7.

MITIGATION MEASURES
7.1 During Investigation and Preparation
7.1.1 Socia and Socio!Econo"ic I"pacts
PPG___________________________________________________________________
Note to Sohan: Displacement of people (same text by Jinapala) has been included under
investiation ! preparation and construction staes as " #as not sure to #hich stae it is
applicable$
J"N%P%&%_____________________________________________________________
Dispace"ent o# peope
'he (D% has been ma)in all attempts to reduce the number of families that #ill have
neative impacts due to various pro*ect interventions$ %s a result of such attempts made
throuh various studies the number of families to be displaced #as brouht do#n to +,-
at the present condition$ 'he plans are bein developed by (D% to settle these affected
families$ 'he proress so far achieved (by the moth of %uust .//+) #ith reard to
relocation of affected people is as follo#s:
(D% has initiated and some #or) has been already completed to settle ../
affected families in 01 resettlement sites$ ( about 02/ families have been
already settled in these 01 sites)
3ach oriinal family #ill be iven ./ perch of land for home arden$ 'he
families of second and third enerations in the affected families #ill also
be iven 0/ perch land for the same purpose$
'he common infrastructure system in these resettlement sites #ill be
installed by the (D% from its funds$ 'he cost for the land and houses #ill
be deducted from the compensation paid to each affected family$
'he policies suested on involuntary resettlement by the overnment of Sri &an)a on
involuntary resettlement are bein follo#ed and #ill be follo#ed by the (D% in the
#hole resettlement process$ 'he (D% has obtained the services of various parties to assist
the resettlement process beside the activities of its o#n pro*ect staff$
%bout .4/4 families in total had various impacts and all of them have been compensated$
5ut of +42 houses (physical structures) #hich had neative impacts and they all #ill be
demolished for allo#in the road construction #or)s to ta)e place ( ma*ority of the
houses have been demolished already) $ 5nly +,- of +42 houses are occupied by people
and therefore6 they #ould be relocated$ 'he other 01 houses affected #ere *ust physical
structures partially constructed or not occupied by people$ 'he o#ners of these 01 houses
#ill be iven compensation althouh there is no need to relocate people (but the
structures #ill be demolished to ac7uire lands to carry out pro*ect construction #or))$
%t the focus roup discussions held by the consultant #ith the affected and already
resettled communities the participants expressed follo#in vie#s on the resettlement
process they had under one:
So"e dra$%ac&s o# t'e resette"ent process according to t'e co""unities(
'here are some problems remainin to be solved in resettlement sites ( land
development)
Some resettlement sites have not been iven drin)in #ater facilities yet$ ("n some
sites the capacity of the #ater supply schemes is not ade7uate to cater the #hole
families resettled)$
Some families are of the opinion that location of settlement sites and also the land
lots iven to them are not the preferred ones by them ( 'he opinion of some
resettled families not all)
'he (D% has not planned and implemented proper post8resettlement proram to
help the %Ps ( 9ased on the experience so far ained by the %Ps resettled in ne#
sites)
'hey all suested that if active participation of the affected parties #ere souht in the
entire resettlement process to implement it #ould have been able to raise the satisfaction
of the communities

'he pro*ect developer played some roles in post resettlement actions #ith the
communities resettled in (D% sponsored sites$ 'he affected communities #ere provided
#ith trainin on entrepreneurship development and other livelihood reestablishment
activities$ % development credit proram #as initiated to use as revolvin funds to start
income eneration activities$
'he resettlement process should not be *ust confined to relocation of affected people in
another location$ % #ell desined proram should be implemented in the post :
resettlement phase to assist the affected people to reestablish their disturbed livelihood
systems usin ade7uate compensation paid under the pro*ect$ 5ther#ise there can be
pathetic cases that some householders may spend their #hole money for unnecessary
thins and et into sorro#ful conditions of their lives$ 'he post :resettlement actions also
may not be confined only to the communities resettled in (D% sponsored sites$ %ctions
may be launched to monitor the process follo#ed by the communities #ho have resettled
#ith their o#n initiatives$ 'houh the (D% may not be leally bound to pay their
attentions to these aspects #e recommend that it #ould be a social obliation of the
pro*ect developers to verify the situation of the communities affected due to development
actions implemented for the benefit of the country as #hole not for creatin specific
benefits to the affected communities$
%93;<"=>(%?%______________________________________________________
(No mitiation measures for positive impacts such as increasin land values)$ @o#ever6
settlin the people in the expected (5< #ith the intention of possible$ 'herefore6 it is
recommended to have a proper investiation plan to avoid encroachment of the planned
(5< by outsiders.
N"?%&_____________________________________________________________
7.1.) *+droogica I"pacts
Proper drainae paths should be provided for the existin flo# paths durin site
preparation$ 'here is no hydroloical impacts durin investiations$
7.1.).1 ,ater
PPG_____________________________________________________________
7.1.).1.1 Sur#ace ,ater -uantit+
Nothin to (eport
7.1.).1.) Ground ,ater -uantit+
Nothin to (eport
&&(_____________________________________________________________
7.1.. I"pacts on Road Trace Design
'he sun8shine effect6 #hen the road section traverses #ithin the stretch in the 3ast to <est
direction6 has not been considered in the previous studies and detailed desin stae$ 'he
follo#in measures are applicable to reduce this effect$
'his effect can be mitiated to a reat extent by plantin some trees alon the
centre median at close interval durin construction stae$ 'his is to be
implemented to the sections of the 3xpress#ay #hich flies in 3ast : <est
direction$
Aurther6 the road users are advised to )eep the follo#ins in mind to reduce the effect$
Drive cautiously and leave a proper distance to ensure ample reaction time$
?a)e it a habit to lo#er visors6 to help bloc) some of the reflected liht$
%void usin hih8loss vinyl cleansers on dashboards$
>eep the car #indshield clean and the #indshield #asher fluid full$
<hen possible6 ta)e an alternate route lined #ith tress or tall buildins in lieu of
one #ith extreme lare$
'urn on headlihts to assist the possible poor visibility of oncomin drivers$
?ost importantly6 #ear sunlasses at all times$ 3ven more important is to #ear
sunlasses #ith polariBed lenses and CD protection$
?%@3S@_____________________________________________________________
7.) During /onstruction
'his section describes the eneral mitiatory measures re7uired to be implemented durin
the construction phase of the hih#ay pro*ect in the J9"= section and the measures to be
implemented are applicable to both the (D% trace and the combined trace$ "t should be
noted that #ith reference to the mitiatory measures to be ta)en into consideration durin
the construction phase all the relevant mitiatory measures should be included in the
contractor documents6 so that the contractor is held responsible for carryin them out
durin construction and on completion of the #or)$
N"?%&_____________________________________________________________
7.).1 *+droog+ and Drainage Aspects
7.).1.1 ,ater
7.).1.1.1 Sur#ace ,ater -uantit+
'he toporaphy of the final desin trace lies in similar toporaphy as the (D% trace alon
the sinificantly deviated stretches$ 'herefore no ma*or impacts caused on various
components of the hydroloical cycle such rainfall pattern6 evaporation6 temperature6
relative humidity ! surface #ater 7uantity$
PPG_____________________________________________________________
7.).1.1.) Ground ,ater -uantit+
Nothin to (eport
7.).1.) Processes
N"?%&_____________________________________________________________
7.).1.).1 0oods1*+droog+ and Drainage Patterns
?ain Ainal 'race
=hanes of @ydroraph Pattern
'he toporaphy of the final desin trace lies in similar toporaphy as the (D% trace alon
the sinificantly deviated stretches$ 'herefore no ma*or impacts caused on various
components of the hydroloical cycle such rainfall pattern6 evaporation6 temperature6
relative humidity ! surface #ater 7uantity$ @ence6 no special mitiatory measures are
necessary$ <hen compared #ith the lenth of the catchments and the deviated distances6
Ainal Desin 'race deviation has marinal effect on the catchment areas6 river #idths6 and
flood plain #idths of either side of >alu Gana6 <elipenne Gana6 9entota Gana flood
plains at the proposed 9ride sites$ 'herefore the desin flood at the ne# bride locations
of the Ainal 'race does not have sinificant variation #hen compared #ith the previous
(D% 'race$ %de7uate openin to pass flood #aters should be provided durin the
construction phase$
"n Panape area6 from 0-E/// to 02E+//6 is susceptible to floodin as the catchments
cross the Ainal trace in both directions$ 'herefore ade7uate openins should be provided
to pass the flood #ater especially durin construction period$
7.).1.).) Irrigation and 0ood Protection Structures
S%?%N_____________________________________________________________
7.).) Orientation #or /ontractor and ,or&ers
<or)ers should be educated of the ood construction practices and safety measures
durin construction phase$ 3special attention should be iven to follo#in aspects$
0$ Special briefin and F or on8site trainin for the contractors and #or)ers on the
environmental re7uirements of the pro*ect$
.$ %reement on critical areas to be considered and necessary mitiation measures6
amon all parties #ho are involved in pro*ect activities$
1$ 'rainin on proper construction practices and #aste disposal to be implemented Such
as:
(i) Proper compaction of the fillins for the road emban)mentG
(ii) "mportance of proper construction 7uality control measuresG
(iii) (emoval of soft soil and replacement #ith ood 7uality material to reduce
lon8term settlement of the road surface6
(iv) 'emporary storae of construction spoil #ithout contamination of the
