Free Space Optical Multi-Carrier Code division Multiple Access with Receiver Spatial Diversity and

Turbo Coding: An Optimal Solution to Combat Strong Atmospheric Turbulence and Timing jitter

Md. Zoheb Hassan
1
, Tanveer Ahmed Bhuiyan
2
, S.M. Shahrear Tanzil
3
, S.P. Majumder
4
Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
Email: [
1
dip024.eee,
2
casillas082,
3
tanzil.eee]@gmail.com
4
spmajumder@eee.buet.ac.bd


ABSTRACT
In this paper an analytical model of a free space multi carrier optical CDMA communication system with photo
detector spatial diversity in presence of strong atmospheric turbulence, timing jitter and multipleaccess
interference (MAI) is presented. The analysis presents a novel approach to the development of expression of the
output signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of the single input single output (SISO) system considering
turbulence induced fading and timing jitter. The analysis is also extended to single input multiple output (SIMO)
with maximal ratio combining (MRC) system. A probability density function of the SINR at the output of MRC
receiver is developed representing joint effect of turbulence induced fading, jitter and photo detector spatial
diversity. The system performance is evaluated in terms of average bit error rate (BER) of the MRC receiver by
integrating conditional BER over the proposed probability density function (pdf). Here subcarrier intensity
modulation (SIM) based technique BPSK is used for modulation scheme and we have also analytically evaluated
system performance for different higher order M-ary PSK modulation schemes. The present analysis is also
extended to the application with forward error correction code (FEC) which is the most popular turbo code. Bit
error rate performance between with and without turbo encoding is compared. It is seen from numerical analysis
that applying multiple carrier with receiver spatial diversity improves bit error rate performance several times in
presence of strong turbulence and jitter. It is also reported that application of spatial diversity can make some
higher order PSK as a better choice than traditional BPSK or QPSK in terms of required received power so that
switching to higher order PSK is a better choice to improves system spectral efficiency. Finally application of
turbo encoding with optimally selected parameter makes bit error rate several times lower and can achieve a
satisfactory level of BER with less amount of received power or less number of receiving photo detectors, thus
can reduce receiver complexity.
Keywords: FSO communication, Atmospheric turbulence, Gamma-gamma
pdf, Diversity, MRC, Bit error rate, Timing jitter, Turbo encoding, Bit interleaving.


I. INTRODUCTION
Free space optical communication (FSO) is a wireless
optical communication technique in which point to point
optical transceivers communicate with light propagating
through air. FSO is a promising technology that replete the
gap between end user and fiber optic infrastructure [1]. The
main advantage of FSO is high bit rate transmission, low bit
error rate, low cost and power requirement, unlicensed
wireless transmission (UWT) and security [2]. In fiber optic
communication optical code division multiple access has
gained popularity over other multiple access scheme due to
its ability to use the full available time, frequency and
wavelength slot and self routing by the code sequence. The
potential integration of FSO and OCDMA is the interest of
recent years research. FSO CDMA is reported in recent
article [1] where performance of FSO multicarrier CDMA is
evaluated in another recent article [3].
The main challenge of building FSO communication is the
effect of atmosphere on the propagating light. The
atmosphere contains aerosol and suspended water particle.
The propagating light get scattered and deflected by these
particle and optical pulse attenuation take place [4]. In dense
atmosphere this attenuation is as high as 270db/km where in
clear atmosphere it is only 0.043db/km [5]. Although FSO
communication suffers very low attenuation in clear
atmosphere the most severe challenge is atmospheric
turbulence induced irradiance fluctuation. Atmospheric
turbulence is caused by small change in temperature which
causes change in refractive index of air. The change in
refractive index causes phase and amplitude fluctuation
which results beam scintillation, beam spread and beam
wander [6]. The irradiance fluctuation due to atmospheric
turbulence is a statistical process and therefore a tractable
model is necessary to describe it. Although On-Off keying
(OOK) is a widely used modulation scheme in FSO, the
turbulence induced irradiance fluctuation requires adaptive
threshold for OOK which is difficult to acquire. Hence
subcarrier intensity modulation (SIM) is proposed and it is
shown that SIM exhibits better performance than OOK [7]. In
order to mitigate the effect of turbulence diversity combining
is a very effective option. Using spatial diversity the BER
performance of FSO communication link in presence of log-
normal irradiance fluctuation is evaluated [8]. Channel
coding for optical wireless link along with diversity
combining is also proposed to alleviate the effect of

