4

(a) An increase in respiration in the tissues of a mammal affects the oxygen dissociation curve of
haemoglobin. Describe and explain how.

[2m]

........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................

(b) There is less oxygen at high altitudes than at sea level.

(i) People living at high altitudes have more red blood cells than people living at sea level.
Explain the advantage of this to people living at high altitude.

[2m]

........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) The graph shows oxygen dissociation curves for people living at high altitude and for people
living at sea level.

Explain the advantage to people living at high altitude of having the oxygen dissociation curve
shown in the graph.
[2m]
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
AQAUnit2 Jan 2010

4 (a) What is an antibody? [2 m]

........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................

(b) A child was infected with the chicken pox virus.

She developed chicken pox and then recovered.
40 days after the first infection, the child became
infected again with the same virus.
The graph shows the concentration of antibodies
against the chicken pox virus in her blood.
(i) After the first infection, there was a delay
before the steep rise in concentration of
antibodies in the childs blood.
Explain this delay.

[3m]

........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) The second time the child was infected with the chicken pox virus she did not develop
symptoms of the disease.
Use the graph to explain why.

[2m]

........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
AQA HB101 May 2012

8 (a) Describe how an atheroma is formed and how it can lead to a myocardial
infarction.
[6 m]
...........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................
AQA June 05

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
6

fatty material/foam cells/cholesterol in artery wall/under endothelium;

creates turbulence/damage to lining of artery;
formation of plaques/atherosclerosis/narrows lumen of artery;
(turbulence) increases risk of blood clot;
blood clot breaks off;
(blood clot) lodges in coronary artery;
reduces blood supply to heart muscle;
reduces oxygen supply;
results in death of heart muscle;

(a) (i) Explain the meaning of the term atheroma.

[1m]

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................

(ii) Explain why atheroma may lead to a blood clot.

[2m]

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................

(b)

The diagram shows an external view of the heart.

The position of a blood clot is marked.
(i) On the diagram, shade the area of the heart muscle
which is likely to die as a result of the blood clot.
[1m]
(ii) Explain why this area of the heart muscle is likely to
die.
[1m]

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................
AQA Jan 05

(a) (i) Fatty substances/foam cells in artery wall/under endothelium; 1

(ii) Narrows artery;
Turbulence / uneven flow;
Damage to endothelium;
Thromboplastins released; max 2
(b) (i) Correct area shaded (i.e. part supplied by vessels); 1
(ii) Area deprived of oxygen; Accept glucose 1
(c) Muscle in artery walls becomes thicker;
Aneurysm / ballooning of artery walls may occur;
Damage to endothelium (so foam cells enter); max 2

(a) (i) Unprotected sexual intercourse and intravenous drug abuse may spread the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from one person to another. Explain how.

[3m]

........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Give one other way in which the virus may be spread.

[1m]

........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................

(b) Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses such as HIV. Explain one reason why.

[2m]

........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................

The diagram shows the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

(a) Name molecule Y.

[1 m]

............................................................................................................................................
(b) Molecule X causes B-cells to produce antibodies. Describe
how.
[3 m]
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................

(c) The ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum become more active in a B-cell when it starts to produce
antibodies. Explain why.
[2 m]
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................

(d) There are many different forms of molecule X on different HIV particles. This makes it difficult to
develop a vaccine against HIV. Explain why.
[2 m]
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................
AQA HBI01 Jan 2013

(a) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

(AIDS) can develop after infection by the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
The graph shows the number of people
newly infected with HIV and newly
diagnosed with AIDS between 1985 and
2003.
(i) Describe what the graph shows about the
number of people newly infected with HIV.

[1m]

.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain why the curve for AIDS does not follow the same pattern as the curve for HIV.