round #ater and #ithout obstruction of the #ater #ays
(v) Safety aspects to be observed durin excavation for the road#ay and
material exploitation (e$ 9lastin6 stability of excavations etc$)
(vi) Proper disposal of solid #aste from construction activities and labor
camps$
-$ 5rientation of ne# #or)ers should be done on a continuous manner$$
7.).. ,ater -uait+
?%@3S@_____________________________________________________________
7.)...1 Sur#ace ,ater -uait+
Proposed Measures to Address Sur#ace ,ater -uait+ Deterioration
"t is recommended to implement the follo#in measures durin the construction phase in
order to avoid sinificant deterioration of the #ater bodies in the (D% and combined
trace as a conse7uence of soil erosion6 disposal of #aste#aters and other construction
activities$
'he use of #eedicides and pesticides containin hih levels of heavy metals such as
%s or orano8chloride rich compounds (#hich are non8bioderadable and soluble in
fat tissue) for any veetation clearin for construction6 for borro#6 landscapin6 etc$
needs to be refrained in order to avoid contamination of #ater bodies and even
round#ater and subse7uent bioaccumulation in biota$
%pplication of approved pesticides (i$e$ pesticides not containin haBardous material)
should be stopped durin rainy periods and any veetation clearin activities needs to
be carried out usin manual labor or machinery as much as possible$
=learin of veetation cover needs to be minimiBed in order to avoid erosion and even
saliniBation of round#ater$ %t each borro# area the stripped veetative top soil
should be piled and respreaded to an ade7uate depth to ensure ro#th of land cover to
mitiate acceleration of surface flo#s$
9orro# of earth and 7uarryin of roc) material for construction activities should be
done only at carefully selected sites$ "n other #ords these sites selected for 7uarryin
activities should be far a#ay from the #ater bodies occurrin in the vicinity of the
combined trace and the (D% trace in order to avoid immediate adverse impacts such
as colour and turbidity problems that could occur durin rainy periods$ %lso these
sites should be far a#ay from residential areas also in order to avoid disturbin effects
caused by hih noise and vibration levels$
%t all times durin material exploitation6 clearin6 cut and fill operations the removal
of land cover in natural slopes should not be carried out to endaner the existin slope
stability and subse7uent collapsin and erosion problems$ %ny excavated slopes
should be maintained at stable anles dependin on the type of soil encountered in the
reion$ Similarly it is imperative that any construction activities should be carried out
in other locations that may be susceptible to landslides6 hence severe erosion durin
rainy periods$
5nce an area is exploited for fill material it is undesirable to leave that land in the
form of an undulatin plane6 as such surfaces are often sub*ect to soil erosion$ &and
exploited for fill material should be cut into profiles of flat surfaces leavin no over
burden$
%fter completion of excavation for fill material slope should be maintained to ensure
stability and benches and drains be provided to avoid erosion and slope failure$
"n order to prevent erosion of sites due to excavation6 it needs to be either hard
landscaped #ith retainin #alls or soft landscaped #ith round cover plantin$
'hatchin of exposed soil areas #ith dead or live veetation and even replantation of
such areas #here possible #ith any stripped native veetation is recommended to
reduce the eneration of surface run8off durin rainy periods6 intercept rain and also
to reduce dust emission scenarios$
Aor the dumpin of cut material a temporary storae area must be selected$
=ut and fill operations should not be practiced on rainy days$ Similarly other in-situ
construction activities includin veetation clearin and excavation #or)s for
foundations6 etc$ should not be carried out durin the rainy periods to avoid the
eneration of surface run8off and hence subse7uent color and turbidity problems$
@o#ever if the time schedules of the construction activities cannot be effectively
coincided #ith the desired #eather patterns in the area6 then silt traps and interceptor
drains should be incorporated in the construction sites as much as possible to prevent
erosion and siltation of nearby #ater bodies in both traces$ %lso maintainin suitable
surface covers in the vicinity of the #ater bodies covered is recommended to reduce
the effects of rainfall impact$
"t is imperative to refrain from the practice of stoc)pilin of construction material
and tippin excavated material near any #ater bodies to prevent such material from
enterin throuh erosion or by any other means$
Sand minin should not be underta)en in rivers since re8suspension of flocculated
particles such as clay material could result in intense visual pollution in terms of
colour and turbidity and even spread out to considerable distances dependin on #ind
and #ater circulation patterns$ ?oreover the re8suspended particles could result in
mechanical in*ury and cloin of fish ills and have smotherin effects on benthic
a7uatic fauna6 thouh effects may be temporary$ 'herefore the use of river sand
should be limited to only #here it is not possible to substitute sea sand6 even usin
latest available techni7ues (for all other purposes6 off8shore sea sand should be used$
@o#ever further studies are needed to identify those locations of sea sand minin and
all sea sand removal activities have to be carried out in accordance to uidelines
prescribed by the =oast =onservation Department of Sri &an)a)$ "n this respect
necessary approval has to be obtained from the Geoloical Surveys ! ?ines 9ureau
under the provisions of the ?ine and ?ineral %ct No$ 11 of 044.$ "f desinated
7uantities of sand from selected river basins are allo#ed to be exploited6 then it is also
imperative that such activities are carried in accordance to uidelines prescribed by
the =oastal Hone ?anaement Plan6 Aorest 5rdinance6 =ro#n &and 5rdinance6
Proposed <estern Provincial =ouncil Statute on Sand ?inin and =3%$
<aste#ater from asphalt or concrete plants should not be directed to soil or any
nearby #ater bodies unless treated usin p@ correction and physicochemical
treatment such that the treated #aste#ater 7uality conforms to the =3% stipulated
#aste#ater standards for inland surface #aters$ 5il and rease traps must be provided
to curtail run8off carryin them to #ater bodies (if such plants are to be located in the
vicinity of #ater bodies)$ %lso there needs to be heavy restrictions on #ashin of
construction and excavated material transportin vehicles and other machinery
involved in construction #or)s to avoid round#ater contamination and pollution of
#ater bodies #ith dust material6 oil and heavy metals such as Pb$ <ashin of vehicles
and construction associated machinery has to be underta)en only at desinated areas
(i$e$ off8site the pro*ect area preferably in vehicular #ashin service stations havin
#aste#ater treatment plants that are effectively functionin)$
'o minimiBe oil spills durin the construction period6 all machinery includin
dreders should be properly and reularly maintained$ %lso there needs to be heavy
restrictions on fuel storae for any machinery such as concrete mixers that may be
re7uired for in-situ construction #or)s in order to prevent contamination of soil6
round#ater and surface #ater bodies$ @eavy restrictions have to be placed
particularly in areas in the vicinity of the #ater bodies in each trace$ %ny storae of
oil or oil rich products should be allo#ed to be stored only in cans that are not
corroded and have #ell closin lids or in self8contained enclosures$ 'hese cans6 etc$
should be stored in temporary sheds that are #ell protected aainst heavy rain$ Csed
or #aste oil and lubricants should not be disposed or burnt and should be stored
securely in full compliance #ith the national and local reulations$
'he #or) force involved in the construction activities have to be provided #ith proper
accommodation in suitable locations havin ood sanitary and solid #aste disposal
facilities #ith ade7uate clean drin)in #ater systems$ 'he solid #astes collected may be
disposed to the nearest sanitary landfill or site havin and complyin #ith the necessary
permits$
7.)...) Ground ,ater -uait+
Deep excavations for foundations particularly for the bride and culvert construction
#or)s should be avoided to avoid any alterations in #ater table$ 'he excavations to be
done should not reach belo# mean sea level to avoid saline #ater intrusion$ %lternative
foundation techni7ues includin sheet pilin6 in*ected bentonite #alls may be considered
under such circumstances$
'o minimiBe oil spills durin the construction period6 machinery should be properly and
reularly maintained$ %lso there needs to be heavy restrictions on fuel storae for any
machinery such as concrete mixers that may be re7uired for in-situ construction #or)s in
order to prevent soil and round#ater contamination$
"n borro# areas #here the pro*ect does not permit the reen land cover to be brouht bac)
closer to the previous status6 it is imperative to plant #ith suitable native trees in the
surroundin area to lo#er the round #ater levels so that earlier levels could be
maintained$ <herever surface cover is tampered #ith durin the pro*ect activities6
suitable tree plantin should be carried out to ensure lo#erin the possibilities of the land
becomin saline due to rise in round#ater$ @eavy deforestation should not also be
allo#ed to minimiBe saliniBation$
<ater needed for construction #or)s needs to be provided to the sites in tan)ers or
bouBers$
7.).2 Air -uait+
%ll dust emissions that could arise durin the constructional phase needs minimiBation
throuh measures such as #ettin or #et sprayin of dusty surfaces6 roads and exposed
earth#or) surfaces periodically6 transportin construction and excavated material or spoil
#ith covers6 reular cleanin of the site and removal of excessive or unnecessary
excavated material (#hich could be recycled to bac) fill foundations and for other
construction #or)s)6 screenin and enclosin dusty #or)in places6 and even thatchin of
exposed soil areas #ith live or dead veetation$ 3nforcin limitations to speeds of
construction vehicles carryin material is another measure that needs to be practiced in
reducin dust emissions$ 'ransport throuh more inhabited areas should also be avoided
#here possible$
=are should be ta)en in stoc)pilin construction material such as cement to avoid