turbulence [9]. However no closed from analysis is presented
yet on the performance of free space optical CDMA with
diversity combining and forward error correction coding.
In this paper we have formulated an analytical model on bit
error rate (BER) performance of free space optical multi
carrier code division multiple access using subcarrier
intensity modulation based technique with photo detector
spatial diversity in receiver and turbo encoding at transmitter
side. We have also analysed effect of timing jitter on
receiving side. This paper is organized as follow: Section II
represents BER performance with spatial diversity and with
timing error. Section IV represents performance improvement
with turbo encoding. Finally section V and VI presents
numerical evaluation and conclusion respectively.

II. Model Of Atmospheric Turbulence

Temperature variation and wind flow give rise to the change
of refractive index of different layer of atmosphere. This
refractive index change causes phase perturbation of the
wavefront (isophase plane) of propagating light [10]. As a
result, secondary waves generated from different point of
wavefront have different phase and their interference with
each other gives amplitude variation. So atmospheric
turbulence causes both phase and amplitude fluctuation
which results intensity fading. Several statistical models are
proposed to represent turbulence induced intensity fading i.e.
log-normal pdf, K distribution and gamma-gamma pdf. The
weak turbulence is modelled by log- normal pdf while strong
turbulence is approximated by exponential model. Both
strong and weak turbulence are modelled by gamma-gamma
distribution which represents received optical intensity I=I
x
I
y

Where I
x
is strong eddies induced turbulence and I
y
is weak
eddies induced turbulence. Gamma-gamma pdf for
turbulence induced irradiance is following [11]

( ) ) ( 2
) ( 2
) (
) (
1 )
2
(
2 / ) (
I K I I f

+ +
=

(1)
Where, I is the signal intensity
(.)
is the gamma function,
and K
-
is the modified Bessel function of the second kind of
order -. Here and are the effective number of small and
large scale eddies of the scattering environment. These
parameters can be directly related to atmospheric conditions
according to [11].

1
) 6 / 7 ( 5 / 12
2
1 1
) 11 . 1 1 (
49 . 0
exp

+
=
x
x

(2)


1
6
7
5
12
2
1
) 69 . 1 (
51 . 0
exp

+
=
x
x

(3)
Here
6
11
6 / 7 2 2
23 . 1 L k C
n x
= is the rytov variance where
C
n
2
is the strength of atmospheric turbulence, k is the wave
number and L is the link length. In week turbulence region
this pdf approaches to the log normal distribution while for
strong turbulence this approaches to exponential pdf.

III. Bit error rate performance evaluation

a.. Transmitter and channel model

In fig. 1(a) and 1(b) block diagram of transmitter and
receiver are showed. Here [ ] 1 , 1
k
b is the input bit
sequence and g(t) is unit amplitude rectangular pulse i.e
rec(t/Tb). Now input bit sequence is first converted into M
number of parallel bit sequence. Each parallel bit stream is
then spread by a chip and BPSK modulated by orthogonal
subcarrier having fundamental frequency fc and spaced apart
by integer multiple of F/Tb where F is integer.


Fig1(a) block diagram of transmitter

Fig .1(b) :Block diagram of Receiver

If F=1 the system is similar to OFDM and a FFT block is
required instead of BPSK modulator. However to analyse in
continuous time domain we assume 2 F . The spreading
sequence has M number of chip where M is also the number
of orthogonal subcarrier. The DC bias is applied to drive the
laser diode. Let P
t
is the power of transmitted optical signal
and is the modulation index. So transmitted optical signal
[3] for k-th user is following:

[ ] [ ]

=
+ + =
M
i b
c k b k t
t
T
F
t i c iT t g i b P t x
1
)) 2 cos( ) ( 1 ( ) (

(4)