[2m]

.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AQAJUNE 06

(b) An antigen in a vaccine leads to the production of antibodies. Describe the part played by B
lymphocytes in this process.
[4m]
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
AQAJUNE 06

(a) (i) increases slowly until 1997 then much more rapid increase; 1
(ii) not all cases of HIV develop into AIDS/time delay in onset of AIDS/ dormant/ trigger factor; 1
improved medical care/antiviral drugs that prevents/slows down onset of AIDS; 1

(b) 1. macrophages present antigens to B lymphocytes;

2. antigen binds to/is complementary to receptors on lymphocyte;
3. binds to a specific lymphocyte;
4. lymphocytes become competent/sensitised;
5. (B) lymphocytes reproduce by mitosis / (B) lymphocytes cloned;
6. plasma cells secrete antibodies; 4 max

39.

The diagram shows an antibody.

(a) Each heavy and light chain is made up from one type of
monomer. Name the type of monomer in each chain.

[1m]

.....................................................................................................................................

(b) Write X on the diagram to show where an antigen may form a

complex with this antibody.
[1m]
(c) Each antibody can form a complex with only one type of antigen.
Explain why.
[1m]
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

(d) The hinge region of the antibody allows both ends to pivot and rotate in
relation to one another.
Suggest how this action assists the role of antibodies in agglutination.
[2m]
...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

(a) amino acid; 1

(b) X at the end of either or both light chains; 1
(c) shape of antigen fits / binds / attaches / complementary to (shape of)
antibody; (ignore references to active site) 1
(d) allows antibody to lock onto / (easily) make contact with antigen;
more likely / able to make contact
with 2 / more than 1 (identical) antigens; 1 max

2 The diagram shows two relaxed

sarcomeres from skeletal muscle.
(a) When the sarcomeres contract,
what happens to the length of
(i) the I-band

[1m]

............................................................................................................................................

(ii) the A-band?

[1m]

............................................................................................................................................

(b) People who have McArdles disease produce less ATP than healthy people. As a
result, they are not
able to maintain strong muscle contraction during exercise. Use your knowledge
of the sliding
filament theory to suggest why.
[3m]

3 The graph shows the concentration of four

hormones in a womans blood during one
oestrous cycle.
(a) Explain how the graph supports the
following statements.
(i) Oestrogen causes the release of LH.

[1m]

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

(ii) The woman did not become pregnant during this cycle.
[1m]
...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

5 (c) When a pathogen causes an infection, plasma cells secrete antibodies which
destroy this pathogen.
Explain why these antibodies are only effective against a specific pathogen.
[2m]
...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................
AQA BioL1 June 12

The graph shows how pulmonary ventilation changes during a period of exercise.

(a)

Describe how pulmonary ventilation changed during the period of exercise.

[1m]

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

(b) After 4 minutes of exercise, the breathing rate was 20 breaths per minute.
Explain how you could
use this information and the graph to calculate tidal volume.
[2m]
...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

(c) Describe how the phrenic nerve and muscles increase breathing rate during
exercise.
[3m]
...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

(d) When a person starts to breathe out, the percentage of oxygen in the air first
exhaled is the same as
the percentage of oxygen in the atmospheric air. Explain why.
[2m]
...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................
AQA BYA1 Jan 04

(a) Immediate/rapid increase, steady rise and plateau clearly identified; 1

Ignore references to rest period if clearly identified as such
(b) Find value of pulmonary ventilation from graph / 26-28;
Divide by breathing rate/20; 2
(c) More impulses along phrenic nerve to;
intercostal muscles/diaphragm;
Greater rate of contraction / more contractions / more inspirations /
faster contraction; 3
(d) Air is from nose/trachea/bronchi/not been in alveoli/dead space;
Gas exchange/diffusion only in alveoli / not in these structures; 2
1. (a) The following graph shows the plasma
concentrations of progesterone,
luteinising hormone and follicle
stimulating hormone of a woman over
a period of time:
(i) Name the process that took place in the
ovary on day 14.
[1 m]
...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

(ii) Account for the change in the plasma concentration of progesterone from day 14 to day 42.