unnecessary dust emissions and the construction material needs to be ade7uately covered
aainst #ind and rain$ ?oreover care needs to be ta)en to avoid spillae of construction
material and dust emissions that occur durin loadin of construction material to the
pro*ect site$
%reate piles from asphalt and concrete plants must be )ept in places #here dust and
impurities are minimum$ <aterin of stoc) piles of sand and coarse areates should be
carried out to avoid dust emissions$ Cse of cement silos in hih elevations and the use of
dust collectors especially fabric ba filters #herever possible needs to be practiced$
=oncrete and asphalt facilities should be up#ind of sensitive receptors (e$$ residential
areas and schools) a minimum of +// m and do#n#ind of sensitive receptors minimum
0// m$
Durin the construction phase it is also imperative that the vehicles and the machinery to
be used are reularly and #ell maintained in order to avoid smo)e emissions$ 'hey shall
be fitted in full compliance #ith the national and local reulations (National
3nvironmental %ir 3missions Auel and Dehicle Standards 3$5$ GaBette 0012F1+ of June
.///6 updates by air emissions fuel and vehicle standards (importation standards) 0.I,F0,
December .//. and 0.4+F00 June .//1)
7.).3 Noise1Ground 4i%ration
Durin the construction phase operation of any hih noise eneratin e7uipment should
be restricted only durin daytime$ Percussion (pile drivin) operations should be avoided
in sensitive areas unless eotechnical conditions re7uire this method to be used$ @ammer
type pile drivin operations should be restricted to day time$
'he vehicles to be used for the construction phase needs to be reularly and #ell
maintained in order to avoid eneration of sinificant noise levels also$ Aurther the
machinery to be used for the construction phase should be reularly and #ell maintained
to avoid irritatin noise levels #hich may include hums$ Aor example ear noise can be
reduced by examinin their teeth and filin hih spots and by chec)in the depth of
enaement$ Similarly proper lubrication of the movin parts of the machinery in contact
#ill reduce noise due to friction$ <herever possible attempts should be made to ma)e use
of lo# noise eneratin machinery$ 9asically all heavy e7uipment and machinery should
be fitted in full compliance #ith the national and local reulations (3xtra 5rdinary
GaBette No$ 4.-F0. ?ay 044I amended by 3$5$ GaBette 412F2 %pril 0444)$ %lso proper
traffic manaement practices needs to be implemented durin of transport of materials6
includin 7uarry material in order to reduce traffic noise$
<ith reference to the sitin of asphalt and concrete plants6 proper site plannin toether
#ith noise abatement measures should be practiced to reduce air8borne noise
transmission$ =oncrete and asphalt facilities should be up#ind of sensitive receptors (e$$
residential areas and schools) a minimum of +// m and do#n#ind of sensitive receptors
minimum 0// m$
<ith reference to blastin activities ne#ly developed blastin methods should be used
#herever possible in order to reduce vibration effects on nearby structures$ 'his may
include special controlled vibrationless techni7ues to avoid any damae to existin
buildins includin houses in the urbaniBed areas in the (D% and combined trace$
%lternately blastin activities could be carried out usin the normal techni7ues if there is
a possibility of usin ne#ly developed blastin methods$ @o#ever under such
circumstances blastin should be done at reular intervals and it is essential to ma)e
people a#are about the places6 dates and times of blastin$ (easonable compensation
should also be iven to any property #hich is damaed by blastin$ Aurther it is
imperative to carry out a careful continuous monitorin of nearby buildin structures
particularly in the urbaniBed areas to investiate any instability or damae follo#in
blastin$ "n other #ords reular monitorin of vibration levels in nearby buildin
structures is of paramount importance and special attention should also be paid to the
development of crac)s and crevices in nearby buildin structures$
@o#ever the use of explosives should be strictly controlled or prohibited to avoid
sinificant impacts on nearby structures especially in the urbaniBed areas of the road
traces$ %lso the sites of 7uarries should not be close to transport routes and residential
areas$
"n addition to continuous monitorin of nearby buildin structures for any instability or
damae follo#in blastin activities6 there needs to be an intensive monitorin of noise
levels especially in nearby noise sensitive areas such as residences6 schools and reliious
sites occurrin in the urbaniBed areas of the road traces$ "f predicted noise levels near
noise sensitive areas are excessive6 then provision of noise barriers is necessary for these
locations$
N"?%&_____________________________________________________________
7.).5 Soi Erosion1Sur#ace Run!o##
Aarm land can be affected due to soil erosion$ 'herefore all measures should be ta)en to
avoid reachin soils in to specially paddy fields$ 'his can be mitiated by compactin
soils properly #ithout leavin lose soil$ %lso soil traps should be excavated as necessary
to trap the soils before reachin paddy lands$
S%?%N_____________________________________________________________
Surface runoff and the resultin soil erosion could cause numerous construction related
problems and environmental issues such as destroyin the aricultural crops includin tea
and paddy$ 'herefore6 follo#in mitiation measures should be implemented durin the
construction phase:
0$ =onstruction sites (includin borro# and disposal sites) should be raded to oriinal
contours6 re8veetated6 and compacted properly in accordance #ith desin specifications
.$ =ut areas and stoc)piles #ill be confiured to maintain stability of the slopes$
1$ 'emporary or permanent drainae #or)s shall be installed and maintained to minimiBe
erosion$
-$ 'he =ontractor should consult %$ Societies6 %$ %uthorities in the area to solicit input
on mitiation measures$
+$ StabiliBin veetation to be planted and maintained in a continuousFonoin manner
I$ &are scale nurseries should be located #ith access to ood supply of #ater for the care
and storae of appropriate veetation to be re8used on site$
2$ Cse of temporary or permanent drainae systems to collect #ater comin to the slope
and drain out #ithout causin soil erosion$
,$ =onstruction activities such as site clearin6 cut ! fill and material exploitation should
be planned durin dry periods of the year$ @o#ever6 if it is not possible to carry out these
operations durin dry periods6 silt traps and interceptor drains should be provided$
7.).7 Sta%iit+ o# Sopes
Stability of slopes of the sides of the excavation for the road#ay is a very important
consideration for a road trace runnin throuh hilly and undulatin terrain$ 'herefore6
follo#in measures should be adopted to reduce the possibility of slope failures$
0$ 5riinal desins should be revie#ed in liht #ith the ne# subsurface information
athered durin excavation for the road#ay$
.$ "ncrease of the elevation of the heiht of the #ater table6 due to natural or manmade
reasons6 at the top of the slope should be monitored$
1$ %dditional &oadin at the top of the slope outside the (5<6 due to construction of ne#
structures etc$6 should be avoided
-$ Similarly unloadin at the toe of the slope even out side the (5< could reduce the
factor of safety of fill slopes aainst stability$
+$ ?onitor other indications of slope instability such as: settlement of the top of the slope6
crac)in of the surroundin area includin the road surface6 appearance of sprins at the
bottom of the slope and elevation of the round#ater table near the top of the slope
I$ Gro#in a suitable veetation cover to minimiBe infiltration of surface #ater into the
slope and bindin of the subsurface soil #ith the root net#or) of such veetation$
2$ Provision of ade7uate drainae facilities to drain out #ater from such slopes #ithout
infiltration and surface erosion$
7.).6 Sette"ent and ground su%sidence
Post construction settlement of the road#ay #ill re7uire considerable amount of road
maintenance #or)$ 'herefore6 follo#in factors should be considered durin construction
stae for minimiBation of post construction road maintenance due to settlement and
round subsidence$
0$ Proper construction practices and 7uality control proramme durin construction of the
road emban)ment over lo#8lyin areas$
.$ %de7uate compaction of the fill portions of the cut ! fill sections to avoid lare
differential settlement of the fill portion of the cut ! fill sections$
.$ Proper implementation of the round improvement methods such as complete removal
of the compressible soft oranic soil layers durin replacement and ade7uate compaction
of the fill$
1$ ?onitorin of the settlement and pore #ater pressure of the pre8loaded sections to
ensure that the lon term settlement of the road surface is #ithin tolerable limits$
7.).7 E8poitation *anding9 Transportation and Storage o# /onstruction
Materias
"mproper exploitation6 handlin6 transportation and storae of construction material could
have some adverse effects on the surroundin environment$ 'herefore6 follo#in
mitiation measures are proposed:
06 "nitial surveys should be performed to estimate the 7uantity and 7uality of the material
that could be exploited from each borro# pit site #ithout leavin abrupt excavated slopes
after the exploitation process$
.$ Stretch of the road6 for #hich the material from each borro# pit #ill be used6 should be
identified and the route of transportation of material #ithout causin traffic conestions
should be planned$
1$ 9orro# pits should be located #ell a#ay from residential areas and drin)in #ater
sourcesG
-$ 'emporary stability of the slopes of the borro# pits durin exploitation of material and
lon term stability of the excavated slopes after the material exploitation process should
be iven due considerations$
+$ 3xploitation of the construction material and the subse7uent usae should be planned
in such a #ay to minimiBe material in temporary storaeG
I$ Sites to be used as temporary storae should be selected on relatively flat land #ell
a#ay from drin)in #ater sources #ithout obstructin natural drainae pattern of the
neihborhood area
2$ <hen excavated material #ithin the trace are used as fill material6 proper plannin and
manaement of cut and fill operations should be practiced to minimiBe distance of
