#stations and in industries.
b. 7sed in industries for power applications.
c. 7sed for constant speed drives such as motor#generator set, pumps and
compressors.
$2. What is an in!erted 6/6 cur!e?
6or a constant load, if the power factor is plotted against various values
of field exciting current, the curve formed is 3nown as inverted M9M curve.
$#. .ow the s'nchronous "otor is "ade self2starting?
By providing damper windings in the pole faces, it will start and run
li3e a squirrel cage induction motor.
$$. 0 s'nchronous "otor starts as usual but fails to de!elo its full tor&ue.
What could it be due to?
a. 'xciter voltage may be too low.
b. 6ield spool may be reversed.
c. There may be either open#circuit or short#circuit in the field.
>8.What are the two types of E#phase induction motorN
a. "quirrel cage induction motor.
b. "lip ring induction motor.
$6.Write the two e(tra features of sli ring induction "otors.
a. !otor is having E#phase winding.
b. 'xtra resistance can be added in the rotor circuit for improving in
the power factor with the help of three slip rings.
$).Can we add e(tra resistance in series with s&uirrel cage rotor? 7tate the
reason?
We cannot add extra resistance in series with the rotor because all the
copper bars of the rotor are short circuited in both the sides by copper end
rings to have a closed circuit.
$*.Wh' an induction "otor is called rotating transfor"er?
The rotor receives electrical power in exactly the same way as the
secondary of a two winding transformer receiving its power from primary.
That is why an induction motor can be called as a rotating transformer i.e., in
which primary winding is stationary but the secondary is free to rotate.
$,.Wh' an induction "otor will ne!er run at its s'nchronous seed?
If it runs at synchronous speed then there would be no related speed
between the two, hence no rotor emf, no rotor current so no rotor torques to
maintain rotation. That is why the rotor runs at its synchronous speed.
5-.What are sli rings?
The slip rings are made of copper alloys and are fixed around the shaft
insulating it. Through these slip rings and brushes the rotor winding can be
connected to external circuits.
51.7tate the difference between sli ring rotor and cage rotor of an
induction "otor?
"lip ring rotor has E#phase windings. Three ends of which are stared
and the other three ends are brought up and connected to E slip rings
mounted in the shaft. 'xtra resistance can be added in the rotor circuit.
"quirrel cage rotor has short#circuited copper bars. 'xtra resistance canOt be
added as slip ring rotor.
52.Write an e(ression for the sli of an induction "otor.
ercentage slip ( @+s #+
r
5

, +
s
P :...
5#.Define sli of induction "otor?
"lip is descriptive of the way in which the rotor slips bac3 from synchronism. It is
usually expressed as percentage of synchronous speed.
5$.What is cogging of an induction "otor?
When the number of stator and rotor teethOs is equal they have a tendency to align
themselves exactly to minimum reluctance position. Thus the rotor may refuse to
accelerate. This phenomenon is 3nown as cogging.
55.What are the ad!antages of cage "otor?
a5 "ince the rotor has very low resistance, the copper loss is
low and efficiency is high
b5 =n the account of simple construction of rotor, it is
mechanically robust.
c5 Initial cost is less.
d5 &aintenance cost is less.
e5 "imple stating arrangement
56.+i!e the condition for "a(i"u" tor&ue for #2hase induction "otor?
The rotor resistance and rotor reactance should be equal for developing maximum
torque i.e. !
;
( s F
;
where s is the slip.
5). What is reason for inserting additional resistance in rotor circuit of a sli ring
induction "otor?
Introduction of additional resistance in the rotor circuit will increase the starting
torque as well as running torque. /lso it limits the starting current.
5*. 1ist out the "ethods of seed control of cage t'e #2hase induction "otor?
a5 By changing supply frequency
b5 By changing the number of poles
c5 By operating two motors in cascade
5,.Mention different t'es of seed control of sli ring induction "otor?
a5 By changing supply frequency
b5 By changing the number of stator poles
c5 By rotor rheostat control
d5 By operating two motors in cascade
6-.What are the ad!antages of #2hase induction "otor?
a5 It was very simple and extremely rugged, almost
unbrea3able construction
b5 Its cost is very low and it is very reliable
c5 It has been suffiently high efficiency .+o brushes are needed
and hence frictional losses are reduced
d5 It requires minimum of maintenance.