Next, consider the channel response for this optical signal.
Here channel responses limited by the effect of atmospheric
turbulence. Due to presence of atmospheric turbulence beam
scintillation i.e. random fluctuation of beam intensity takes
place. This random intensity fluctuation can be modelled as
gamma-gamma pdf as equation (1). Beside this, atmospheric
turbulence also cause phase shift and distortion of point
spread function (PSF) of beam wave [10]. The distortion of
PSF occurs when beam coherence length, r
o
gets so small
because of strong turbulence and receiver aperture diameter
D
o
> > r
o.
As a result incoming optical power gets no more
concentrated around a focal point but gets spread. This
phenomenon is very similar to the multipath propagation in
RF wireless communication where several replica of RF
wave is received with different delays. Again, due to multi-
carrier communication symbol duration on each parallel path
is increased which makes channel as slowly time varying and
frequency flat fading channel. So the channel response for m-
th subcarrier of n-th receiving photo detector will be


n m
j
n m n m n m
e t t h
,
) ( ) (
, , ,

= (5)

here
2
,n m
intensity fluctuation which is gamma- gamma
distributed with parameter and .
m m,
is the delay for the
m-th subcarrier of n-th receiving photo detector and
n m,
is
the phase shift of the m-th subcarrier of n-th receiving photo
detector.

b.. Performance analysis

Now we consider K number of users simultaneously access
the network and assume each user has some transmitted
power level. If we consider total received power is P
r
and
responsivity of photo detector is R then the photocurrent
generated by n-th photo detector will be:


= =

+ + =
K
k
j
b
c
M
i
k b k n m r
n m
e t
T
F
t i c iT t g i b RP t r
1 1
,
,
) 2 cos( ] [ ) ( ] [ 1 ) (


) (t n + (6)
Here n(t) is the noise current generated consist of shot noise
and thermal noise current. Now at first we consider n-th
receiving detector and decision variable for n-th photo
detector of u-th user after demodulation, despreading and low
pass filtering will be following. Here we assume
orthogonality among subcarriers, which is logical for high
frequency orthogonal carrier, so we can neglect inter carrier
interference.

dt t
T
F
t m c t r
T
Z
b
T
t b
c
M
i
u
b
u
n


=
=
+ =
0
1
) 2 cos( ] [ ) (
1



) ] [ ] [ (
2
, 1 1
n n
j
k
K
u k k
n
M
i
u k
j
u n
r
e b i c i c e b M
RP



= =
+ =


dt t
T
F
t i c t n
T
b
T
b
c
M
i
u
b

+ +
=
0
1
) 2 cos( ] [ ) (
1


(7)

) ] [ ] [ (
2
, 1 1
n n
j
k
K
u k k
n
M
i
u k
j
u n
r
e b i c i c e b M
RP



= =
+ =

) (
1
t n + (8)
Here T
b
is the bit period. Now let assume we have an array of
N photo detectors. Each photo detector can independently
receive signal and output of each photo detector is assumed
independent of another.
Fig1(c) : Block diagram of receiver diversity with maximal
ratio combining

Next we combine signals from all receiving photo detector
with MRC scheme. Having perfect estimation of channel
fading parameter is assumed. So after MRC decision variable
for u-th user is following:
n
j
n
N
n
u
n
u
e Z Z

=
1



= = = =
+ =
N
n
n
K
u k k
k
M
i
u k
r
N
n
n u
r
b i c i c
RP
b
M RP
1
2
, 1 1 1
2
] [ ] [
2 2



n
j
n
N
n
e t n

+
1
1
) (
(9)

Here in above equation first term is signal component, second
term is multiple access component while last term is noise
term representing photo detector noise after at the output of
MRC receiver

Therefore we find following term after maximal ration
combining for u-th user
Signal power, U
2
=
2
1
2
2
2

=
N
n
n
r
M RP

MAIvariance,
] [ ]] [ ] [ [
2
2
1 , 1 1
2 2 2
2
2
n
N
n
k
u k k
M
i
u k n
r
MAI
E i c i c E
RP

= = =

=


( )

=

=
N
n
n h u k
r
M
RP
K
1
2 2 2
,
2
) 0 (
2
1

Noise variance, No

= N
sh
+ N
th

Here N
sh
=shot noise of the photo detector

B I
RP
e
B
r

+ =
2
2


And N
th
=thermal noise of the photo detector


B
R
KT
L
4
=

Where

uk
= cross correlation of spreading code between u-th user
and k-th user

=

=
N
n
n h
E
1
2 2

is the average power of the channel

B= bandwidth of the signal
K=Boltzmann constant
e= charge of electron
I
B
= background noise current
T=temperature
R
L
= Load resistance of photo detector
So output SINR (signal to noise and interference ratio) will
be following:
( )
o h u k
r
M
i
n
r
N M K
RP
M RP
+