transport and the volume of material in temporary storae$ 9efore the beinnin of the
construction6 the cut sections and the correspondin fill sections should be mar)ed on a
map for the entire trace considerin the distance of transport6 easiness of transport6
construction process etc$
,$ ?aterial eneration and usae map6 mentioned above6 should be reularly revised
dependin on the proress of construction
4$ &icense for borro# pits must be obtained from the GS!?9 for all minin activities
such as 7uarries and borro# pits$
0/$ ?inin licenseFs should be obtained for minin of river sand re7uired for construction
activities$
00$ 'o prevent dust blo#in from open8topped &orries6 it is necessary to ensure that the
loads are covered6 #hen transported$
0.$ Durin dry periods it is necessary to dampen the exposed areas and the access roads at
reular intervals to prevent emission of dust$
01$ Necessary approval shall be obtained from =3% and the relevant &ocal %uthority for
the operation of the metal crushers prior to commencement of operations
0-$ <hen exploited roc)s #ithin the trace are used to produce coarse and fine
areates6 7uarry sites should be selected considerin the location of the predicted
availability of the roc) and distance of transport apart from other environmental issues
such as emission of dust6 noise and vibration$
%93;<"=>(%?%______________________________________________________
7.).1: Spoi and /onstruction ,aste Disposa
3xcavated peat and boy soils should not be dumped closer to paddy fields and #ater
bodies as acidic conditions created due to oxidiBation of peat may be harmful to paddy
cultivations and a7uatic resources$ ?oreover6 formation of dust #ould affect the economic
activities such as veetable and tea$ Dumpin sites #ill enerate adverse impacts on day
to day activities of the people by bloc)in the rural roads$
Since tea is particularly vulnerable to dust #hich may cause deradation of 7uality6 the
contractor should ensure that dust emerin from various operations and movin vehicles
that carry soil is )ept to a minimum by ta)in proper precautions in handlin cut and fill
operations #ithin the vicinity of tea lands$
Provision of drainae facilities becomes very important in lo# lyin lands because #ater
loin6 especially in paddy lands borderin the proposed road may cause serious losses in
yields of paddy and other field crops$ 'herefore6 proper drainae structures should be
constructed to avoid any losses in aricultural output in ad*oinin lands$
Cse of contractorsJ o#n access roads for transportin materials instead of usin existin
rural roads in the area$ %void rainy seasons in earth #or) closer to paddy lands and #ater
bodies in order to prevent from movin soil throuh run off #ater$ %ppropriate soil
conservin structures should be constructed to prevent movement of soil to ad*oinin lands$
S%?%N_____________________________________________________________
"t is expected that a lare 7uantity of #aste material #ill be enerated #ithin the pro*ect
area due to construction activities$ 'emporary storae places should be selected for
collection of the spoil and construction #aste before transportin them to permanent
disposal sites$ Aollo#in aspects should be considered in selectin temporary and
permanent spoil and construction #aste disposal sites:
0$ 5ptimum number of temporary construction #aste disposal sites should be selected
alon the trace considerin the distribution of eneration of construction #aste alon the
trace
.$ Dependin on the volume of construction #aste in temporary #aste disposal sites and
the capacity of the permanent #aste disposal sites6 permanent #aste disposal sites should
be selected to dispose #aste from one or more temporary #aste disposal sites$ "n practice6
construction #aste from the oriinal location could be directly transported to permanent
#aste disposal sites #ithout )eepin it in temporary storaeG
1$ 'emporary and permanent #aste disposal sites should be located on relatively flat lands
to minimiBe surface erosion and slope stability problems$ 'hose sites should be located
#ell a#ay from the drin)in #ater sources$
-$ 'emporary construction #aste disposal sites should be located in such a manner not to
obstruct natural round #ater flo# resultin stanation of #ater
+$ =onstruction #aste consistin of peaty soil6 placed in permanent dump sites6 should be
covered #ith a suitably selected soil cap to avoid exposure to rain #aster and a rass
cover should be maintained on the exposed surface of such soil caps to avoid erosion$$
I$ Peaty soils are hihly compressible and have very lo# shear strenth parameters$
'herefore6 stability of the exposed slopes of the permanent #aste disposal sites should
have a reasonably hih factor of safety aainst failure under the most critical condition
2$ %nticipated or already planned future developments of the surroundin area should be
considered in location of the permanent construction #aste disposal sites
,$ "f a 0 : .m thic) layer of inoranic soils could be placed over disposed peaty soils at
permanent dumpsites6 the underlyin hihly compressible peaty soils #ill be compressed
and improved$
4$ 'ransportation of peaty soils immediately after excavation should be avoided6 as the
li7uid nature of such #aste at that stae #ill pollute the environment due to spillin
durin transportation$ Such material should be )ept in temporary storae at near by places
before transportin to distant permanent storae sites$
?%@3S@_____________________________________________________________
Solid #astes should not be disposed on the sides of the road and any debris shall not be
left after construction #or)s is complete since it may be carried a#ay by #ater$ &ocations
of sites for disposal of spoil and other construction #astes and reclamation needs to be
carefully selected$ "t should be noted that the recyclin potential of some of the
construction enerated #astes such as roc) material6 excess concrete and bric)s is ood$
'herefore attempts should be made to trade off or sell such #astes to relevant
sta)eholders$ Aor example concrete and bric)s could be rinded up to ma)e areates
re7uired in road repairs$ Similarly the excavated material such as sand could be recycled
to bac) fill foundations and for other construction #or)s$ %lternately excavated soil
material could be used as daily coverin and final cappin material for sanitary landfills
or trade off to the horticulture industry$ 'he excavated peat material should not be left in
the construction area or disposed to #ater bodies or left near #ater bodies in order to
avoid acidification and hardness problems in surface #aters and round#ater durin
periods of rain6 but may be dumped in paddy fields provided ade7uate drainae facilities
are supplied$ %lternately the peat material may be traded off to the aricultural and
horticulture or ardenin related industry and to sta)eholders #ho could cut and dry the
peat material to ma)e fuel that burns or the peat material may be used for the construction
of noise barriers$

%ll scrap materials such as cables6 metal structures6 steel #ires6 insulators involved in
po#er line construction #or)s needs removal after construction #or)s and attempts be
made to evaluate their recyclin potential$
&eft8overs includin #aste#ater treatment plant sludes from asphalt and concrete plants
should be dumped only in pre8determined places #hich do not disturb public6 a7uatic and
terrestrial biodiversity$ Nevertheless these left over material needs to be safely disposed in
accordance to uidelines on disposal of contaminated material and it is recommended to
carry out the CS 3nvironmental Protection %ency (CS3P%) prescribed toxicity
characteristics leachin protocol ('=&P) test prior to disposal$ <herever possible options
should be evaluated in tradin off the left over material for the construction industry$ Aor
example petroleum #aste#ater treatment plant sludes may be utiliBed for the
manufacturin of masonry bric)s (Senupta et al$6 .//.)$
%ll municipal solid #astes produced by the #or) force should be manaed in
accordance to the principles of municipal solid #aste manaement #ith special emphasis
on sereation (separation) of recyclables from bioderadable material6 #hich could be
sold to the compostin industry to ma)e soil fertiliBer or incinerated after sufficient sun
dryin$ %lternately arranements may be made #ith &ocal %uthorities in order to
dispose of the collected #astes provided the collected #aste material is #ell sereated$
S%?%N_____________________________________________________________
7.).11 ,or& /a"p Operation and ;ocation
<or) camps should be located at selected places to reduce the impact on the environment
durin operation of such camps$ Aollo#in mitiation measures are suested for
operation and location of #or) camps:
0$ "dentify location of #or) camps in consultation #ith Grama Niladharies (GNs)$ 'he
location shall be sub*ected to approval by the (D%$ "f possible6 camps shall not be
located near settlements or near drin)in #ater supply inta)es$
.$ =uttin of trees shall be avoided and removal of veetation shall be minimiBed$
1$ %void6 as much as possible6 use of slopin lands for #or) camps to avoid removal of
veetation cover on slopin lands to minimiBe soil erosion and slope stability problems$
-$ <ater and sanitary facilities shall be provided for employees$
+$ Solid #aste and se#ae shall be manaed accordin to the national and local
reulations$ %s a rule6 solid #aste must not be dumped6 buried or burned at or near the
pro*ect site6 but shall be disposed of to the nearest sanitary landfill or site havin and
complyin #ith the necessary permits$
I$ 'he =ontractor shall oraniBe and maintain a #aste separation6 collection and transport
system$
2$ 'he =ontractor shall document that all li7uid and solid haBardous and non8haBardous
#aste are separated6 collected and disposed of accordin to the iven re7uirements and
reulations$
,$ %t the conclusion of the pro*ect6 all debris and #aste shall be removed$ %ll temporary
structures6 includin office buildins6 shelters and toilets shall be removed$
4$ 3xposed areas shall be planted #ith suitable veetation$
0/$ 'he (D% and Supervisin 3nineer shall inspect and report that the camp has been
vacated and restored to pre8pro*ect conditions$
%93;<"=>(%?%______________________________________________________
7.).1) ;oss o# 4egetation /over o# t'e Areas #or Te"porar+ ,or& Space
Aormation of dust6 increased soil erosion and siltation of irriation canals may cause due to
removed veetative cover$ ?oreover6 rassin lands for animals #ill be affected$ Soil