61. What is "eant b' crawling of induction "otor?
"quirrel cage type, sometimes exhibit a tendency to run stably at speeds as low as
:,Q the of their synchronous speed this phenomenon is 3nown as crawling
62. 7tate the alication of an induction generator?
a5 7sed in windmill for generating electric power.
b5 7sed in regenerative brea3ing places li3e traction.
6#.Mention two t'es of core construction of transfor"er
2ore type and shell type.
6$.What are the "ain arts of a transfor"er? What t'e of "aterial is used for the
core?
Laminated core and primary and secondary windings are the main parts. The core is built
up of thin soft iron or high#grade silicon steel laminations to provide a path of low
reluctance to the magnetic flux.
65.Write down the e"f e&uation of a single2hase transfor"er.
'mf induced in the primary ':(>.>>f+: volts, where 6 ( frequency of supply main,
(flux lin3ing both the primary and the secondary windings, +: ( number of
turns in the primary, +; ( number of turns in the secondary.
66.7tate the rincile of oeration of a transfor"er
Transformer operates on the principle of mutual induction between inductively coupled
coils. When /2 source is connected to one coil, flux is produced in the core, which
lin3s both the coils. /s per 6aradayOs Laws of 'lectromagnetic Induction, '&6 is
induced in the secondary coil also. If the external circuit is closed the power is
supplied.
6).Wh' is the rating of a transfor"er gi!en in 8/0?
2opper loss of a transformer depends on current and iron loss on voltage. <ence total
transformer loss depends on volt ampere @9/5 and both on the phase angle
between voltage and current, i.e., it is independent of load power factor. That is
why the rating of a transformer is in C9/.
6*..ow do 'ou reduce h'steresis loss in a transfor"er?
<ysteresis loss can be reduced by selecting suitable core material. "ilicon steel is having
less "tein &et$ hysteresis coefficient.
6,.9he efficienc' of a transfor"er is alwa's higher than that of rotating electrical
"achines. Wh'?
In rotating machines, there are mechanical losses @frictional and windage losses5 due to
the rotating parts. /s there is no rotating part in a transformer, efficiency of
transformer is always higher than rotating electric machines.
)-.What are the ad!antages of :C and 7C tests of a transfor"er o!er the load test?
The performance of a transformer can be calculated on the basis of its equivalent circuit,
which contains !., F., !.: and F.: @or !.; and F.; referred to secondary5
These constants or parameters can be easily determined by the =2 and "2 tests.
These tests are very economical and convenient because they furnish the required
information without actually loading the transformer.
)1.What is the condition for obtaining "a(i"u" efficienc' of a transfor"er?
The efficiency will be maximum when the variable losses are equal to the constant @iron5
losses.
)2.7tate the conditions under which :C and 7C tests are conducted in a
transfor"er.
"ince no load current, I. is very small. Therefore, pressure coils of the wattmeter and the
voltmeter should be connected such that the current ta3en by them should not flow
through the current coil of the wattmeter.
The transformer should be energi$ed with rated voltage when conducting =2 test.
6or conducting "2 test, the secondary winding should be short#circuited and a very low
voltage should be given for the circulation of full#load current.
)#.Define regulation of a transfor"er.
9oltage regulation of a transformer is defined as the change in secondary voltage from
no#load to the load concerned. It is always expressed as a percentage of secondary
voltage.
)$.What do 'ou understand b' all2da' efficienc'?
The ordinary or commercial efficiency of a transformer is given by the ration between
output @in Watts5 and the input @in Watts5 but the performance of a distribution
transformer is determined by the all#day efficiency. It is defined as the total energy
output @CW<5 in ;> hrs a day to the total energy input in CW< for the same ;>
hours of the day.
)5.1ist the "erits of an autotransfor"er.
2ontinuously varying voltage can be obtained.
!equires less copper and is more efficient.
9oltage regulation is superior.
)6.What do 'ou "ean b' no2load current of a transfor"er?