[3m]

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

(iii)What would happen to the woman if the progesterone level dropped significantly on day 35? [1m]

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

(iv) With reference to the changes in the concentration of the hormones shown in the above graph,
explain why progesterone can be used as a drug for contraception.
[3m]
...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................
HKDE 2012

1. (a)

(i) ovulation* 1
(ii) A high LH level stimulates the ruptured follicle to develop into a corpus luteum after day 14.
The production of progesterone by the corpus luteum accounts for the continuous rise in plasma
[ progesterone] from day14 onwards.
The high level of progesterone (after day 28) indicates that this woman is pregnant and the corpus luteum
continues to produce progesterone.
(iii) A significant drop in the progesterone level will cause miscarriage / cause the detachment of the uterine
lining / trigger menstruation. 1
(iv) A high progesterone level after day 14 causes the levels of both FSH and LH to become low.
At a low level of FSH and LH, there is no follicular development / no maturation of egg, and hence no
ovulation will take place.
Thus, progesterone can be used as a drug for contraception. 1

A diagram of a nephron is shown.

Key:
A Filtration takes place
B Water reabsorption takes place
C Glucose reabsorption takes place
D Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) has its effect

(a) Label each of the two boxes on the diagram using A, B, C or D to identify the processes that take
place at this location.
[2m]
(b) Which one of the above processes (A, B, C or D) occurs due to active transport?
[1m]
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.

(c) Outline the effect of aldosterone on the control of body fluids.

[2m]

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(b) Distinguish between apoplast and symplast pathways. [2]

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.................................................
.
.................................................
.
.................................................
.

2. (a) (i) Draw two diagrams to show the shape and relative thickness of the cell
walls of
guard cells in stomata when open and closed. [2]

(ii) What organelles are present in guard cells but not in the other epidermal cells
of
a leaf ? [1]
.............................................................................................................................

(b) What is the advantage of stomata opening during the daytime and closing at
night? [2]
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

.................................................
.
.................................................
.
.................................................
.

(c) Explain the mechanism by which light causes the opening of stomatal pores.
[4]
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

................................................
................................................
................................................
................................................
................................................

WJEC 2010

(Total 9 marks)
2 (a) (i) Drawing showing 2 guard cells curved and pore open AND drawing
showing guard cells inner edge straighter and pore closed (1);
Wall adjacent to pores thicker (1). Touching top + bottom
2
(ii) Chloroplasts. (right + wrong = 0) 1
(b) Stomata will be open to allow carbon dioxide in / gas exchange for
photosynthesis.
closed at night to avoid water loss. / transpiration reduced
1
1
(c) 1. K+ / Potassium ions pumped into guard cell (by active transport)
(not: diffused)
2. Starch to malate.
3. Solute/ water potential in the (guard cells) lowered. (not: WP)
4. Water moves in by osmosis / down a water potential gradient
5. (Turgor increases) as cells expand they curve/bend (because inner walls
are thicker than outer walls)
[4/5]
4
9 MARKS
10
Question
Mark
Scheme
1
10 MARKS

3. (a) In mammals, haemoglobin is carried within red blood cells.

(i) Describe one unusual feature of these cells.
[1m]
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) What is the advantage of this feature of red blood cells?

[1m]
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................

The diagrams below show oxygen dissociation curves

prepared using human blood.
(b) Use the dissociation curves to determine the
percentage saturation of haemoglobin and complete
the the following table:

(c) (i)
[1m]

What environmental factor could account for the displacement of the curve from A to B?

.................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Name this displacement of the curve.

[1m]
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) What is the significance of this effect?

[1m]

.................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(d) (i)

Draw another curve on the diagram to show the relative position of the haemoglobin
dissociation curve for the blood of llamas which live in the high Andes of South America.

