Single Integral Ver1

SINGLE INTEGRAL/STQM1124 CALCULUS II/SEM2 20122013
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TOPIC: SINGLE INTEGRAL

5.1 The area problem

The Area Problem: Given a function f that is continuous and nonnegative on
an interval
[ ]
, a b , find the area A, between the graph of f and the interval
[ ]
, a b
on the x axis.

A
2
Consider the following figures:

3

Divide the interval
[ ]
, a b into n equal subintervals

The subintervals are given by [
0
,
1
], [
1
,
2
],, [
1
,
]. In general each
subinterval is represented by [
1
,
] where = 1, 2, 3, , .

Each subinterval has length

1
=

= where = 1, 2, 3, , .

For each subinterval [
1
,
], construct a rectangle from the interval

[
1
,
] to any point on the curve and let
denotes the area of the

rectangle on that interval.

4

Formulas of
for each approximation:

Left endpoint approximation :
= (
1
) = (
1
)

Right endpoint approximation :
= (
) = (

Midpoint approximation :
1
+
2
=
1
+

Thus, the area A is approximated by

1
+
2
++
=1
.

LE : = (
0
) +(
1
) ++(
1
) = (
1
)
=1

RE : = (
1
) +(
2
) ++(
) = (
=1

MD : =
0
+
1
2
+
1
+
2
2
++
1
+
2
=
1
+
=1

5
Example 1: Using the left endpoints approximation, approximate the area
between the graph () = +2 and the interval [0,4] for = 2. Next, try for
= 4.

6

Note that the above approximation appears to become much better as the
number of rectangles increases or equivalently when .

7
Definition 1: The area A that lies under the graph of the nonnegative continuous
function f is given by
= lim
= lim
(
1
+
2
++
=1

Note that,

Left endpoint
= lim
=1
= lim
(
1
)
=1

Right endpoint
= lim
=1
= lim
=1

Midpoint
= lim
=1
= lim
1
+
=1

8

In general,

we can also choose any point
[
1
,
] called sample or evaluation

points

take the height of the rectangle on interval [
1
,
] as (
)

and now a more general expression for the area is now given by

= lim
=1
= lim
=1
.

9
Example 2: Find the area (from Example 1) using the limit of the right endpoint
technique. (Answer = 16 unit
2
)

-need to know Sigma Notation and Summation Formulas!

-refer to the page 373 (Soo T. Tan Calculus 2010)

10
5.2 The definite integral

We now give the above limit a special name and notation.

Riemann sums and the definite integral

A partition, P of [, ] is a collection of points { =
0
,
1
,
2
, ,
= }

where

=
0
<
1
<
2
< <
1
<
=

and divides interval [, ] into subintervals of lengths

1
where = 1,2, , .

If
for every then the partition P is said to be regular.

Sometimes it is advantageous to work with subintervals of unequal width.

11

12
Definition 2: Let is a continuous function defined for and let

P = { =
0
,
1
,
2
, ,
= }

be a regular partition of the interval [, ].

We divide the interval into n subintervals of equal width =

.

We let
1
,
2
, ,
be n sample points where
is chosen arbitrarily from

[
1
,
].

a) The Riemann sum for this partition P and set of sample points is given by

(
=1
.

13
b) The definite integral of from a to b is given by

() =

lim
=1

whenever the limit exists and is the same for any choice of sample points.

When the limit exists, we say that is integrable on [, ].

14
The symbol
was introduced by Leibniz and is called an integral sign.

It is an elongated S and was chosen because an integral is a limit of sums.

In the notation
()

() is called the integrand,

The number a is called a lower limit and b is called an upper limit and both
are called limits of integration.

The procedure of computing an integral is called integration.

15
Example 3: Use Riemann sums and a limit to compute the exact area under the
curve =
2
on [1, 3].
16

If takes on both positive and negative values then the Riemann sum is the
sum of the areas of the rectangles that lie above the x-axis and the negative of
the areas of the rectangles that lie below the x-axis. We take the limit of such
Riemann sums, we will get a definite integral that can be interpreted as a net
area, that is, a difference of areas:

( 1) =
1

2
2
0
= .
17

If f is continuous on
[ ]
, a b then the total area between the curve
( )
= y f x and
the interval
[ ]
, a b is given by
|()|
.