deposits in roads and aricultural lands #ill cause problems in aricultural and economic
activities$
'herefore6 contractors should ta)e possible actions to minimiBe the problems associated #ith
removal of veetative cover$
%void the seasons of heavy rain$
=onstruction of temporary structures to reduce soil erosion throuh runoff #ater$
<ettin the floor to minimiBe dust formation in sensitive areas$
?%%&%_____________________________________________________________
%reas in #hich veetation is removed and temporary #or) places have been established
can be re8veetated #ith appropriate tree species such as fast ro#in Alstonia
macrophylla, #hich is common the #et Bone$ 9esides6 timber trees6 Ja) (Artocarpus
heterophylla) ?ahoany6 and 'ea) also can be recommended for the purpose$
SCS"(%_____________________________________________________________
=learin of reen surface cover for construction and areas for temporary #or) spaces6 for
borro# or for development should be piled and respreaded to an ade7uate depth to ensure
ro#th of land cover to mitiate acceleration of surface flo#s
Durin the construction follo#in mitiation measures can be identified
E 'he stripped areas other than those desinated to be void of trees should be replanted
#ith proper trees to ensure proper run off
E Select the most suitable places for material storae and temporary #or)space site$
<hen ever surface cover is tempered #ith durin the pro*ect activities suitable tree
plantin should be carried out to ensure lo#erin the probability of land be comin loss
of fertility
&andscapin and road veres plantin of indienous and endemic trees F shrubs round
covers contribute to the aesthetic value of the area and compensate for the lost capability
of the area to absorb carbon dioxide$
%ll temporary structures includin office buildins6 shelters6 toilets and extra hard
material shall be removed$
?%@3S@_____________________________________________________________
'he follo#in measures have to be implemented$
=learin of reen surface cover for construction6 for borro# or for development6
cuttin trees and other important veetation has to be minimiBed$
&andscapin and road veres to be accomplished in continuousFonoin manner$
Plantin of native treesFshrubs and ornamental plants to contribute to the aesthetic
value of the area and compensate for the lost capability of the area to absorb =5
.
and
arrest dust particles in the air$
%t the conclusion of the pro*ect6 all debris and #aste has to be removed$
%ll temporary structures6 includin office buildins6 shelters and toilets should be
removed$
S%?%N_____________________________________________________________
7.).1. Sa#et+ Precautions #or t'e ,or&ers and Genera Pu%ic
Aollo#in safety aspects should be follo#ed durin the construction phase of the pro*ect$
0$ %de7uate #arnin sins6 barriers and lihtin as appropriate should be provided at the
construction sites
.$3special safety measures such as road humps and traffic diversion durin construction
should be adopted at locations #here existin roads cross the trace$
1$ %ccess of eneral public to the construction sites should be controlled
.$ Providin #or)ers #ith s)ull uard or hard hat
1$ 'he =ontractor shall instruct his #or)ers in health and safety matters6 and re7uire the
#or)ers to use the provided safety e7uipment$
-$ 3stablish all relevant safety measures as re7uired by la# and ood enineerin practice
7.).12 Saini<ation
0$ %s the round level is lo#ered due to excavation for the road #ay and exploitation of
the construction material6 the round #ater table #ill be lo#ered increasin the salinity
level of the round #ater$
.$ 5ffshore sand minin #ill re7uire an environmental impact assessment additionally$
1$ "f sand is mined from offshore deposits this sand should be stoc)piled on the shore and
proper arranements #ill be made to desalinate before bein transported to the pro*ect
site$
-$ Deforestation must be discouraed to retard the process of saliniBation$
+$ 'he proper desin of hydraulic and irriation structures should be adopted to curtail
formation of stanant #ater bodies6 #hich may cause elevated levels of salinity
?%%&%_____________________________________________________________
7.).13 I"pact on ,etands
'he most affected in this part of the road #ill be the abandoned paddy fields at Panape as
the road trace traverses alon the marin of the #etland$ 'his area has been identified as a
temporary refue (habitat) for miratory birds and therefore enrichment of the veetation
throuh plantin plant species such as Pandanus striatus (<eta)ayya), Typha
anguistifolia (@ambu pan) and Phragmites karka alon the marins of the #etland6
particularly alon the ban)s of the proposed road trace$
"nhabitants in the lo#8lyin areas close to the proposed hih#ay may have to be trans8
located in elevated round to avoid areas that may be flooded durin rainin periods6 due
to reduction of #ater retention capacity of the #etland due to construction of the hih#ay$
PPG_____________________________________________________________
7.).15 =io!Diversit+
$ Nothin to (eport
7.).17 Socia and Socio Econo"ic I"pacts
J"N%P%&%_____________________________________________________________
Dispace"ent o# peope
'he (D% has been ma)in all attempts to reduce the number of families that #ill have
neative impacts due to various pro*ect interventions$ %s a result of such attempts made
throuh various studies the number of families to be displaced #as brouht do#n to +,-
at the present condition$ 'he plans are bein developed by (D% to settle these affected
families$ 'he proress so far achieved (by the moth of %uust .//+) #ith reard to
relocation of affected people is as follo#s:
(D% has initiated and some #or) has been already completed to settle ../
affected families in 01 resettlement sites$ ( about 02/ families have been
already settled in these 01 sites)
3ach oriinal family #ill be iven ./ perch of land for home arden$ 'he
families of second and third enerations in the affected families #ill also
be iven 0/ perch land for the same purpose$
'he common infrastructure system in these resettlement sites #ill be
installed by the (D% from its funds$ 'he cost for the land and houses #ill
be deducted from the compensation paid to each affected family$
'he policies suested on involuntary resettlement by the overnment of Sri &an)a on
involuntary resettlement are bein follo#ed and #ill be follo#ed by the (D% in the
#hole resettlement process$ 'he (D% has obtained the services of various parties to assist
the resettlement process beside the activities of its o#n pro*ect staff$
%bout .4/4 families in total had various impacts and all of them have been compensated$
5ut of +42 houses (physical structures) #hich had neative impacts and they all #ill be
demolished for allo#in the road construction #or)s to ta)e place ( ma*ority of the
houses have been demolished already) $ 5nly +,- of +42 houses are occupied by people
and therefore6 they #ould be relocated$ 'he other 01 houses affected #ere *ust physical
structures partially constructed or not occupied by people$ 'he o#ners of these 01 houses
#ill be iven compensation althouh there is no need to relocate people (but the
structures #ill be demolished to ac7uire lands to carry out pro*ect construction #or))$
%t the focus roup discussions held by the consultant #ith the affected and already
resettled communities the participants expressed follo#in vie#s on the resettlement
process they had under one:
So"e dra$%ac&s o# t'e resette"ent process according to t'e co""unities(
'here are some problems remainin to be solved in resettlement sites ( land
development)
Some resettlement sites have not been iven drin)in #ater facilities yet$ ("n some
sites the capacity of the #ater supply schemes is not ade7uate to cater the #hole
families resettled)$
Some families are of the opinion that location of settlement sites and also the land
lots iven to them are not the preferred ones by them ( 'he opinion of some
resettled families not all)
'he (D% has not planned and implemented proper post8resettlement proram to
help the %Ps ( 9ased on the experience so far ained by the %Ps resettled in ne#
sites)
'hey all suested that if active participation of the affected parties #ere souht in the
entire resettlement process to implement it #ould have been able to raise the satisfaction
of the communities

'he pro*ect developer played some roles in post resettlement actions #ith the
communities resettled in (D% sponsored sites$ 'he affected communities #ere provided
#ith trainin on entrepreneurship development and other livelihood reestablishment
activities$ % development credit proram #as initiated to use as revolvin funds to start
income eneration activities$
'he resettlement process should not be *ust confined to relocation of affected people in
another location$ % #ell desined proram should be implemented in the post :
resettlement phase to assist the affected people to reestablish their disturbed livelihood
systems usin ade7uate compensation paid under the pro*ect$ 5ther#ise there can be
pathetic cases that some householders may spend their #hole money for unnecessary
thins and et into sorro#ful conditions of their lives$ 'he post :resettlement actions
also may not be confined only to the communities resettled in (D% sponsored sites$
%ctions may be launched to monitor the process follo#ed by the communities #ho have
resettled #ith their o#n initiatives$ 'houh the (D% may not be leally bound to pay
their attentions to these aspects #e recommend that it #ould be a social obliation of the
pro*ect developers to verify the situation of the communities affected due to
development actions implemented for the benefit of the country as #hole not for
creatin specific benefits to the affected communities$
%93;<"=>(%?%______________________________________________________
Agricultural Productivity of the lands bordering the proposed road, especially the paddy lands, is likely
to fall during the construction period due to soil erosion. Therefore, the contractor should be asked to
adopt measures that minimize soil erosion during the construction period in order to prevent any loss of
value due to reduced agricultural productivity. Otherwise the farmers should pay a substantial amount
for their damages. (s. !"#.## per perch of complete loss of cultivated paddy land and s. "#.## per
perch for not sowing ($ut land preparation has been done% due to problems occurred with construction
activities of highway.