[1m]
(ii) Explain the significance of the relative position of the curve you have drawn.
[2m]
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Suggest one change which could be observed in the blood of an athlete who had been training at
high altitude?
[1m]
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................
WJEC 2010

3 (a) (i) Biconcave (discs)/no nucleus. (allow: no organelles / labelled diag)

allow: full description (not: diagram alone)
(ii) Biconcave (discs) - increase SA:vol/flexibility/no nucleus-room to pack in haemoglobin.
(b)

(c) (i)

Increased carbon dioxide/increased acidity/lower pH

(not: ref. oxygen/temperature)
(ii) Bohr shift/effect. 1
(iii) Makes more oxygen available (during increased activity)/dissociates more easily/owtte/lowers
affinity for oxygen
(not: ref speed/taking up O2)
(d) (i) Curve drawn to left of A. (start + end at same point as A + B) 1
(ii) At low levels of oxygen/low partial pressures;
Hb has greater affinity/will become fully saturated/Hb will be able to absorb more oxygen from
environment.
(not: lower amount/ref. llamas having affinity)
(iii) More red blood cells/higher Hb concentration/more Hb
(Not: ref. affinity/viscous)

7. (a) Describe how the structure of the leaves of flowering plants is adapted for
gaseous exchange and
photosynthesis. [10]
(b) Plants have two distinct transport systems. Describe how the structure of
each is adapted to its
function. [10]
WJEC 2010

7 (a) -

Leaves (are flat) and have large surface area to absorb maximum light/CO2/gas exchange
Leaves can grow towards/orientate with light/sun to expose maximum area.
Leaves thin to allow light to penetrate to lower layers.
Cuticle and/or epidermis are transparent to allow light to penetrate to mesophyll.
Palisade cells elongated to reduce number of cross walls to absorb light.
Palisade cells packed with chloroplasts to increase photosynthetic capacity/light absorption.
Chloroplasts can move/circulate inside cells to gain best positions for absorbing light.
Spongy mesophyll cells are moist/wet surface or have large surface area for gas exchange/absorption of gases.
Xylem to supply water and/or phloem to remove sugar.
Leaves thin (i.e. overall thickness) to reduce distance for diffusion.
Air spaces in spongy mesophyll allow circulation of gases/ cut down distance for diffusion into cells/gradient
for uptake.
- Stomatal pores permit entry and exit of gases/sub stomatal/intercellular spaces in spongy mesophyll allow

supply of carbon dioxide and removal of oxygen/gas exchange between outside and inside leaf.
- Waxy cuticle on upper surface reduces water loss (by evaporation) or waterproofs the leaf.
- Stomatal pores in lower epidermis reduce water loss (by evaporation).
- Guard cells can close stomatal pores/control opening to reduce water loss.
(allow: ecf for ref. traps light or stops/prevents water loss) 10 MAX
(b) - Xylem transports water (and mineral salts) (from the roots to leaves). 1
- Phloem transports the soluble products/sucrose/sugars/organic molecules/amino acids/source to sink of
photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of the plant. (not: glucose)
- Xylem is made of vessels and tracheids. 1
- Xylem vessels form continuous tubes/ lose end walls (to carry water throughout the plant).
- Their (secondary) wall is lignified to waterproof and/or strengthen/or support them/stop them (collapsing
under suction/tension).
- Mature Xylem vessels are dead and cytoplasm has gone so there is nothing to impede flow.
- Tracheids have tapered ends that fit together and/or pits to allow transfer of water between cells.
- Phloem is made of sieve tubes and companion cells. 1
- Sieve tube cells lose most of their organelles/are still alive when mature.
- Sieve tube cells have perforated sieve/end plates that allow solutes/sugar to pass through.
- (Sugar solution) flows in both directions. 1
- Companion cells have all the organelles/communicate by plasmodesmata/are responsible for keeping sieve
tube cells alive/provide ATP
- Any reference to fibres or parenchyma in either. 1
- Cohesion-tension/capillarity/adhesion in xylem. Correct use of terms with ref. water molecules.
- Correct use of terms in correct context: Reference to mass flow/cytoplasmic streaming/protein filaments in
phloem.