=
2 2
,
2
1
2
2
) 0 ( 1
2
2

( )
M
N
K
RP
M
RP
h u k
r
M
i
n
r
0 2 2
,
2
1
2
2
) 0 ( 1
2
2
+

=
=
n
n
n
C
1
2

Where C
( )
M
N
K
RP
M
RP
h u k
r
r
0 2 2
,
2
2
) 0 ( 1
2
2
+

is the average SINR of the system only with photo detector
noise and without turbulence fading
Now let,
=
=
N
n
n r
I
1
2

Here
2
n
is gamma -gamma distributed with parameter
and . Each photo detector output is assumed independent as
we assumed uncorrelated fading of signal so I
r
is the sum of
N number of independent random variable having gamma -
gamma distribution. So pdf of I
r
will be another gamma-
gamma distribution having parameter
t
and
t
as follow[12]

+ +

+ =



98 . 00124 . 1
0058 . 95 . 127 .
) 1 ( N N
t
N
t
=

+
+
+
) ( 2
) ( 2
) (
) (
1 )
2
(
2
2 / ) (
I
N
K I
N
I f
t t
t t
t t
r I
t t
t t
t t
t t
r








Now pdf of output SINR will be following

) (
1
) (
C
f
C
f
r
I

= (10)


Now above analysis is done considering no timing error i.e.
ideal sampling circuit. But in practical non-ideal sampling
circuit amplitude of sample is affected by a random timing
jitter which is defined as variation of sample instant from
ideal position over a time slot. In any communication system
the effect of timing jitter is twofold. First signal power is
degraded by the factor of (1- ) and second is an additional
noise proportional to jitter variable and input power is
added to the photo detector shot noise and thermal noise [13].
Here is normalized over symbol period i.e = /T
b
where
is total timing error over a bit period. Therefore in presence
of jitter expression of SINR is modified as follow:
( )
( )
( )( )

2
0 2 2
,
2
1
2
2
,
2
) 0 ( 1 1
2
1
2

+ +

=
r
h u k
r
M
i
n
r
n
RP
M
N
K
RP
M
RP

jitter variance follows Gaussian distribution with zero mean
and variance

2
as follow[13]:

( )
2
2
2
2
2
1

= e f

Therefore mean SINR without turbulence induced fading is
calculated in following way

( )
( )( )

d f
RP
M
N
K
RP
M
RP
C
r
h u k
r
r
avg

+ +

=
0
2
0 2 2
,
2
2
) (
2
) 0 ( 1 1
2
1
2

So by replacing C in former equation of the pdf of SINR by
C
avg
we find the probability density function of output SINR
representing combined effect of turbulence induced fading
and timing error with receiver spatial diversity

) (
1
) (
avg
I
avg C
f
C
f
r

=
(11)
Now for BPSK modulation bit error rate

( )

=
2 2
1 SINR
erfc y P
e
(12)
For M ary PSK expression of BER is following [14]

( )

= ) (
2
1
M
Sin
SINR K
erfc
k
y P
e


(13)
Here k=log
2
M
For all these cases average BER can be computed as follow

( ) ( ) ( )dy y f y P avg P
y e e

=
0

(14)
It is difficult to obtain a close from expression of bit error rate
from integration of above equation. Rather we will
numerically evaluate bit error rate which will be discussed in
section V.

IV. SYSTEM WITH RECEIVER DIVERSITY AND TURBO
ENCODING-DECODING
Error control code is a powerful tool to handle error in
received signal through wireless propagation. In recent papers
[15] use of error control coding for wireless optical
communication gained attention. Although error control code
can correct error in received signal, however they alone
cannot solve signal degradation by fading. Diversity is must
to handle fading. However a joint integration of error control
and correcting code with diversity becomes an excellent
example to beat fading and other impairments. Among many
available forward error corrections code (FEC) turbo code
has gained most popularity. Fig.2(a) shows block diagram of
turbo encoder-decoder and fig 2(b) shows block diagram of
turbo coded system with diversity.