&ince tea is particularly vulnerable to dust which may cause degradation of 'uality, the contractor
should ensure that dust emerging from various operations and moving vehicles that carry soil is kept to
a minimum by taking proper precautions in handling cut and fill operations within the vicinity of tea
lands.
Provision of drainage facilities becomes very important in low lying lands because water logging,
especially in paddy lands bordering the proposed road may cause serious losses in yields. Therefore,
proper drainage structures should be constructed to avoid any losses in agricultural output.
(henever the construction of the proposed road lead to division of fertile agricultural land, it is
necessary to adopt measures that preserve the productivity of blocks of divided land. One of the
strategies that can be adopted to preserve the productivity of the divided blocks of fertile agricultural
land is to provide access to such lands from close by overpasses or underpasses (by constructing
small access roads% if investment on such means of access is unlikely to e)ceed the e)pected social
benefits.
*t is of paramount importance to provide the people with access to agricultural lands, work places and
markets by constructing overpasses or underpasses across the proposed road (which will help
preserve the e)isting road net work too%. +et, people may still find problems of access during the
construction period. Therefore, the contractor must make sure that he provides the people with
temporary means of access to land and work places in order to avoid such short term negative impacts
on the society.
(hen ac'uisition of land leads to displacement of people belonging to various employment categories,
precautions will have to be taken in relocating them once relocation sites are identified. elocation may
bring in additional benefits to some employees and additional costs to the others, depending on factors
such as the status of factor markets, product markets, infrastructure facilities, access to work places,
etc. Therefore, in relocating people, it is necessary to get the proper consent of the people affected in
order to avoid any unforeseen social costs imposed on some employees.
As a measure of e'uity, those who lost employment due to the pro,ect and seek employment should be
given additional weights when various vacancies for employment are filled within the affected areas.
-se of contractors. own access roads for transporting materials instead of using e)isting rural roads
in the area.
Avoid rainy seasons in earth work closer to paddy lands and water bodies in order prevent from
moving soil through run off water
Appropriate soil conserving structures to prevent movement of soil to ad,oining lands.
/)cavated peat and boggy soils should not be dumped closer to paddy fields and water bodies as
acidic conditions created due to o)idization of peat may be harmful to paddy cultivations and
a'uatic resources.
*n the areas tea and vegetable, green belts should be maintained to protect the crops fro dust and
various forms of to)ic substances of vehicular emissions.
-se of appropriate structures to protect the surrounding lands from the soil transported with runoff
water.
7.).16 Institutiona Strengt'ening and /apacit+ =uiding
?%@3S@_____________________________________________________________
7.. During Operation
7...1 Air -uait+
Proper traffic manaement practices are crucial to be implemented #ith appropriate
pollution control measures for vehicles durin the operational phase$ "t is also important
to emphasiBe the fact that vehicles to be used in the road traces are reularly and #ell
maintained to reduce both air pollution and enine noise$ "n other #ords enforcement of
strinent la#s overnin maintenance aspects of vehicles6 periodic or random on8site
monitorin of vehicular exhaust emissions by specially trained Police personnel perhaps
#ith assistance from "'" or N9(5 and implementation of heavy fines or penalties for
vehicles not meetin exhaust standards #ould be of paramount importance$ ?oreover
development of mass transit and reformulation of diesel oil #ould be beneficial in the
lon run to decrease the rate of SP? emission thouh air pollution in terms of elevated
SP? levels due to enerated or diverted traffic cannot be totally curtailed$
7...) Noise
Necessary actions needs to be exercised in areas havin noise sensitive places (i$e$ areas6
lands or places belon =ateory 9) such as residences and schools as #ell as in areas
havin sensitive lands or lands in #hich serenity and 7uiet are of importance (i$e$ areas or
lands belon to =ateory %) such forest patches6 #etlands6 etc$ in both the combined and
(D% trace since the results obtained usin the A@<% model revealed that noise level
eneration increases #ith time period due to an increase in vehicular traffic$ 'able KKK
illustrates the necessary actions to be exercised in certain areas of the road traces$
'able KKK$ Necessary actions to control possible hih noise levels in certain areas of the
combined and (D% trace in the J9"= section
/ategor+ Description Ma8i"u"
Per"issi%e
;e>
?
Re"edia Measure
Cndeveloped
lands (=ateory
D)
Paddy6 rubber6 tea6
coconut6 #ater shrubs and
marshy areas
8 No action necessary
Sensitive areas
(=ateory 9)
Schools6 reliious places6
libraries6 public meetin6
rooms6 courts6 residences6
hospitals6 etc$
+. ("nterior)
I2 (3xterior)
Sound barriers and sound
installation techni7ues
Developed
lands
@ome ardens and other
areas not included in the
above cateories
2. (3xterior) 9uffer Bone #ith
luxuriant veetation and
tree canopy layers and
sound insulation of
affected buildins (%ny
existin thic) and tall
veetation notably shrubs
and trees such as #eepin
#illo#s could be used for
this purpose)

L
?aximum permissible limits stipulated by the Aederal @ih#ay %ssociation of CS% (A@<%)
Drastic noise level reduction should be practiced by means of noise barriers if necessary
toether #ith acoustic insulation of buildins in areas havin noise sensitive places such
as residences6 schools6 etc$ =onstruction of thic) parapet #alls of sufficient heiht
(around +8+$- m in heiht) on both sides of the hih#ay roads to achieve noise
attenuations up to around 0+8./ d9(%) is one ood method of reducin traffic noise
transmission to noise sensitive areas (Gar6 0424)$ @o#ever such noise barriers to be
built have to be constructed such that there #ould be no development of crac)s or aps on
exposure to sun and rain6 and therefore the masonry #alls should be finished #ith render
or cement based paint$ %ny development of crac)s and aps in noise barriers have to be
reularly monitored and immediately repaired by the (D%$ %lternately concrete or any
other type of barrier systems is recommended in places #here there is no possibility of
havin an earthen beam due to lac) of space$
"ntensive noise reduction prorammes #ill also be necessary in areas #here =ateory %
lands such as forest patches and #etlands are occurrin$ "n this respect strict la#s
pertainin to prohibitin the beepin of horns (especially the lare diesel po#ered
vehicles such as truc)s6 lorries and buses #hich are )no#n to produce loud and hihly
irritatin noise from beepin horns) #ith heavy fines has to be imposed by (D% #ith
assistance from mobile Police forces$ %lso notice boards clearly statin that beepin of
horns are prohibited (since a particular stretch in the road trace encounters sensitive
lands) have to be properly erected on both sides of the road traces and even in the island
stretch of the road traces$
"t is also imperative that a national policy be established on vehicle imports notin that
noise level eneration from vehicles increases #ith ae$
&&(_____________________________________________________________
7.... Tra##ic /ondition
% suitable terminal #ith bus stops for lon distance and local buses as #ell as
par)in for three #heelers and other local vehicles must be provided as a road side
facility and be properly separated from the Southern 3xpress#ay riht of #ay and
this connectin road$
(edesin the traffic sin layout$ "t should in detail specify the location of all
traffic sins and road mar)ins
5n8street par)in must be controlled and off8street par)in must be provided
7...2 Road Accidents
'he safety standards6 motor traffic la#s or reulations for access controlled
hih#ays should be incorporated in the ?otor 'raffic %ct$
5nly road#orthy vehicles should be used durin the operation stae to minimiBe
road accidents$
"n case of an accident the bro)en crash barriers or brea)able posts should be
immediately replaced #ith ne# ones$
%ll crash barriers6 posts etc$ should be properly maintained and there has to be a
special cre# assined for this #or)$
'here #ill be many brea)do#ns of vehicles6 tyre punctures6 vehicle stoppaes due
to lac) of fuel etc$ Properly oraniBed automobile service units should be enaed
to be in chare of these operations$ 'hey should have fully e7uipped vehicles6
to#in truc)s6 trained people etc$ to carry out these operations$
'elephone facilities should be provided on either side of the road to contact police6
ambulance6 automobile services etc$ durin emerencies$ "t is recommended to
have these stations at .8)m intervals$
Police vehicles6 ambulances6 fire enines etc$ should be available .- hr$ a day for
emerencies6 accidents6 fires etc$ %n oraniBation needs to be established for
hih#ay surveillance6 hih#ay patrol6 rescue operations$ 'he police and
emerency vehicles should be provided #ith emerency access and exits in
accordance #ith international standards$
%t interchanes6 a suitable terminal #ith bus stops for lon distance and local
busses as #ell as par)in for three #heelers and other local vehicles must be
provided as a road side facility and be properly separated from Southern @ih#ay
riht of #ay and its access roads$
Speed control measures li)e #ell desined rumble strips and humps should be
implemented in the access roads to Southern @ih#ay$
Due to prevailin security situation in the country6 a special police or military
force needs to be assined to protect brides6 culverts6 overpasses6 underpasses
etc$ from terrorist attac)s$
?%@3S@_____________________________________________________________