It is the input drawn by a transformer from the supply mains when its secondary
windings are 3ept opened @or5 no#load is connected to secondary.
)).Wh' the iron losses in a transfor"er are indeendent of the load current?
The hysteresis and eddy#current losses depend upon the maximum flux density in
the core and the frequency. "ince from no#load to full#load the flux lin3ing with the
core and the supply frequency remains constant, these losses remain constant, i.e.,
iron loss is independent of load current.
)*.%a"e the two windings of a single2hase induction "otor.
I. !unning winding
ii. "tarting winding.
),.What are the !arious "ethods a!ailable for "a3ing a single2hase "otor self2
starting?
I. By splitting the single phase
ii. By providing shading coil in the poles.
*-.What is the function of caacitor in a single2hase induction "otor?
I. To ma3e the phase difference between the starting and running winding.
ii. To improve the power factor and to get more torque.
*1.+i!e the na"es of three different t'es of single2hase "otor.
I. "plit phase motor
ii. "haded pole motor.
iii. "ingle phase series motor.
iv. !epulsion motor.
*2.What is the use of shading ring in a ole "otor?
The shading coil causes the flux in the shaded portion to lag behind the flux in
unshaded portion of pole. This gives in effect a rotation of flux across the
pole face and under the influence of this moving flux a stating torque is
developed.
*#. 7tate an' four use of single2hase induction "otor.
6ans, Wet grinders, 9acuum cleaners, small pumps, compressors, drills
*$.7tate the ad!antages of caacitor start run "otor o!er caacitor start "otor.
!unning torque is moreR ower factor during running is more.
*5.What is ;ni!ersal "otor?
/ 7niversal motor is defined as a motor, which may be operated either on direct
current or single#phase ac supply.
*6.state so"e alication of uni!ersal "otor.
7sed for sewing machines, table fans, 9accum cleaners, hair driers, blowers etc
*).E(lain wh' single2hase induction "otor is not self2starting one.
When the motor is fed from a single phase supply its stator winding produces an
alternating or pulsating flux, which develops no torque.
**.What t'e of "otor is used for ceiling fanN
2apacitor start and capacitor run single#phase motor is used for ceiling fans.
*,.what is the t'e of induction "otor used in wet grindersN
2apacitor start capacitor run single#phase induction motor.
,-what 3ind of "otor is used in "i(ie?
"ingle#phase ac series motor is used in mixie.
,1 what is the alication of shaded ole induction "otorN
Because of its small starting torque, it is generally used for small fans, toys,
instruments, hair driers, ventilators, electric cloc3 etc.
,2. <n which direction does a shaded ole "otor runN
The rotor starts rotation in the direction from unshaded part to the shaded part.
,#.wh' single2hase induction "otor has low ower factor?
The current through the running winding lags behind the supply voltage by a very
large angle. Therefore power factor is very low.
,$.Diffrentiate between =caacitor start =and =caacitor start caacitor run
=induction "otor?
In capacitor start motor, capacitor is connected in series with the starting winding.
But it will be disconnected fro m the supply, when the motor pic3s up its
speed. But in capacitor start capacitor run motor the above starting winding
and capacitor are not disconnected, but always connected in the supply .so
it has high starting and running torque.
,5.What are the constant losses that occur in transfor"er.
i.<ysteresis loss
ii.'ddy current loss
,6.Can the !oltage regulation of atransfor"er of atransfor"er be negati!e><f so
under what condition.
6or a leading power factor load the voltage regulation of atransformer will
be negative in value
,).What are the losses of ashunt "achine assu"ed as constant.
2ore losses,&echanical losses and shunt field copper loss are assumed as
constant in shunt machine.
,*.What is the condition for "a(i"u" efficienc' of a D.C "achine
'fficiency will be maximum when variable losses are equal to constant
losses
,,.What do 'ou "ean b' residual EM4 in agenerator.
The '&6 induced in the armature conductor only due to the residual flux in the
field poles is 3nown as residual '&6
1--.Which "etal is used for "a3ing co""utator.
2ommutator is used of high conductivity hard drawn copper.