Fig. 2(a) Block diagram of turbo encoder- decoder

Fig. 2 (b) Turbo encoded decoded communication system
A turbo encoders is a combination of two simple
RSC(recursive systematic convolutional) encoder For a block
of k information bit sequence each RSC encoder generates a
set of parity bit sequence and so the code rate of the turbo
encoder is1/3. The important block is interleaver (P) which
permutes the original bit sequence before second RSC
encoder. The iterative decoder employs A-Posteriori
Probability (APP) decoder for each constitutes codes. Log
likelihood ratio (LLR) information of systematic sequence
and parity sequence is given to APP decoder along with a -
piori information. Each APP decoder generates extrinsic
information which is essentially independent of incoming
systematic sequence [16]. The resulting code achieves near
performance of Shannons random code [17]
Now it is found that bit error probability of a BPSK
modulated system with turbo encoding is following [18]

( )

=
2 2
1 SINR C d
erfc B y P
i i
d e

(15) Where,
B
d ,
= average number of ones on the minimum free distance
path in the overall turbo code trails (known as error
coefficients)
d
i
= code minimum free distance
and C
i
= code rate
For M-ary PSK above BER with turbo encoding will be as
follow
( )

= ) (
2 2
1
M
Sin
SINR C d K
erfc B
k
y P
i i
d e

(16)
So average bit error rate (BER) for turbo encoding can be
computed by integrating equation a(15) and (16) over the pdf
of the SINR found in equation (11).

V. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Following theoretical analysis in Sec. III and IV, BER and
other system performance results are numerically evaluated
in this section. The common parameter used in this section is
listed below:
parameter Strong
turbulence
Medium
turbulence
Weak
turbulence

x
2
3.5 1.6 0.2
4.2 4.0 11.2
1.4 1.6 10

Parameter relevant to spreading and jitter ar listed below

Parameter Value
Spreading sequence used GOLD sequence
Number of chips of gold
sequence
255
Timing jitter variance

0.2
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
10
0
recived SINR in db
b
i
t

e
r
r
o
r

r
a
t
e


weak tubulence without jitter
weak turbulence with jitter varriance 0.2
medium turbulence with jitter varriance 0.2
strong turbulence with jitter varriance 0.2

Fig. 3 SINR vs bit error rate

In Fig 3 BER vs. received SINR is profiled for different
turbulence conditions and timing error. This is clear from
figure that increasing turbulence with timing error results
increased power penalty. Also it is also clear the effect of
turbulence strength is more pronounced than effect of jitter.
In Fig 4 effect of the increase of number of user on bit error
rate is presented for fixed received power and 255 chip length
gold sequence. Here we see applying receiver diversity
improves BER several times in presence of both strong
turbulence and timing jitter..

50 100 150 200 250
10
-10
10
-9
10
-8
10
-7
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
number of user
b
i
t

e
r
r
o
r

r
a
t
e


withut timing error and spatial diversity
with jitter varriance =0.2 and single photodetector
with jitter varriance=0. and 2 receiving photodetector
Fig. 4 number of user vs. Bit error rate for -20dbm power and
255 chip length gold code in presence of strong turbulence

In Fig 5 the effect of increasing number of photo detector on
BER is profiled. Here it is clear that increasing number of
photo detector improves bit error rate performance. Again
this performance improvement is limited by turbulence
strength and jitter variance.



Fig. 5 BER vs. number of photo detector for SINR=10db

Fig.6 represents bit error rate vs. received SINR for different
higher order PSK based subcarrier intensity modulation
(SIM). Higher order PSK system has more spectral efficiency
and consequently has more information carrying capability.
But this results with sacrifice of transmitted power. Here we
see without receiver diversity for a fixed BER higher order
PSK requires more power. But with diversity we see above a
fixed threshold power 8 -ary PSK with 2 photo detector
outperforms 4- ary PSK with single photo detector and 32 -
ary PSK with 3 photo detector outperforms all but it has more
threshold point. The significance of this result is higher order
PSK transmission is more preferable with spatial diversity to
save transmitted power along with increase of spectral
efficiency above a threshold point.
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
received SINR in db
b
i
t

e
r
r
r
o

r
a
t
e


4-ary with 1 photodetector
8-ary with 1 photodetector
8-ary with 2 photodetector
32-ary with 2 photodetecto
32-ary with 3 phpdetector