18
Example 4: Find the net and total area of the curve = 3 on [1, 5].

19
Distance problem:
Find the distance traveled by an object during a certain period of time if the
velocity of the object is known at all times.

1. If the velocity remains constant, then

distance, d = velocity time

2. If the velocity of the object varies we cannot use the above formula.

Now suppose an object moves with velocity = () where .
Assume that () 0, so the object always moves in the positive direction.

The process goes as below:

a. Take velocity readings at times =
0
,
1
,
2
, ,
1
,
= so that the
velocity is approximately constant on each subinterval.

b. If these times are equally spaced then the time is

=
.

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c. For first time interval, the velocity is (
0
) and

1
= (
0
).

d. For second time interval, the velocity is (
1
) and

2
= (
1
) and so on

e. Thus the total distance traveled during the time interval [, ] is given by

(
1
)
=1
.

f. Finally the exact distance traveled is

= =
lim
(
1
)
=1
.

21
Example 5: An object moving along a straight line has velocity function
= 2 +1. If the object starts at position 0, determine the total distance
traveled at time = 5.
22
Example 6: Determine the integral

5
2

5
0

in terms of area.

23
We have defined the definite integral in terms of a limit but under what condition
the limit actually exists?

Theorem 1: If is continuous on the closed interval [, ], then is integrable
on [, ].

Properties of the definite integral

Theorem 2:
a) If a is in domain f then
( )
=
0
a
a
f x dx
b) If f is integrable on
[ ]
, a b then
( ) ( )
=

b a
a b
f x dx f x dx
Proof: Do it on your own!

24
Theorem 3: If f and g are integrable on
[ ]
, a b and if c is a constant then
, cf f g are also integrable on
[ ]
, a b and

a)
= ( )

b)
( ) ( )
=

b b
a a
cf x dx c f x dx

c)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
=

b b b
a a a
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx

d)
( ) ( ) ( )
= +

f e f
d d e
f x dx f x dx f x dx for any three points , , d e f in
[ ]
, a b .

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Theorem 4: Let functions f and g be integrable on
[ ]
, a b .

a) If
( ) [ ]
0, , f x x a b then
( )

0
b
a
f x dx .

b) If
( ) ( ) [ ]
, , f x g x x a b then
( ) ( )

b b
a a
f x dx g x dx.

c) If () for then ( ) ()
( ).

26
Discontinuities and integrability

Definition 3: A function f on an interval L is said to be bounded on that interval
if there is a positive number M such that

( )
, M f x M x L.

27
Theorem 5: Let f be a function that is defined on the finite closed interval
[ ]
, a b .

a) If f has finitely many discontinuities in
[ ]
, a b but is bounded on
[ ]
, a b then f
is integrable on
[ ]
, a b .

b) If f is not bounded on
[ ]
, a b then f is not integrable on
[ ]
, a b .

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Antiderivative

Definition 4: A function F is an antiderivative of a function g on an interval L if

( ) ( )
= F x g x for all x L.

Theorem 6: If F is an antiderivative of h then
( )
+ F x C

is also an antiderivative
of h for any constant . C

Proof:

Note that,

(() +)
() +
() +0 =
() = .

Thus
( )
+ F x C

is also an antiderivative of h for any constant . C

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Theorem 7: (Mean Value Theorem) If f is continuous and differentiable on a
closed interval
[ ]
, a b then there is at least one point
(, ) such that

) =
() ()

.

Proof: Read from any calculus book.

Example 7: Validate the above theorem for () = 3
2
on [1, 5].
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We next give a simple theorem without proof and that has some significant
applications.

Theorem 8: (Integral Mean Value Theorem) If f is continuous on
[ ]
, a b then
there is at least one point
(, ) such that

()
= (
)( ).

31
Example 8: Verify the above theorem if () = 2 +1 for [3,4] for
= 1/2.

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SINGLE INTEGRAL/STQM1124 CALCULUS II/SEM2 20122013

], construct a rectangle from the interval

] to any point on the curve and let

denotes the area of the

for each approximation:

] called sample or evaluation

for every then the partition P is said to be regular.

be n sample points where

is chosen arbitrarily from

was introduced by Leibniz and is called an integral sign.

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