7...3 Gar%age Disposa
%rranements must be made #ith &ocal %uthorities (&%s) or #ith private environmental
(solid #aste) manaement firms such as %bans =leantech (PD') &imited in order to
dispose of the municipal solid #aste disposed by persons usin the hih#ay in a proper
manner either by closed truc)s or any other means such as semi8automated collection
systems or fully automated collection systems (vehicles e7uipped #ith Mcan snatchersN)$
Proper lare bins or containers lined #ith bioderadable bas (not @DP3 or &DP3
material for example) must be provided at least every 0 )m intervals alon #ith
sinboards on both sides of the road traces in order to collect all solid #astes until they
are ta)en a#ay$ 'he bins provided must be #ell closed #ith lids in order to avoid
rummain by stray dos or other animals and birds$ Aurther it #ill lead to )eep the flies
and other insects out of the area$ "t should be noted that the arbae bins to be provided
should be of different colours #ith clear instructions and #ith fiures in brief explainin
as to #hat sort of #astes are to be disposed (i$e$ for sereation or separation of
perishable or putrescible #astes from recyclables)$ "mplementation of heavy fines is
necessary is to be carried out by Police personnel for persons involved in careless and
open dumpin of bottles6 cans and other arbae$ 'his is also applicable to persons #ho
thro# trash out of car #indo#s6 etc$
"t is also imperative that the (D% underta)e reular surveys pertainin to the ade7uacy of
bins for arbae collection and assess the efficiency of #aste manaement firms or
authorities pertainin to the daily collection fre7uency$
=ollection of arbae and cleanin of the road traces has to be done on a reular basis by
the &%s particularly durin periods of lo# traffic (e$$ durin late niht and early mornin
hours)$ (eular s#eepin of roads usin manual labor or mechanical litter collection
systems (for example devices havin a series of rotatin plastic teeth that flin the litter
into a collection bas)et or devices e7uipped #ith vacuum arms on a truc) to suc) up the
roadside litter #hile cruisin at hih#ay speed) is recommended rather than flushin #ith
#ater to effectively remove litter as #ell as nutrient rich dirt6 oranic matter and other
contaminants6 hence more beneficial to avoid contamination of #ater bodies (#hich
enerally occurs from road flushin activities)$ Aurther reular s#eepin tends to improve
the aesthetics of the streetscape and #ater bodies and prevents bloc)in of drains and any
localiBed floodin of any nearby #ater#ays$
%lso oraniBation of information campains and community education proramme on
arbae disposal in roads6 streets and hih#ays by the &%S may be a useful stratey to
reduce careless arbae disposal$
7...5 Transportation o# Dangerous /'e"icas1Goods
=urrently there is no proper leislation in Sri &an)a pertainin to the safe storae and
transport of prescribed #astes and haBardous material such as flammable li7uids$
'herefore strict la#s or policies have to be established by the =3% #ith other relevant
overnment authorities$ "t is imperative that the follo#in basic measures be implemented
to prevent possible spills from haBardous materials transportin vehicles either durin
periods of material transport or accidents$ 'hese monitorin aspects and implementation
of la#s and reulations need be carried out by specially trained police personnel
(preferably police personnel havin a ood science bac)round) and (D% #ith assistance
from the fire emerency authorities and =3% in the form of reular vehicular chec)ins6
speed monitorin prorammes6 heavy fines if necessary6 etc$
Dery strinent speed limits of around ./ )mFhr have to be imposed for truc)s6
containers and other vehicles carryin haBardous material$
'he staff and drivers involved in transportin of such material have to be over heavy
#eiht6 physically and mentally healthy persons havin a valid driverJs license to
drive heavy vehicles$
3nsure that vehicles have a current permit to transport prescribed #astes and
haBardous materials$
3nsure that vehicles have a current reistration number and fully insured$
3nsure that drivers and assistants are not under the influence of li7uor$
3nsure that vehicles are provided #ith suitable fire extinuishers #hich are serviced
at reular intervals and ensure that the drivers and their assistants are capable in the
use of extinuishers$
'he vehicles carryin haBardous material should display clear placards on all sides of
the vehicle as to #hat sort of #astes or chemicals are carried$ 'he placards should
clearly state the haBardous nature of the load as the CN @aBard =lass and subsidiary
ris)sG for example =lass 1 for flammable li7uids and =lass , for corrosive substances$
"f the #aste cannot be classified as danerous oods (e$$ abattoir effluent6 scallop
shells6 etc$) then the descriptions 1/K; or 1/KK may be used to desinate
environmentally haBardous #astes or the numbers CN 1/,. (3nvironmentally
@aBardous Substances6 &i7uid6 Mnot other#ise specifiedN) or CN 1/22
(3nvironmentally @aBardous Substances6 Solid6 Mnot other#ise specifiedN) may be
used instead$
Pressure8relievin e7uipment and other safety devices fitted to tan)s should be in
ood condition$
'ruc)s desined to carry solid #astes #hich may ooBe li7uid durin transport have to
be ensured that they are #ell constructed so as to retain li7uids inside the vehicle until
they are loaded$
Dehicles transportin li7uid #astes have to be ensured that such vehicles are #ell
sealed to prevent spillae or loss of contentsG for example dischare outlets should be
chec)ed #hether they are properly sealed #ith a blan) flane or cap on the outside of
the dischare valve)$
5pen truc)s transportin #aste or haBardous materials should not be allo#ed to travel
unless such vehicles are #ell covered to prevent spills6 possible dust and vapour
emissions6 access to flies and birds6 etc$
3nsure that hoses are sto#ed in such a #ay that no li7uid is dischared #hile
transportin$
%lso policies should be introduced pertainin to the issuin of #aste transport
certificates (comprisin one oriinal copy )no#n as <hite and - copies )no#n as =opy
0 or Pin)6 =opy . or Green6 =opy 1 or ;ello# and =opy - or Gold) by the =3% as has
been conducted in developed countries such as %ustralia in order to trac) do#n the
prescribed #aste material from its production to final disposal or treatment (=larey6
0442)$ 'hese + forms have to be divided into 1 parts namely Part % (to be completed by
the #aste producer or storer #ith necessary details)6 Part 9 (to be completed6 sined and
dated by the transporter #ith necessary details such as permit and vehicle reistration
number) and Part = (to be completed and sined by a licensed receiver #hich could be a
treatment or a disposal facility)$ 'he policy should be such that there has to be a
re7uirement that the oriinal copy (#hich is to be filled by the licensed receiver on
completion of Part =) and copy 0 (#hich is to be filled by the #aste producer #ith Parts
% and 9 complete) to be for#arded to the =3% #ithin 2 days of transportin the material
for the purpose of matchin and monitorin of the eneration and disposal (i$e$ #hile the
other copies .6 1 and - are to be retained by the #aste producer or storer6 #aste receiver
and #aste transporter6 respectively)$ "t is imperative that reular measures be ta)en to
inspect these #aste transport certificates (i$e$ copy - #hich is to be retained by the #aste
transporter) from the drivers involved in transportin the prescribed #astes or the
haBardous materials$
PPG_____________________________________________________________
7...7 ;andsides and Soi Erosion
Nothin to (eport
7...6 Socia and Socio Econo"ic I"pacts
Nothin to (eport
?%@3S@_____________________________________________________________
7...7 Ot'er Measures to %e I"pe"ented during t'e Operationa P'ase
Durin the operational phase it is anticipated that maintenance construction activities
#ould be re7uired to be conducted dependin on prevailin circumstances$ Aor example
the fre7uency of road maintenance #ould become hih dependin on the extent of tear
and #ear or damae6 #hich in turn is dependent on traffic flo#$ %ny impacts arisin
durin these activities could be temporary$ Nevertheless the proper solid #aste
manaement techni7ues and the mitiatory measures applicable for the construction
phase #ith reference to minimiBation or prevention of surface and round#ater 7uality
deterioration6 air pollution and eneration of hih noise levels are also applicable for the
maintenance construction activities #here deemed necessary and hence such measures
should be implemented by the (D% and the contractor$ Aor example very deep
excavations have to be avoided unless alternative foundation techni7ues such as sheet
pilin6 in*ected bentonite #alls have been considered6 heavy restrictions have to be placed
on any storae of oil or oil rich products and #ashin of construction vehicles and
machinery near #ater bodies6 and the use of hih noise eneratin pneumatic construction
e7uipment should be restricted to day time only$ Durin maintenance construction #or)s
environmental monitorin by the (D% and contractor #ould be of paramount importance
to minimiBe or avoid environmental pollution and eneration of hih disturbin noise
levels$ 'his tas) should be carried out #ith assistance from "'" or N9(5 throuhout the
period of the maintenance construction #or)s and dependin on the location and
complaints made by the local people from their premises$
<ith reference to manaement of impacts arisin from roadside development activities6
imposin strict landuse controls #ould be of paramount importance$ "n this respect the
CD% should play a ma*or role to implement these reulations$
"n areas #here the proposed road traces disturb the rustic nature of the landscape6 visual
intrusion impacts may be minimiBed by usin a reen#ays concept (i$e$ plantin #ith
native veetation)$ Plantin #ith thic) and tall native trees preferably in a Bi8Ba manner
#ould also be beneficial in the lon run to reduce noise and simultaneously to arrest #ind
induced dust6 airborne Pb particles (produced from (=
.