Fig.6:BER vs. SINR for different M-ary PSK inpresence of
strong turbulence and timing jitter
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10
-10
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
received SINR in db
b
i
t

e
r
r
o
r

r
a
t
e


without turbo coding
with turbo coding:P=20,d=7,BD=0.22
with turbo coding:P=50,d=9,BD=0.04
Fig. 7(a) BER vs. SINR for turbo coding without diversity
with storng turbulence and jitter and 1/3 code rate with
memory order 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
10
-25
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
10
0
number of receiver photo detector
b
i
t

e
r
r
o
r

r
a
t
e


without turbo coding
turbo coding:P=50,d=7,Bd=7.05e-03
turbo coding:P=50,d=12,Bd=0.18
turbo coding:P=50,d=28,Bd=3.18e2

Fig. 7(b) BER vs. number of photodetector for SINR=10db
with strong turbulence and jitter and 1/3 code rate with
memory order=2

In Fig .7(a) bit error rate performance with turbo encoding
and decoding is profiled and in Fig. 7(b) effect of different
parameter of turbo coding on different parameter is profiled.
With turbo encoding it is seen in Fig.7(a) that BER
performance gets several times improved than without turbo
encoding. It is also seen increasing interleaver size is a better
way to save transmitted power and number of receiver

antenna for a fixed BER. In Fig.7(b) we see for fixed
interleaver size (P=50) the code free distance d

and error
coefficient B
d
are two important parameters need to be
optimized. For small number of photo detectors turbo code
having lower code free distance preferable where for photo
detectors number greater than 5 turbo coding having higher
error coefficient is preferable
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
10
-25
10
-20
10
-15
10
-10
10
-5
10
0
scintillation index varriance
b
i
t

e
r
r
o
r

r
a
t
e


without jitter,uncoded,with single photodetector
turbocoded with jitter varriance 0.2&single photodetector
turbocoded with jitter varriance 0.2& 2 photodetectors


Fig.8(a) BER vs. .variance of x for 10db SINR with turbo
encoder having P=50,d=7,Bd=7.05e-03andC=1/3
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
scintillation index variance
S
I
N
R

s
a
v
i
n
g

i
n

d
b


turbo encoder with P=50,d=9,bd=0.04
turbo encoder with P=20,d=9,bd=0.22


Fig 8(b) SINR saving vs. variance of
x
for turbo coding
with 3 receiving photodetector for bit error rate 10
-10

Figure 8(a) and 8(b) represents the benefit of the
commingling of receiver diversity and turbo encoding in
presence of strong atmospheric turbulence and timing jitter.
Fig 8(a) shows a comparison of MC-OCDMA without
diversity and turbo coding and MC-OCDMA with using both
of them together with variation of turbulence strength. From
Fig. 8(a) we see by using both technique together it is
possible to lower bit error rate(BER) very effectively without
high power transmission in case of strong turbulence with
timing jitter. Fig 8(b) shows the effective SINR saving for
applying turbo coding with diversity against variance of
scintillation index. Here we see about 16-25 db SINR is
saved. At the same time we see turbo coding with higher
interleaver size outperforms turbo coding with lower
interleaver size .


VI. CONCLUSION

In this paper we have analyzed performance of free space
multi carrier optical CDMA communication system in
presence of strong turbulence fading and timing jitter. A
closed form expression of the probability density function of
SINR representing joint effect of fading and timing jitter is
developed and average bit error rate is numerically computed.
Performance improvement is proposed by means of spatial
photo detector diversity with maximal ratio combining at
receiver side and with turbo encoding decoding. It is seen
from numerical results that system performance is more
degraded by turbulence fading than jitter. It has been shown
that by applying receiver diversity it is possible to increase
system spectral efficiency by using higher order PSK without
increasing transmitted power. It is also seen to combat joint
effect of strong turbulence and jitter combination of diversity
and turbo coding becomes a very intelligent choice. Finally it
is seen along with diversity, turbo coding with optimally
selected parameter is an efficient way to reduce transmitted
power or to reduce number of receiving photo detector which
obviously reduce receiver complexity. From application point
of view this type analysis can be used to select optimum
number of photo detectors in receiving side and optimum
parameter of turbo coding with a fixed amount of transmitted
power for required level of BER. In future we expect to
extend current analysis with transmit diversity along with
receiver diversity and channel coding .

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