@
+
)
-
Pb added petrol po#ered
vehicles) and aseous pollutants$ Aurther planted veetation #ould intercept rain and
decelerate run8off #hile filterin out sediments6 nutrients and heavy metals such as Pb
and Hn present in the urban run8off and hence minimiBe such pollutants present in the
run8off from enterin any nearby #ater bodies$ "n this respect it is also desirable that the
veetation to be planted are native trees and deep8rooted shrubs that could use sinificant
7uantities of sub8surface #aters so that the 7uantity of pathoens6 nutrients6 salts and
other contaminants enterin any nearby #ater bodies by this path#ay could be reduced$
J"N%P%&%_____________________________________________________________
7.2 0urt'er Studies Needed
"t is recommended to underta)e action oriented studies to support the Social impact
manaement process of the pro*ect$ "t #ill help in t#o #ays for the pro*ect developer
((D%):
Generate useful information for ma)in effective decisions to carry outFmane the
social impact mitiation process and facilitate for implementation of the on
oin development pro*ect$
"t #ill also provide eneric lessons for (D% to replicateFapply in other similar
road development pro*ects in the country$
"n this context the future studies recommended are:
%ction oriented study to document the social impact mitiation process
underta)en by the different institutions and also assess the strenths and
#ea)nesses of the process$ ( Provide fre7uent feedbac) to the relevant
sta)eholders on the process monitored and recommend corrective measures for
redirectin the pro*ect decisionsF actions)
%93;<"=>(%?%______________________________________________________
*t is recommended to undertake multidisciplinary action research program by e)perts in different disciplines
(Agriculturists, /ngineers, &ociologists, Policy makers etc% to find environmental and social impacts of the pro,ect
in order to provide necessary information for stakeholders and decision makers and also to gather knowledge for
future programs.
?%%&%_____________________________________________________________
Periodic counts on the miratory birds that visit the Panape #etland may be used as an
indicator of the 7uality of the environment$
J"N%P%&%_____________________________________________________________
7.3 Su""ar+
7.3.1 Mitigation o# Socia I"pacts
No Pro@ect
Activities
Potentia
I"pacts
Potentia
ocation $'ere
t'e i"pacts $i
%e occurred
E8isting
"itigation
Measures
Ai# an+B
Additiona
Mitigation
Measures
Mitigation
/osts
Part+
$'o
i"pe"
ent
Mitigati
on
Measur
es
Part+ $'o
supervised
t'e
i"pe"enta
tion o#
"itigation
"easures
0 &and
%c7uisition
&ost of
income
from
crops6 lost
of lon
standin
properties$
(5< ?onitorin
the impact
on
income 6
supportin
to
reestablish
livelihood
system
=ontinuation
of existin
monitorin
activities
and
establishmen
t of G(=
( Grievances
readiness
committee)
=ost for
G(=6
?!3 cost
(D%6
DS
office
DS office6
consultants
employed by
(D%
. (esettlement &ost of
income6
lost of
lon
stranded
residences
6
psycholo
(D% created
resettlement
sites6 locations
individually
found and
resettled
Providin
infrastruct
ure
( physical6
economic
and social)
at the
resettleme
G(=6
monitorin
the
ade7uacy of
infrastructur
e and other
supports
=ost for
G(=6
?!3 cost
(D%6
DS
offices
DS offices6
(D% and
(D%
recruited
consultants
ical
impact
nt sites$
1 =onstruction
of 9urro#
pits
Dust6
noise and
other
disturbanc
es to the
communit
ies
(esidential
areas around
burro# pits
5n oin
monitorin
and
attendin
the
community
problem
"mprove and
intensify the
(D% ?!3
process
=ost for
additional
?!3 staff
(D%6
(D%
recruited
staff
DS offices6
(D% and
community
leaders in
the area
- =onstruction
sites
Dust6
noise6
access
difficultie
s ( routine
travels
and to the
special
locations)
=onstruction
sites and their
ad*acent
locations
5n oin
?!3
proram 6
process of
attendin
to
community
rievances
'he
continuation
of existin
?!3
proram$
"mprove and
intensify the
effectiveness
of ?!3
activities
=ost for
recruitmen
t of
additional
staff by
(D%$
(D%
recruited
staff and
DS
offices
DS offices
and (D%
recruited
consultants$
+ 5peration
stae
Noise6
accidents6
access
difficultie
s
'he entire road
stretch and
specific
locations
( access roads6
schools and
other public
places)
No yet
implement
ed
(ecurrent
surveys for
identifyin
the problems
=ost for
roup of
consultants
to be
recruited
by (D%
(D%
recruited
staff
(D% and DS
offices
PPG_____________________________________________________________
7.3.) Mitigation o# *+droogica I"pacts
Nothin to (eport
7.3.. Mitigation o# Aest'etic Aspects
No Pro*ect
%ctivities
Potential
"mpacts
Potential location
#here the impacts
#ill be occurred
3xistin
mitiation
?easures (if any)
%dditional
?itiation ?easures
?itiation
=osts
Party #ho implement
?itiation ?easures
Party #ho supervised the
implementation of
mitiation measures
/0$ 3arth cut
! fill
durin
cons$
Stae
@ih "mpact
durin cons$
@ih impact areas No %pplication of
enineerin
?easurements
8 =ontractor F (D%
=onsultant
(D% F Prof$ "nstitute
/. (oc)
blastin
durin
cons$
Stae
@ih "mpact
durin cons$
Ouarry sites Disual
Supervision only
Noise ! dust 8 =ontractor F (D%
=onsultant
(D% F Prof$ "nstitute
/1$ (eloadin
materials
"ntermediate
impact
Storae yards Disual
Supervision only
Dust ! air pollution 8 =ontractor F (D%
=onsultant
(D% F Prof$ "nstitute
/-$ 9ill
9oards
&o# impact Near 'o#n =entres No Disual Supervisions 8 (D% CD% F Prof$ "nstitute
/+$ (oad Side
&ihtin
@ih impact 'o#n =entres No &iht "ntensity 8 (D% F =39 CD% F Prof$ "nstitute
/I$ Soft
9uffer
Bone
plantin
&o# impact @ih sensitive areas No Physical
?easurements
8 =3% F (D% CD% F &andscape unit
Prof$ "nstitute
?%@3S@_____________________________________________________________
RE0EREN/ES C /ITED =D RESOUR/E PERSONS
=larey6 0442$ "nterated ?anaement of @aBardous ?aterials : Part .$ Dea)in Cniversity Press6 Geelon6 %ustralia$
Gar6 S$>$6 0424$ Se#ae Disposal and %ir Pollution 3nineerin : 3nvironmental 3nineerin (Dol$ "")$ >hanna Publishers6 Dehli800///I6
"ndia$
Senupta6 P$6 N$ Sai)ia and P$=$ 9ortha)ur6 .//.$ 9ric)s from petroleum effluent treatment plant slude: properties and environmental
characteristics$ Journal of 3nvironmental 3nineerin6 0.,: 0/4/80/4-$